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URL:
https://www.govexec.com/management/2023/08/long-long-overdue-oral-history-government-performance-and-results-act/389469/
Submission: On May 17 via manual from US — Scanned from US
Submission: On May 17 via manual from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 5 forms found in the DOM
/search/
<form class="search-box-input-holder" action="/search/">
<input class="search-box-input" type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search" required="">
<button type="submit" class="search-box-submit">
<svg class="search-box-submit-svg">
<use xlink:href="/static/b/base/svg/spritesheet.svg?v=19.1.0#icon-arrow-right-1b"></use>
</svg>
</button>
</form>POST /newsletter-subscribe
<form class="subscribe-form" action="/newsletter-subscribe" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="source-signup" value="ge-rail-post"><input type="hidden" name="newsletter-ge-today" value="on">
<div class="form-group"><label class="subscribe-label"><span class="sr-only">email</span>
<div class="input-group"><span class="input-group-prepend"><svg class="subscribe-email-icon">
<use xlink:href="/static/b/base/svg/spritesheet.svg?v=19.1.0#icon-envelope"></use>
</svg></span><input class="form-control form-control-lg" name="email" type="email" placeholder=" Enter your email " required="" autocomplete="email"><span class="input-group-append"><button class="btn btn-secondary"
type="submit"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-3x"></i></button></span></div>
</label></div>
</form>POST /newsletter-subscribe
<form class="survey-modal-form" action="/newsletter-subscribe" method="post">
<fieldset>
<input type="hidden" name="source-signup" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="is-survey" value="1">
<div class="form-group survey-modal-full-name">
<label for="full-name" class="survey-modal-label">Full Name</label>
<input class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" id="full-name" name="full-name" type="text" autocomplete="name">
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-i-work-for">
<label for="employer" class="survey-modal-label">I Work For...</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="employer" name="i-work-for">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Department of Defense (Civilian)">Department of Defense (Civilian)</option>
<option value="Department of Defense (Military)">Department of Defense (Military)</option>
<option value="Federal Government">Federal Government</option>
<option value="State/Local Government">State/Local Government</option>
<option value="Government Contractor">Government Contractor</option>
<option value="Private Sector">Private Sector</option>
<option value="Retired">Retired</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-civilian-branch">
<label for="civilian-branch" class="survey-modal-label">Agency/Department</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="civilian-branch" name="civilian-branch">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</option>
<option value="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</option>
<option value="Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</option>
<option value="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</option>
<option value="National Intelligence Agency">National Intelligence Agency</option>
<option value="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</option>
<option value="Other Defense Agency">Other Defense Agency</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-military-branch">
<label for="military-branch" class="survey-modal-label">Agency/Department</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="military-branch" name="military-branch">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Air Force">Air Force</option>
<option value="Army">Army</option>
<option value="Coast Guard">Coast Guard</option>
<option value="Navy">Navy</option>
<option value="Marines">Marines</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-fed-gov-agency-dept">
<label for="fed-gov-agency-dept" class="survey-modal-label">Agency/Department</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="fed-gov-agency-dept" name="fed-gov-agency-dept">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Department of Agriculture" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Agriculture</option>
<option value="Department of Commerce" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Commerce</option>
<option value="Department of Education" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Education</option>
<option value="Department of Energy" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Energy</option>
<option value="Department of HHS" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of HHS</option>
<option value="Department of Homeland Security" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Homeland Security</option>
<option value="Department of HUD" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of HUD</option>
<option value="Department of Interior" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Interior</option>
<option value="Department of Justice" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Justice</option>
<option value="Department of Labor" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Labor</option>
<option value="Department of State" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of State</option>
<option value="Department of Transportation" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Transportation</option>
<option value="Department of Treasury" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Treasury</option>
<option value="Department of Veterans Affairs" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Department of Veterans Affairs</option>
<option value="EPA" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">EPA</option>
<option value="Executive Office of the President/Vice President" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Executive Office of the President/Vice President</option>
<option value="Federal Bureau of Investigation" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Federal Bureau of Investigation</option>
<option value="Federal Communications Commission" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Federal Communications Commission</option>
