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WHO WE ARE
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Transparency:
The Currency of Public Trust
The Currency of Public Trust LEARN MORE
* Overview
* Transparency
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* Ask Us About Agriculture
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Producing More while Using Less
Taking on Agriculture’s Paradox
Taking on Agriculture’s Paradox LEARN MORE
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LEARN MORE
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Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture is the use of advanced technology, equipment, and data
analytics to improve crop production practices. Farmers analyze data from their
machines, from their fields, and even from satellite imagery to help them be
more efficient and accurate with their use of natural resources, such as water,
soil, and fuel, as well as their use of inputs, such as fertilizer and crop
protection products.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Arable Land
Land used for agriculture to grow food, animal feed, biofuel, etc.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Biodiversity
Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all
sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems
and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity
within species, between species and of ecosystems.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Biotechnology
Biotechnology, or genetic engineering, is the process of using living organisms
to improve qualities of a plant such as the plant’s ability to protect itself
against damage or improving upon its ability to grow and produce.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Buffer Strips
Small strips of land kept in permanent vegetation, located between primary
crops, for the purpose of intercepting pollutants, slowing erosion and managing
environmental concerns. These strips often also provide habitat for native
wildlife and pollinators.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Crop Protection
Crop protection is the collection of tools, products, and best practices farmers
use to protect their crops from the negative impact of weeds, pests, and
disease.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Intrinsic Hazard
The inherent property of an agent or situation which has the potential to cause
adverse effects when an organism, system or population is exposed to that agent,
based on its chemical, physical or biological characteristics (e.g. the
intrinsic hazard of sharp knife is to cut).
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Dossiers
Compilation of all study reports and accompanying documents necessary to
register an active substance or a plant protection product.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
EC50
Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) refers to the concentration of a
substance which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum
after a specified exposure time, i.e. the rate at which 50% of the maximal
effect is observed
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
ER50
Half maximal effective rate (ER50) refers to the rate of a substance which
induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified
exposure time, i.e. the rate at which 50% of the maximal effect is observed.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Safety standards
Safety standards are the rules and criteria we use to ensure that our crop
protection products can be used safely. This concerns the datasets, the models
and the methods we use to assess the safety of the use of our crop protection
products, as well as the risk management measures to ensure their safe use.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Good Agricultural Practice
Good Agricultural Practice, or GAP, is a term used to define the conditions
under which a plant protection product should be used. Key factors considered
include the disease or pests affected by the product, the maximum allowed number
of applications and their timing, the maximum product application rates per
treatment, the amount of water to be used with the product, the PHI (pre-harvest
interval, or time between final application and harvest), and protective
measures to be taken while using the product (e.g. clothing to be worn).
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Higher Tier
As studies to elucidate the behavior of a plant protection compound might be
very time-consuming and expensive the necessary information is partly derived
via a tiered approach. It means that the first study might be a relatively
simple, fast, and cheap but also very conservative study (usually laboratory
studies). If the outcome cannot demonstrate the necessary safety of the compound
a higher Tier study needs to be conducted. Higher Tier in this context means a
study that is closer to nature/reality and is more complex and consequently more
time-consuming and expensive. Besides this second tier study, there might even
be a third Tier study which is then even more complex, time-consuming, and more
expensive. Depending on the study type these third Tier studies are often
critical in the timeline to submission. The results of the higher Tier study
overrule those of the simpler study because the higher tier studies are set up
to be closer to nature/reality and therefore more relevant.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Ecological Interactions
Such as weediness, potential gene flow to wild relatives, susceptibility to
disease, and impacts on plant/insect interactions.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Environmental Safety Margin
A safety margin is the factor that is added to account for uncertainties. For
example, if a chronic test in fish showed no effects at 10μg/L, an assessment
factor of 10 is still added, meaning that the acceptable concentration in water
would be only 1μg/L. Safety factors in environmental risk assessments vary
depending on area and test system, and are typically higher for the assessment
of acute effects than for chronic effects.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
LD50
Median lethal dose (LD50) is an indication of the lethal toxicity of a given
substance, representing a dose at which 50% of subjects die.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
LR50
Lethal rate (LR50) is an indication of the lethal toxicity of a given substance,
representing a rate at which 50% of subjects die.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Microbials
In agriculture, microbial products are those made from microorganisms to help
protect crops from disease and pests, and to encourage healthy growth.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
MRL
(Maximum Residue Level) The potential residues on a harvested crop are regulated
by a maximum level. From the respective residue study data a proposal for a
maximum residue limit (MRL) can be calculated using official calculation tools.
