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Friday, 22 December 2023
 * Politician
 * Editors

 * Nelson Rockefeller
 * National Convention (Namibia)
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Nelson Rockefeller 41st Vice President of the United States In office
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977 President Gerald Ford Preceded by Gerald
Ford Succeeded by Walter Mondale 49th Governor of New York In office
January 1, 1959 – December 18, 1973 Lieutenant Malcolm Wilson Preceded by W.
Averell Harriman Succeeded by Malcolm Wilson 1st Under Secretary of Health,
Education and Welfare In office
June 11, 1953 – December 22, 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by
Herold Christian Hunt 1st Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic
Affairs In office
December 20, 1944 – August 17, 1945 President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman Succeeded by Spruille Braden Personal details Born Nelson
Aldrich Rockefeller
(1908-07-08)July 8, 1908
Bar Harbor, Maine, U.S. Died January 26, 1979(1979-01-26) (aged 70)
Manhattan, New York, U.S. Resting place Rockefeller Family Cemetery

Sleepy Hollow, New York, U.S.

Political party Republican Spouse(s) (1) Mary Todhunter Clark (married 1930,
divorced 1962)
(2) Margaretta Fitler Murphy (married 1963) Children Rodman Rockefeller
Anne Rockefeller
Steven C. Rockefeller
Mary Rockefeller
Michael Rockefeller
Nelson Rockefeller, Jr.
Mark Rockefeller Residence New York City, New York Alma mater Dartmouth College
(A.B.) Religion Baptist Signature

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American
businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the
41st Vice President of the United States (1974–1977), serving under President
Gerald Ford, and the 49th Governor of New York (1959–1973). He also served the
Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower administrations in a
variety of positions. A member of the Rockefeller family, he was also a noted
art collector.

Rockefeller, a Republican, was politically moderate. In his time, moderates in
the Republican party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New
York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State
University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the
Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and
personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the
Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in
1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President (under the 25th Amendment)
from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the
presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon, over the
Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his own replacement. But
Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President
Ford, marking his retirement from politics.

As a businessman he was President and later Chairman of Rockefeller Center,
Inc., and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947.
Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to
the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president, of the Museum of
Modern Art, and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954. In the area of
philanthropy, he established the American International Association for Economic
and Social Development in 1946, and with his four brothers he founded the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1940 and helped guide it.


CONTENTS

 * 1 Early life and education
 * 2 Early business career
 * 3 Early public career
 * 4 Returns to private life
 * 5 Returns to public service
 * 6 Governor of New York, 1959-1973
   * 6.1 Education
   * 6.2 Conservation
   * 6.3 Transportation
   * 6.4 Housing
   * 6.5 Welfare and Medicaid
   * 6.6 Civil Rights
   * 6.7 The Arts
   * 6.8 Crime
   * 6.9 Tough laws on drug users
   * 6.10 Attica prison riot
   * 6.11 Buildings and public works programs
   * 6.12 Other programs
   * 6.13 Abortion
   * 6.14 Moderate Republican
 * 7 National politics
 * 8 Presidential Mission to Latin America
 * 9 National Commission on Water Quality
 * 10 Commission on Critical Choices for Americans
 * 11 Vice Presidency 1974-1977
 * 12 Art patronage
 * 13 Marriages
 * 14 Death
 * 15 In popular media
 * 16 Electoral history
 * 17 Awards Presented to Nelson A. Rockefeller
 * 18 Memorials to Nelson A. Rockefeller
 * 19 Awards Named for Nelson A. Rockefeller
 * 20 Bibliography
 * 21 See also
 * 22 References
 * 23 External links


EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION [LINK]

See also: Rockefeller family

Rockefeller was born in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of John Davison
Rockefeller, Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. He was the grandson of Standard
Oil founder and chairman John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. and United States Senator
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode Island. He had a sister, Abby
(1903–1976); and four brothers: John D. 3rd (1906–1978), Laurance S.
(1910–2004), Winthrop (1912–1973), and David (1915-). He received his elementary
and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school
administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930, he graduated
cum laude with an A.B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a
member of Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society), Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta
chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity.