<option value="Federal Trade Commission" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Federal Trade Commission</option>
<option value="GSA" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">GSA</option>
<option value="Judiciary Branch" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Judiciary Branch</option>
<option value="Legislative Branch" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Legislative Branch</option>
<option value="NASA" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">NASA</option>
<option value="National Institute of Health" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">National Institute of Health</option>
<option value="OMB" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">OMB</option>
<option value="OPM" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">OPM</option>
<option value="SSA" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">SSA</option>
<option value="USPS" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">USPS</option>
<option value="Other Agency" class="fed-gov-agency-dept">Other Agency</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-state-local-agency-dept">
<label for="state-local-agency-dept" class="survey-modal-label">Agency/Department</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="state-local-agency-dept" name="state-local-agency-dept">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Government Association" class="state-local-agency-dept">Government Association</option>
<option value="County" class="state-local-agency-dept">County</option>
<option value="Municipal" class="state-local-agency-dept">Municipal</option>
<option value="Special District" class="state-local-agency-dept">Special District</option>
<option value="State" class="state-local-agency-dept">State</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-education">
<label for="education" class="survey-modal-label">Agency/Department</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="education" name="education">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-organization-function">
<label for="organization-function" class="survey-modal-label">Organization Function</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" name="organization-function" id="organization-function">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Elected Official/Legislative/Executive Office">Elected Official/Legislative/Executive Office</option>
<option value="Environment/Energy">Environment/Energy</option>
<option value="Finance/Budget">Finance/Budget</option>
<option value="Health & Human Services">Health & Human Services</option>
<option value="Public Safety/Emergency Services/Law Enforcement">Public Safety/Emergency Services/Law Enforcement</option>
<option value="Technology">Technology</option>
<option value="Transportation/Utilities/Infrastructure">Transportation/Utilities/Infrastructure</option>
<option value="Other">Other</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-organization-name">
<label for="organization_name" class="survey-modal-label">Please Provide Your Org.'s Name</label>
<input class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" id="organization_name" name="organization-name" type="text" autocomplete="organization">
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-industry">
<label for="industry" class="survey-modal-label">Industry</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" name="industry" id="industry">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-job-title">
<label for="job_title" class="survey-modal-label">Job Title</label>
<input class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" id="job_title" name="job-title" type="text" autocomplete="job-title">
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-job-function">
<label for="job-function" class="survey-modal-label">Job Function</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" name="job-function" id="job-function">
<option value="" disabled="" selected="">— select —</option>
<option value="Agency Leadership">Agency Leadership</option>
<option value="Business & Operations">Business & Operations</option>
<option value="Communications & Marketing">Communications & Marketing</option>
<option value="Financial/Contract Management">Financial/Contract Management</option>
<option value="Human Resource Management">Human Resource Management</option>
<option value="Technology Management">Technology Management</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-phone-number">
<label for="phone-number" class="survey-modal-label">Phone Number</label>
<input class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" id="phone-number" name="phone-number" type="tel" autocomplete="tel">
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-postal-code">
<label for="postal_code" class="survey-modal-label">Zip code</label>
<input class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" id="postal_code" name="postal_code" type="text" autocomplete="postal-code">
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-country">
<label for="country" class="survey-modal-label">Country</label>
<select class="form-control form-control-lg custom-select survey-modal-field" id="country" name="country">
<option value="United States">United States</option>
<option value="EEA (European Economic Area)">EEA (European Economic Area)</option>
<option value="Canada">Canada</option>
<option value="Other">Other</option>
</select>
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon-container">
<div class="survey-modal-select-icon">▼</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group survey-modal-country-other">
<label for="country_other" class="survey-modal-label">Country Name</label>
<input id="country_other" type="text" name="country_other" class="form-control form-control-lg survey-modal-field" autocomplete="country-name">
</div>
<div class="form-check">
<label class="form-check-label subscribe-third-party optin-regular">
<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="third_party" checked="">
<span class="newsletters-partner-text">Yes, I want to receive occasional updates from partners</span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
<label class="form-check-label subscribe-third-party optin-eea">
<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="third_party_eea">
<span class="newsletters-partner-text"> I agree to the use of my personal data by Government Executive Media Group and its partners to serve me targeted ads.