If the use is deemed to be safe, the calculated MRL is taken up into an official
register and is then a legal limit. When a product is used as recommended
(according to the Good Agricultural Practice GAP) the resulting residues will
then be below the MRL.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
NOAEL
(No Observable Adverse Effect Level) The highest dose where no recognizable
harmful effects are observed. To find a safe toxicological reference dose the
highest dose where no harmful effects are observed in toxicological studies is
determined. This dose is called the NOAEL. The safe toxicological reference dose
is then calculated by dividing the NOAEL by a safety factor of at least 100.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
NOEL
No observable effect level, the level of exposure at which no effects of the
substance were seen.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Soil Organic Material
Soil organic material is anything that was once alive and is now in or on the
soil as it is decomposed into humus. Humus is organic material that has been
decomposed by microorganisms and is readily changing form and mass as it
decomposes.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Polycuture
The practice of planting more than one crop at a time in a particular region or
field.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Grid Sampling
Designed to support precise approaches to nutrient management, grid sampling is
the practice of taking multiple samples of soil per acre. Traditional soil
sampling densities were 1 or 2 samples for every 3 or 4 acres. Grid sampling
calls for as many as 42 samples per acre which are mapped and flagged throughout
the field digitally, leading to an improved understanding of variability in soil
nutrient needs on across the field.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Data Analytics
Qualitative and quantitative processes used to enhance productivity and business
gain. In agriculture, analytics help farmers become more efficient with their
resources, more precise with the timing and rate of inputs, and reduces impact
on the environment in the process.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Higher Tier
As studies to elucidate the behavior of a plant protection compound might be
very time consuming and expensive the necessary information is partly derived
via a tiered approach. It means that the first study might be a relatively
simple, fast and cheap but also very conservative study (usually laboratory
studies). If the outcome cannot demonstrate the necessary safety of the compound
a higher Tier study needs to be conducted. Higher Tier in this context means a
study which is closer to nature/reality and is more complex and consequently
more time consuming and expensive. Beside this second Tier study there might
even be a third Tier study which is then even more complex, time consuming and
more expensive. Depending on the study type these third Tier studies are often
critical in the timeline to submission. The results of the higher Tier study
overrule those of the simpler study because the higher tier studies are set up
to be closer to nature/reality and therefore more relevant.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Aflatoxin
A mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fungi, which grow whenever conditions are
favorable (high moisture and temperature). Occurs in many diverse sources,
ranging from major cereal crops to peanut butter, nuts and spices. Aflatoxins
are genotoxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. The main target
organ in humans is the liver, but the risk of developing gallbladder cancer is
also increased.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Plant Breeding
Plant breeding has historically been defined as the cross-breeding of plants in
order to develop offspring containing a desired characteristic found in one or
both of the parents.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Safety standards
Safety standards are the rules and criteria we use to ensure that our crop
protection products can be used safely. This concerns the datasets, the models
and the methods we use to assess the safety of the use of our crop protection
products, as well as the risk management measures to ensure their safe use.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Wood Chip Bioreactor
Simple trenches filled with wood chips that filter water running from drain tile
on farms. Their use helps reduce nitrate runoff into nearby waterways.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Agronomic Evaluation
Growth and development of the plant is as intended
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Corn Stover
Stalks, leaves, and cobs that remain in a cornfield after harvest. These
materials are the primary source for cellulosic ethanol production and can at
times be gathered for animal feeds or grazed. Also referred to as crop residue.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Crop Residue
Plant material that remains after harvest. Can include stalks, leaves, and
roots.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Scouting fields/Crops
Crop scouting, also known as field scouting, is the very basic action of
traveling through a crop field, usually on foot, while making frequent stops for
observations. Crop scouting is done so that a farmer can see how different areas
of his or her field are growing and what stressors or pests may be present. If
there are problems during the growing season, the farmer can work to mitigate
them so those problems do not affect yield at harvest time.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Good Laboratory Practice
Quality System, providing the formal framework for the conditions under which
non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed,
monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. The details are laid down in
legislative regulations as OECD Advisory Documents, EPA and FDA Good Laboratory
Practice (GLP) rules and other national laws as e.g. German Chemical Law.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Drain Tile
Piping systems, most commonly corrugated plastic tubing, that are placed
underneath the soil to remove excess water from a field of crops. This allows
roots to develop to their desired depth and removes standing water from lower
portions of the field. This also assists in minimizing erosion by helping excess
water exit the field.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
LC50
Median lethal concentration (LC50) is an indication of the lethal toxicity of a
given substance, representing a concentration at which 50% of subjects die.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
NOEC
No observable effect concentration, the concentration of a substance at which no
effects were seen.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Oxford-style debate
An Oxford-style debate is a debate over a predetermined statement—otherwise
called a “motion.” Two teams argue “for” or “against” the statement within a
formalized structure. The motion for this particular event will be: Pesticides
are not necessary for a resilient EU food system.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Pesticide
Any substance or mixture of substances used to alter the life cycle of any pest.