EARLY BUSINESS CAREER [LINK]

Following his graduation, he worked in a number of family-related businesses,
including Chase National Bank (later Chase Manhattan), 1931; Rockefeller Center,
Inc., joining the Board of Directors in 1931, serving as President, 1938–1945
and 1948–1951, and as Chairman, 1945–1953 and 1956–1958; and Creole Petroleum,
the Venezuelan subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1935-1940. From 1932 to
1979 he served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art. He also served as
Treasurer, 1935–1939, and President, 1939–1941 and 1946-1953. He and his four
brothers established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a philanthropy, in 1940. He
served as trustee, 1940–1975 and 1977–1979, and as president in 1956.


EARLY PUBLIC CAREER [LINK]


Nelson Rockefeller on the cover of TIME Magazine, 1939

Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County (NY) Board of Health,
1933-1953. His service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, life-long interest
in Latin America. He became fluent in the Spanish language. In 1940, after he
expressed his concern to President Franklin D. Roosevelt over Nazi influence in
Latin America, the President appointed him to the new position of Coordinator of
Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in the Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA).[1]
Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of US cooperation with the
nations of Latin America to help raise the standard of living, to achieve better
relations among the nations of the western hemisphere, and to counter rising
Nazi influence in the region.[2] His efforts included spreading anti-Axis
propaganda to head off Nazi fifth column activity, which was subsequently
laughed at and booed by the Latin American population, resulting in pro-Axis
riots.[citation needed] The movie Down Argentina Way had to be refilmed because
it was actually considered offensive, while The Great Dictator was banned in
several countries.[3]

In 1944 President Roosevelt appointed Rockefeller Assistant Secretary of State
for American Republic Affairs. As Assistant Secretary of State, he initiated the
Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace in 1945. The conference
produced the Act of Chapultepec, which provided the framework for economic,
social and defense cooperation among the nations of the Americas, and set the
principle that an attack on one of these nations would be regarded as an attack
on all and jointly resisted. Rockefeller signed the Act on behalf of the United
States.[4]

Rockefeller was a member of the US delegation at the United Nations Conference
on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945; this gathering marked
the UN's founding. At the Conference there was considerable opposition to the
idea of permitting, within the UN charter, the formation of regional pacts such
as the Act of Chapultepec. Rockefeller, who believed that the inclusion was
essential, especially to US policy in Latin America, successfully urged the need
for regional pacts within the framework of the UN.[5] Rockefeller was also
instrumental in persuading the UN to establish its headquarters in New York
City.[6]


Nelson Rockefeller, Under Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, makes a
presentation on a proposed public/private health reinsurance program, 1954.


RETURNS TO PRIVATE LIFE [LINK]

After resigning as Assistant Secretary of State, Rockefeller returned to private
life later in 1945. He served as Chairman of Rockefeller Center, Inc.,
(1945–1953 and 1956–1958) and began a program of physical expansion. He
established the American International Association for Economic and Social
Development (AIA), in 1946, and the International Basic Economy Corporation
(IBEC), in 1947 to jointly continue the work he had begun as Coordinator of
Inter-American Affairs. He intermittently served as president of both through
1958. AIA was a philanthropy for the dissemination of technical and managerial
expertise and equipment to underdeveloped countries to support grass-roots
efforts in overcoming illiteracy, disease and poverty.[7] IBEC was a for-profit
business that established companies that would stimulate underdeveloped
economies of certain countries. It was hoped the success of these companies
would encourage investors in those countries to set up competing or supporting
businesses and further stimulate the local economy.[8] Using AIA and IBEC
Rockefeller established model farms in Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil. He
maintained a home at Monte Sacro, the farm in Venezuela.


RETURNS TO PUBLIC SERVICE [LINK]

Rockefeller returned to public service in 1950 when President Harry S. Truman
appointed him Chairman of the International Development Advisory Board. The
Board was charged with developing a plan for implementing the President’s Point
IV program of providing foreign technical assistance. In 1952 President-Elect
Dwight D. Eisenhower asked Rockefeller to Chair the President’s Advisory
Committee on Government Organization to recommend ways of improving efficiency
and effectiveness of the executive branch of the federal government. Rockefeller
recommended thirteen reorganization plans, all of which were implemented. The
plans implemented organizational changes in the Department of Defense, the
Office of Defense Mobilization and the Department of Agriculture. His
recommendations also led to the creation of the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare. Rockefeller was appointed Under-Secretary of this new department in
1953. Rockefeller was active in HEW’s legislative program and implemented
measures that added ten million people under the Social Security program.[9]