<a class="survey-modal-learn-more-link" href="https://www.govexec.com/about/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Learn more</a>. </span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="d-flex flex-row-reverse">
<input class="survey-modal-submit" type="submit" value="Submit">
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>POST /newsletters/subscribe/conversion-module/govexec-today/
<form class="conversion-module-signup-form " action="/newsletters/subscribe/conversion-module/govexec-today/" method="post">
<fieldset>
<legend class="conversion-module-signup-form-title">
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-title-line1"> Get federal business news in your inbox. </span>
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-title-line2"> Sign up for Govexec Today </span>
</legend>
<input id="conversion-module-nl-source_signup" name="source_signup" type="hidden" value="ge-mod-conv-dt">
<input id="conversion-module-nl-run_through_id" name="run_through_id" type="hidden">
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-email form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-nl-email"> My email is ... </label>
<input autocomplete="email" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-nl-email" name="email" placeholder="email@example.com" required="required" type="text">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-employer form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-nl-employer"> I work for ... </label>
<select class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-nl-employer" name="employer" required="required">
<option value="" selected="selected">--select--</option>
<option value="Department of Defense (Civilian)">Department of Defense (Civilian)</option>
<option value="Department of Defense (Military)">Department of Defense (Military)</option>
<option value="Federal Government">Federal Government</option>
<option value="State/Local Government">State/Local Government</option>
<option value="Government Contractor">Government Contractor</option>
<option value="Private Sector">Private Sector</option>
<option value="Retired">Retired</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-optin form-group">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-submit form-group">
<button class="conversion-module-signup-form-submit-btn btn btn-default" type="submit">
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-submit-text">
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-submit-arrow"></span> Sign up </span>
</button>
</div>
</fieldset>
<a class="conversion-module-signup-form-link" href="https://www.govexec.com/about/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a>
</form>POST /newsletters/subscribe/conversion-module/govexec-today/thank-you/
<form class="conversion-module-signup-form " action="/newsletters/subscribe/conversion-module/govexec-today/thank-you/" method="post">
<fieldset>
<legend class="conversion-module-signup-form-title">
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-title-line1"> Almost There! </span>
<span class="conversion-module-signup-form-title-line2"> Help us tailor content specifically for you: </span>
</legend>
<input id="conversion-module-thank-you-source_signup" name="source_signup" type="hidden" value="ge-mod-conv-dt">
<input id="conversion-module-thank-you-run_through_id" name="run_through_id" type="hidden">
<input id="conversion-module-thank-you-email" name="email" type="hidden">
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-full_name form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-full_name"> Full Name </label>
<input autocomplete="name" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-full_name" name="full_name" placeholder="" type="text">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-agency_department form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-agency_department"> Agency/Department </label>
<select class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-agency_department" name="agency_department" placeholder="">
<option value="" selected="selected">--select--</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="National Intelligence Agency">National Intelligence Agency</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</option>
<option class="agency-department-civilian-branch" value="Other Defense Agency">Other Defense Agency</option>
<option class="agency-department-military-branch" value="Air Force">Air Force</option>
<option class="agency-department-military-branch" value="Army">Army</option>
<option class="agency-department-military-branch" value="Coast Guard">Coast Guard</option>
<option class="agency-department-military-branch" value="Navy">Navy</option>