They can be naturally derived or synthetically produced. Herbicide: pesticide
for weeds Insecticide: pesticide for insects Fungicide: pesticide for fungus
Miticide: pesticide for mites Nematicide: pesticide for nematodes
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Phenotypic Evaluation
Plant physically looks and functions as intended
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Strip-till
"Strip-till” is a system in which residue-free strips of soil are tilled ahead
of planting using a knife apparatus, such as a fertilizer injection shank. The
strips are approximately 6 inches wide or about 1/3 the row width and 4 to 8
inches deep. These strips are cleared of residue and tilled for warming and
drying purposes either before or during the planting operation. Fertilizer is
often incorporated at time of strip tillage for better seed placement. The seeds
are planted directly into the strip of loosened
soil. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail//?cid=nrcs142p2_008163
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Zearalenone
A mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi species. Occurs mainly in cereals and
corn. A potent estrogenic metabolite. In livestock known to cause infertility,
abortion, breeding problems through the alteration of the hormone balance.
Exposure of humans through the diet poses health concern due to the onset of
several sexual disorders and alterations in the development of sexual apparatus.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Carbon sink
A carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it
releases – for example, plants, the ocean and soil.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Crop Rotation
A planned sequence of planting crops over time on the same field. Rotating crops
provides productivity benefits by improving soil nutrient levels and breaking
crop pest cycles.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Hybrid
Hybrid seeds are created using traditional breeding methods where two different
but compatible plants are crossbred to create a new plant — also known as a
hybrid.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
MRLs
(Maximum Residue Level) The potential residues on a harvested crop are regulated
by a maximum level. From the respective residue study data a proposal for a
maximum residue limit (MRL) can be calculated using official calculation tools.
If the use is deemed to be safe, the calculated MRL is taken up into an official
register and is then a legal limit. When a product is used as recommended
(according to the Good Agricultural Practice GAP) the resulting residues will
then be below the MRL.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Non-target Organism Evaluations
Impacts on animal wildlife, like pollinators, including endangered species.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Phenotyping
The activity or process of determining, analyzing, or predicting all or part of
an organism's observable characteristics or traits
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Seed Treatments
Pesticides applied directly to a seed before planting, for the purpose of
protecting seeds, seedlings, and plants from pests.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Biofuels
Any fuel derived from living plant matter.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Conservation Tillage
Conservation tillage includes all forms of reduced tillage. Tillage is the
practice of plowing soil to prepare it for planting or after harvest to remove
crop debris from the field. For example, ”no-till” involves no disturbance of
the soil; and “reduced-till” or “strip-till” involves minimal disturbance. The
benefits of this practice include improved moisture retention and reduced soil
erosion.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Ergot
Fungi of the genus Claviceps. It grows in rye and related plants and produces
alkaloids that can cause severe health issues like hallucinations, nausea,
seizures, high fever, loss of muscle strength, and even death, in humans and
other mammals.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Monoculture
The practice of planting a single crop type in a particular region or field
often for an extended period, one planting cycle after another.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Nutrient Management
The process of managing the amount, source, timing, and method of nutrient
(fertilizer) application, with the goal of optimizing farm productivity while
minimizing nutrient losses that could create environmental problems.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Germplasm
Living genetic resources such as seeds or plant tissues that are maintained for
the purpose of plant breeding, preservation, and other research uses.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Cover Crops
Cover crops are planted between growing seasons of a farmer’s primary cash crop,
for the purpose of improving soil health, reducing erosion, improving soil
fertility, and/or reducing soil compaction. There are three primary types of
cover crops: tubers like the Tillage Radish; grasses like cereal rye, oats or
annual rye grass; and legumes like clover. These cover crops are at times grazed
or harvested, but most commonly are terminated through winter freeze or prior to
the next crop planting season. Please see the U.S. Carbon Program FAQ for
additional details on cover crop requirements.