In 1954 he was appointed Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs
(sometimes referred to as Special Assistant to the President for Psychological
Warfare). He was tasked with providing the President with advice and assistance
in developing programs by which the various departments of the government could
counter Soviet foreign policy challenges. As part of this responsibility he was
named as the President’s representative on the Operations Coordinating Board, a
committee of the National Security Council. The other members were the
Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director of the
Foreign Operations Administration, and the Central Intelligence Agency director.
The OCB’s purpose was to oversee coordinated execution of security policy and
plans, including clandestine operations.[10]

Rockefeller broadly interpreted his directive and became an advocate for foreign
economic aid as indispensable to national security. Most of Rockefeller’s
initiatives were blocked by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his Under
Secretary, Herbert Hoover, Jr., both traditionalists who resented what they
perceived as outside interference from Rockefeller,[11] and by Treasury
Secretary George Humphrey for financial reasons.[12] However, in June 1955
Rockefeller convened a week-long meeting of experts from various disciplines to
assess the US position in the psychological aspects of the Cold War and develop
proposals that could give the US the initiative at the upcoming Summit
Conference in Geneva. The meeting was held at the Marine Corps school at
Quantico, Virginia and became known as the Quantico Study. The Quantico panel
developed a proposal called "open skies" wherein the US and the Soviet Union
would exchange blueprints of military installations and agree to mutual aerial
reconnaissance. Thus military buildups would be revealed and the danger of
surprise attacks minimized. It was a counter proposal to the Soviet proposal of
universal disarmament. The feeling was that the Soviets could not refuse the
proposal if they were serious about disarmament.[13]

In March 1955 Rockefeller proposed the creation of the Planning Coordination
Group, a small high level group that would plan and develop national security
operations, both overt and covert.[14] The group consisted of the Undersecretary
of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director the CIA, and Special
Assistant Rockefeller as chairman. The group’s purpose was to oversee CIA
operation and other anti-communist actions. However, State Department officials
and CIA Director Allen Dulles refused to cooperate with the group and its
initiatives were stymied or ignored.[15] In September Rockefeller recommended
the abolishment of the PCG, and in December he resigned as Special Assistant to
the President.

File:Nelson Rockefeller with Henry Kissinger January 3, 1975.jpg
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller (on right) with Secretary of State Henry
Kissinger, January 3, 1975.

In 1956, he created the Special Studies Project, a major seven-panel planning
group directed by Henry Kissinger and funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund,
of which he was then president. It was an ambitious study created to define the
central problems and opportunities facing the U.S. in the future, and to clarify
national purposes and objectives. The reports were published individually as
they were released and were republished together in 1961 as Prospect for
America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.

The Special Studies Project came into national prominence with the early release
of its military subpanel's report, whose principal recommendation was a massive
military buildup to counter a then-perceived military superiority threat posed
by the USSR. The report was released two months after the October 1957 launch of
Sputnik, and its recommendations were fully endorsed by Eisenhower in his
January 1958 State of the Union address.[16] Some of the Special Studies
Project’s domestic policy recommendations became part of President John F.
Kennedy’s New Frontier initiative.[citation needed]

This initial contact with Kissinger was to develop into a lifelong relationship;
Kissinger was later to be described as his closest intellectual associate. From
this period Rockefeller employed Kissinger as a personally funded part-time
consultant, principally on foreign policy issues, until the appointment to his
staff became full-time in late 1968. In 1969, when Kissinger entered Richard
Nixon's administration, Rockefeller paid him $50,000 as a severance payment.[17]


GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, 1959-1973 [LINK]


Gov. Rockefeller meets with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968

Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on New York state and
national politics. From September 1956 to April 1958 he chaired the Temporary
State Commission on the Constitutional Convention. That was followed by his
chairmanship of the Special Legislative Committee on the Revision and
Simplification of the Constitution. These two appointments served to educate him
on the workings of New York state government and to make him visible in state
political circles. In 1958, he was elected governor by over 600,000 votes,
defeating the incumbent, multi-millionaire W. Averell Harriman, even though 1958
was a banner year for Democrats elsewhere in the nation. Rockefeller was
ultimately elected to four, four-year terms as governor of New York State.
Re-elected in 1962, 1966 and 1970, Rockefeller vastly increased the state's role
in education, environmental protection, transportation, housing, welfare,
medical aid, civil rights, and the arts. He resigned three years into his fourth
term.