<option class="agency-department-military-branch" value="Marines">Marines</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Education">Department of Education</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Energy">Department of Energy</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of HHS">Department of HHS</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of HUD">Department of HUD</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Interior">Department of Interior</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Justice">Department of Justice</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Labor">Department of Labor</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of State">Department of State</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Treasury">Department of Treasury</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="EPA">EPA</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Executive Office of the President/Vice President">Executive Office of the President/Vice President</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="GSA">GSA</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Judiciary Branch">Judiciary Branch</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Legislative Branch">Legislative Branch</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="NASA">NASA</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="National Institute of Health">National Institute of Health</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="OMB">OMB</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="OPM">OPM</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="SSA">SSA</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="USPS">USPS</option>
<option class="agency-department-federal-government" value="Other Agency">Other Agency</option>
<option class="agency-department-state-and-local" value="Government Association">Government Association</option>
<option class="agency-department-state-and-local" value="County">County</option>
<option class="agency-department-state-and-local" value="Municipal">Municipal</option>
<option class="agency-department-state-and-local" value="Special District">Special District</option>
<option class="agency-department-state-and-local" value="State">State</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-organization_function form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-organization_function"> Organization Function </label>
<select class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-organization_function" name="organization_function" placeholder="">
<option value="" selected="selected">--select--</option>
<option value="Elected Official/Legislative/Executive Office">Elected Official/Legislative/Executive Office</option>
<option value="Environment/Energy">Environment/Energy</option>
<option value="Finance/Budget">Finance/Budget</option>
<option value="Health & Human Services">Health & Human Services</option>
<option value="Public Safety/Emergency Services/Law Enforcement">Public Safety/Emergency Services/Law Enforcement</option>
<option value="Technology">Technology</option>
<option value="Transportation/Utilities/Infrastructure">Transportation/Utilities/Infrastructure</option>
<option value="Other">Other</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-organization_name form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-organization_name"> Organization Name </label>
<input autocomplete="organization" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-organization_name" name="organization_name" placeholder="" type="text">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-job_function form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-job_function"> Job Function </label>
<select class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-job_function" name="job_function" placeholder="">
<option value="" selected="selected">--select--</option>
<option value="Agency Leadership">Agency Leadership</option>
<option value="Business & Operations">Business & Operations</option>
<option value="Communications & Marketing">Communications & Marketing</option>
<option value="Financial/Contract Management">Financial/Contract Management</option>
<option value="Human Resource Management">Human Resource Management</option>
<option value="Technology Management">Technology Management</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-phone form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-phone"> Phone number </label>
<input autocomplete="tel" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-phone" name="phone" placeholder="" type="text">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-state_and_zip form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-state_and_zip_0"> Zip code </label>
<input autocomplete="postal-code" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-state_and_zip_0" name="state_and_zip_0" placeholder="" type="text"><input autocomplete="postal-code" class="form-control form-control-xl"
id="conversion-module-thank-you-state_and_zip_1" name="state_and_zip_1" placeholder="" type="hidden">
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-country form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-country"> Country </label>
<select class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-country" name="country" placeholder="">
<option value="United States">United States</option>
<option value="EEA (European Economic Area)">EEA (European Economic Area)</option>
<option value="Canada">Canada</option>
<option value="Other">Other</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="conversion-module-signup-form-country_other form-group">
<label class="conversion-module-signup-form-label control-label" for="conversion-module-thank-you-country_other"> Country Name </label>
<input autocomplete="country-name" class="form-control form-control-xl" id="conversion-module-thank-you-country_other" name="country_other" placeholder="" type="text">
</div>