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Emergency Authorizations
Temporary approvals which are only permitted in exceptional situations and
according to specific conditions. They allow an otherwise unapproved use of a
product to be used on a specific crop, in a limited and controlled way, for a
maximum period of 120 days in one year.
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Genotyping
The process of determining the DNA sequence—the genotype—at specific positions
within a gene of an organism
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No-till
“No-till” means the agronomic practice of not performing any tillage from the
time of harvest or termination of one cash crop to the time of harvest or
termination of the next cash crop in the rotation, as more particularly
described at the following website or other source identified by
Bayer: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/null/?cid=nrcseprd415270.
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Point Source Pollution
Pollution arising from an identifiable and localized area, farm or facility,
such as discharge pipe or foil from a pesticide container.
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Pesticides
"Any substance or mixture of substances used to alter the life cycle of any
pest. They can be naturally derived or synthetically produced. Herbicide:
pesticide for weeds Insecticide: pesticide for insects Fungicide: pesticide for
fungus Miticide: pesticide for mites Nematicide: pesticide for nematodes"
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Safety Margin
A safety margin is the factor that is added to account for uncertainties. For
example, if a chronic test in fish showed no effects at 10μg/L, an assessment
factor of 10 is still added, meaning that the acceptable concentration in water
would be only 1μg/L. Safety factors in environmental risk assessments vary
depending on area and test system, and are typically higher for the assessment
of acute effects than for chronic effects.
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Guten Landwirtschaftlichen Praxis
Die gute landwirtschaftliche Praxis, (oder Good Agricultural Practice - GAP),
ist ein Begriff, der verwendet wird, um die Bedingungen zu definieren, unter
denen ein Pflanzenschutzmittel zu verwenden ist. Zu den wichtigsten Aspekten,
die dabei berücksichtigt werden, gehören die Krankheit oder der Schädling, auf
die das Produkt wirkt, die maximal zulässige Anzahl von Anwendungen und deren
Zeitpunkt, die maximale Anwendungsmenge des Produkts pro Behandlung, die
Wassermenge, die mit dem Produkt anzusetzen ist, das PHI (Vor-Ernte-Intervall
oder die Zeit zwischen der letzten Anwendung und der Ernte) und die
Schutzmaßnahmen, die während der Anwendung des Produkts zu ergreifen sind (z. B.
zu tragende Kleidung).
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Bioremediation
The breakdown of contaminants through microbial activity.
VIEW FULL GLOSSARY
Our Commitment
To Sustainability
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News & Stories
What we imagine and what we achieve are simply different points on the same
path. That’s the power of human ingenuity. Discover how Bayer is shaping the
future of agriculture.
All News & Stories
The Tomorrow Farm Podcast Episode 1
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate Change
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate ChangeREAD MORE
Technology in the Field
Drones Revolutionize Farmer's Lives
Drones Revolutionize Farmer's LivesREAD MORE
Technology in Agriculture
How Has Technology Changed Farming?
How Has Technology Changed Farming?READ MORE
Where Does Food Go From Here?
Envisioning a more nimble supply chain
Envisioning a more nimble supply chainREAD MORE
Farm Solutions to Address a Changing Climate
Keeping Carbon in Check
Keeping Carbon in CheckREAD MORE
Vertical Farming
Rising to the Sustainability Challenge
Rising to the Sustainability ChallengeREAD MORE
Innovation Beneath Our Feet
Microbes Are Helping Farmers Regenerate the Soil
Microbes Are Helping Farmers Regenerate the SoilREAD MORE
The Tomorrow Farm Podcast Episode 1
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate Change
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate ChangeREAD MORE
Technology in the Field
Drones Revolutionize Farmer's Lives
Drones Revolutionize Farmer's LivesREAD MORE
Technology in Agriculture
How Has Technology Changed Farming?
How Has Technology Changed Farming?READ MORE
Where Does Food Go From Here?
Envisioning a more nimble supply chain
Envisioning a more nimble supply chainREAD MORE
Farm Solutions to Address a Changing Climate
Keeping Carbon in Check
Keeping Carbon in CheckREAD MORE
Vertical Farming
Rising to the Sustainability Challenge
Rising to the Sustainability ChallengeREAD MORE
Innovation Beneath Our Feet
Microbes Are Helping Farmers Regenerate the Soil
Microbes Are Helping Farmers Regenerate the SoilREAD MORE
The Tomorrow Farm Podcast Episode 1
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate Change
Poo, Worms and The Fight Against Climate ChangeREAD MORE
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