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Continue to the site in 12 → Skip to Content * Notice at Collection * Your Privacy Choices * Exercise Your Privacy Rights Workforce As one telework reform measure advances, another is delayed Workforce Workforce ‘We are more complicit:’ Biden’s Israel policies spur feds to protest at the White House Defense House-passed bill would bring parental leave parity to Coast Guard reservists Pay & Benefits Health Savings Account contribution limits to rise in 2025 Workforce FAA will soon be able to hire thousands of new staff as reauthorization bill heads to Biden’s desk sponsor content Unlocking potential: The crucial role of data-driven upskilling and reskilling in FSI success Workforce As one telework reform measure advances, another is delayed Workforce Workforce ‘We are more complicit:’ Biden’s Israel policies spur feds to protest at the White House Defense House-passed bill would bring parental leave parity to Coast Guard reservists Pay & Benefits Health Savings Account contribution limits to rise in 2025 Workforce FAA will soon be able to hire thousands of new staff as reauthorization bill heads to Biden’s desk sponsor content Unlocking potential: The crucial role of data-driven upskilling and reskilling in FSI success Sponsor Message Sponsor Message * Podcasts * Events * About * Newsletters * Advertise * News * Tech * Management * Pay & Benefits * Oversight * Workforce * Defense * Insights * Leadership Voices * Podcasts * Events * About * Newsletters * Advertise * * * * * Notice at Collection * Your Privacy Choices * Exercise Your Privacy Rights * News * Management * Oversight * Defense * Tech * Pay & Benefits * Workforce * Insights * Leadership Voices * Trending * Shutdown * Budget * Pay Raise * TSP * Telework olaser/Getty Images Sponsor Message Sponsor Message Get the latest on need-to-know topics for federal employees delivered to your inbox. email View Privacy Policy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stay Connected Sponsor Message Sponsor Message Featured eBooks Management 'LONG, LONG OVERDUE': AN ORAL HISTORY OF THE GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS ACT THIRTY YEARS AGO THIS MONTH, A LANDMARK PIECE OF LEGISLATION AIMED TO CHANGE THE VERY CULTURE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. Donald F. Kettl | August 21, 2023 * OMB * * * * * Donald F. Kettl * * * * * In August 1993, President Bill Clinton signed the Government Performance and Results Act, a pioneering piece of legislation that required federal agencies to create strategic plans, set annual goals for programs, and measure actual performance against the targets. Clinton framed the law as a part of his effort to improve government performance: It is important to restore the confidence of the American people in their government. It is important because, to the extent that our government works with greater efficiency and effectiveness and less unnecessary cost, it will strengthen the American economy as well as the bonds of our citizenship. … Everyone who has ever spent any time looking at how we do things, how decisions are made, how they tend to pile one on top of the other, year-in and year-out, without ever being examined in total or in terms of their effect, would say that this is an effort that is long, long overdue. GPRA was a cornerstone of the Clinton administration’s Reinventing Government initiative, led by Vice President Al Gore. But over the years, it became part of not only the structure but also the culture of the federal government. As GPRA reaches its 30th anniversary, it’s a great time to look back at how it evolved. Here, in the words of the people who were involved in the process, is the story of the birth and growth of results-oriented government. Origin Story The seeds of GPRA were initially bred and cultivated by a creative city manager in Sunnyvale, Calif. [John Mercer], and became the signature initiative of a fiscally conservative senator from Delaware, the late Bill Roth (he of Roth IRA fame). Until 1993, congressional Democrats consistently opposed Roth’s bill, largely driven by organized labor’s and consumer groups’ concerns that data would be used to justify de-funding worker and consumer protections. An axiom of management reform legislation is that it rarely succeeds without bipartisan support. Support by a new Democratic administration flipped the script. As I recall, the dress code for the victory celebrations was a t-shirt festooned with a cartoon image captioned “Ich bin ein Sunnyvale-er.”—Franklin Reeder, senior advisor for performance management, Office of Management and Budget GPRA began with pilot projects in key agencies. My recollection was that the concept for pilots was borrowed from the [Chief Financial Officers] Act, which antedated GPRA. [The CFO Act passed in 1990.]—Walter Groszyk, senior advisor for performance management, OMB Choosing a name for the bill required some diplomacy. John Mercer proposed “The More Bang for the Buck Act,” and I proposed “The Managing for Results Act.” I was inspired by the successful Managing for Results initiative I observed when visiting Australia to understand its performance system, as part of the background research on performance improvement initiatives that I was leading at [the General Accounting Office, later the Government Accountability Office]. The final result was “The Government Performance and Results Act”—a great compromise!—John Kamensky, deputy director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government President Clinton speaks at a Reinventing Government event at the State Department. (William Philpott/AFP via Getty Images) Five-Year Timeline Shortly after Morley Winograd arrived to replace Elaine Kamarck as Vice President Gore’s lead advisor on reinventing government in late 1997, I had the opportunity to brief him on GPRA and the timeline for its implementation. When the law was passed, it included a five-year time frame for full implementation. This meant that the first set of agency annual performance reports would be released publicly and to the Congress in the spring of 2000. Morley, looking ahead to Vice President Gore’s future presidential primary campaign, roared “who was the #!@*&% idiot who came up with that timing!” I meekly noted that I did help draft the bill. And survived his angry glare. He then buckled down to ensure the reports were well-crafted and meaningful.—John Kamensky Story Continues Below Sponsor Message Story Continues Below Sponsor Message A number of people have asked how GPRA's five-year implementation timeline came to be. There are at least three reasons. The first was a "good government" attempt to learn to crawl before you walked. A number of other countries like Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and others each began with some sort of experiment. It was hoped that by allowing agencies some time to experiment with performance measurement and strategic planning they could learn to understand how it could be applied to their programs. A second reason was that then-OMB Director Dick Darman had instructed me, in no uncertain terms, that I should make sure that Bill Roth, who was Chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, was "happy," but that I should "do nothing." I threaded that needle with the pilots, which meant that GPRA was optional for the first five years. This way we were able to keep Roth "happy" and yet ensure that the law would have no practical effect during Darman's tenure in the [George H.W.] Bush administration. A third reason was that, at that time, all legislation needed to be "scored" for its cost. The GPRA bill was able to be scored a negligible amount because the pilots were voluntary. The first requirement for strategic plans and the use of performance measurement was pushed back five years.—Jonathan Breul, senior advisor to the deputy director for Management, OMB Stoplight Scorecard GPRA cleared a critical hurdle with the 2000 election. The newly elected president, George W. Bush, could have killed a program so closely associated with Gore, who he had defeated. Presidential transitions are often where a previous administration’s initiatives go to die. Instead, Bush transformed GPRA, with an emphasis on red-yellow-green color-coded scorecards grading each agency’s performance. In the late 1990s, the National Partnership for Reinventing Government created an initiative to work closely with about 30 bureau-level agencies to improve their performance, like the Veterans Benefits Administration and the Patent and Trademark Office. We helped them develop rudimentary balanced scorecards using customer and employee survey data, and the performance data from their GPRA reporting systems. We crafted red-yellow-green stoplight scorecards for each agency based on these data and wanted to make them public, but a career OMB executive nixed the idea. Winograd said, “The president doesn’t want to be seen as choosing among his children.” President George W. Bush's scorecard aimed to visualize agency progress on assessing performance. Then a few years later, OMB under newly-elected President George W. Bush began publicly publishing red-yellow-green scorecards showing the progress of major agencies towards meeting the performance criteria set out in the newly created President’s Management Agenda. I was out of government by then, but in a call with a career executive in OMB, I asked about the new scorecards, and he said, “Well, this is a different president.”—John Kamensky As the political [appointees] stuck with implementing GPRA, we faced agency attitudes that ranged from strong reluctance to put plans and objectives together publicly to passionate lip service from some who complied but were very careful about exposing themselves. I remember the first strategic plans, which were less than strategic and barely plans. The famous stoplight in George W. Bush's administration and the continuing push [for implementation] have brought us to this much better place.—G. Edward DeSeve, deputy director for management and controller, OMB Reforming the Reforms GPRA continued to evolve and, in 2010, Congress passed the GPRA Modernization Act, or GPRA-MA. The new legislation, as the Government Accountability Office explained it, called for: * A more coordinated and crosscutting approach to achieving meaningful results * Efforts to address weaknesses in major management functions * Ensuring performance information is both useful and used in decision-making * Sustained leadership commitment and accountability for achieving results * Engaging Congress in identifying management and performance issues to address The act wove performance measurement far more deeply into agency operations. OMB gets a call from Congressman Henry Cuellar’s staff. Cuellar wrote his doctoral dissertation on "A Comparative Analysis of Legislative Budget Oversight: Performance-Based Budgeting in the American States.” [Nancy] Pelosi had given Cuellar a green light to move a bill through the House. He decided to move a bill on performance management and successfully did. Amy Edwards Holmes was staffing Sen. Mark Warner, who launched Virginia Performs as governor. Amy and other key Warner staff work with the OMB team to amend GPRA 1993 and the Cuellar bill in what I continue to think are very sensible ways, informed by lessons learned on GPRA 1993 implementation along the way. Welcome, GPRA Modernization Act!—Shelley Metzenbaum, associate director for performance and personnel management, OMB President Obama signs the GPRA Modernization Act in 2010. Behind him are OMB's Jeff Zients and Shelley Metzenbaum. (Pete Souza/White House) My involvement with GPRA and later GPRA-MA during a 25-year career at the Department of Transportation began in 1995 when I was hired as a program analyst to coordinate the development of a strategic implementation plan for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. It continued until 2020, when I retired as the senior advisor for strategic management at the Federal Highway Administration. During my time at DOT, I was involved in the development of every department strategic plan, annual performance plan and report, modal administration multi-year strategic plans, annual budget integration and implementation plans, and unit-level operating plans and reports. These efforts were met with differing levels of interest and acceptance among executives, managers and staff. The biggest challenge was overcoming the compliance mentality and ensuring that the plans were useful and relevant to issues confronting the agency on a daily basis. Our success hinged largely on the managerial style and personal preferences of senior leadership. However, I can say that GPRA and GPRA-MA were the backstops that sustained these efforts.—J. Woody Stanley, senior advisor, strategic management, Federal Highway Administration My favorite memory of all this is meeting with leaders at the Labor Department to discuss GPRA and performance measures. The attorneys present said that there was no way to measure what they did. I said that, in that case, we could just do without them and see how it went. At which point they began to list the things they did and began to talk about how to measure the impact.—John Koskinen, deputy director for management, OMB I remind myself of the survey of over 100 federal components that John Kamensky did while at GAO before GPRA. He asked a series of questions about the existence of plans, goals, performance measures, etc. He got back generally positive results but when he went to verify the responses, he found many were overblown. The internal GAO reaction was that the agencies lied on the survey. John said actually it is much worse—they do not know the difference between a strategic plan and an annual work plan, or the difference between an output and an outcome. This finding contributed to the decision to include pilots in GPRA and to have a long lead time for government-wide implementation—to give agencies time and experience to build the capacity to manage for results.—J. Christopher Mihm, managing director, strategic issues, GAO The Long View Kudos to all who were there at the origins, and those who have worked since then to make this a durable, workable framework. The ability to build from and modify that framework was a testimony to the efforts of a group of bipartisan actors in and out of government who genuinely cared about evidence and performance, could find common ground on those topics, and talk to each other over the course of many years. I worry if these sorts of networks still exist, but hope springs eternal.—Donald Moynihan, McCourt Chair, McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University Continued investment in the Performance.gov website has enabled the public to explore strategic goals and objectives not just by agency but by crosscutting themes. It also makes more data available on the Biden administration and agency priorities such as customer experience, permitting, and personnel vetting reforms. In sum, GPRA laid the groundwork for GPRA modernization, which incorporated lessons learned from other governments’ efforts to implement performance management systems. It shifted focus from a supply-side approach of producing information towards a demand-driven model that centered on supporting leadership in identifying and accomplishing their top organizational priorities, including by aligning the strategic planning process with Presidential transitions. Furthermore, GPRA and OMB’s Circular A-11 guidance have clarified the roles and responsibilities of key actors, including agency chief operating officers, performance improvement officers and goal leaders. It has institutionalized agency routines that engage these and other officials in the use of performance and evidence to inform key program decisions. Donald F. Kettl compiled and edited this oral history based on an email conversation among the key players in GPRA’s creation and implementation. He is the the co-author, with William D. Eggers, of Bridgebuilders: How Government Can Transcend Boundaries to Solve Big Problems. 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