EDUCATION [LINK]

Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the State University of New York
into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Under
his governorship it grew from 29 campuses and 38,000 full-time students to 72
campuses and 232,000 full-time students. Other accomplishments included more
than quadrupling state aid to primary and secondary schools; providing the first
state financial support for educational television; and requiring special
education for children with disabilities in public schools.[18]


CONSERVATION [LINK]

Consistent with his personal interest in design and planning, Rockefeller began
expansion of the New York State Parks system and improvement of park facilities.
He persuaded voters to approve three major bond acts to raise more than $300
million for acquisition of park and forest preserve land[19] and he built or
started 55 new state parks.[20] Rockefeller initiated studies of environmental
issues, such as loss of agricultural land through development—an issue now
characterized as "sprawl." In September 1968, Rockefeller appointed the
Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks. This led to his
introduction to the Legislature in 1971 of a bill to create the controversial
Adirondack Park Agency,[21] which was designed to protect the Adirondack State
Park from encroaching development. Also, he launched the Pure Waters Program,
the first state bond issue to end water pollution; created the Department of
Environmental Conservation; banned DDT and other dangerous pesticides; and
established the Office of Parks and Recreation.[22]


TRANSPORTATION [LINK]

In 1967 Rockefeller won approval of the largest state bond issue at the time
($2.5 billion) for the coordinated development of mass transportation, highways
and airports. He initiated the creation and/or expansion of over 22,000 miles
(35,000 km) of highway[23] including Long Island Expressway, the Southern Tier
Expressway, the Adirondack Northway, and Interstate 81 which vastly improved
road transportation in the state of New York. Rockefeller introduced the state’s
first support for mass transportation. He reformed the governing of New York
City's transportation system, creating the New York Metropolitan Transportation
Authority in 1965. It merged the New York City subway system with the publicly
owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the Long Island Rail Road, the
Staten Island Rapid Transit and later the Metro North Railroad, which were
purchased by the state from private owners in a massive public bailout of
bankrupt railroads. He also created the State Department of Transportation.

In taking over control of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority,
Rockefeller shifted power away from Robert Moses, and in so doing became the
first politician to win such a battle with the master builder Moses in many,
many decades. Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges
and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and
highways, now went to support mass transportation operations, thus shifting
costs from general state funds to the motorist. In one controversial move,
Rockefeller abandoned one of Moses's most desired projects, a Long Island Sound
bridge from Rye to Oyster Bay in 1973 due to environmental opposition.


HOUSING [LINK]

To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the New York State Urban
Development Corporation (UDC), with unprecedented powers to override local
zoning, condemn property, and create financing schemes to carry out desired
development. The financing involved the creation of a new sort of bond—what came
to be called "moral obligation" bonds. They were not backed by the full faith
and credit of the State, but the quasi-public arrangements were meant to, and
did, convey the impression that the State would not let them fail. Rockefeller
is criticized in some quarters for having contributed to the "Too Big To Fail"
phenomenon in U.S. finance in general.[24] (UDC is now called the Empire State
Development Corporation.) By 1973, the Rockefeller administration had completed
or started over 88,000 units of housing for limited income families and the
aging.[25]


WELFARE AND MEDICAID [LINK]

In the area of public assistance the Rockefeller administration carried out the
largest state medical care program for the needy in the United States under
Medicaid; achieved the first major decline in New York States’s welfare rolls
since World War II; required employable welfare recipients to take available
jobs or job training; began the state breakfast program for children in low
income areas; and established the first state loan fund for non-profit groups to
start day-care centers.[26]


CIVIL RIGHTS [LINK]

Rockefeller achieved virtual total prohibition of discrimination in housing and
places of public accommodation. He outlawed job discrimination based on gender
or age; increased by nearly 50% the number of African Americans and Hispanics
holding state jobs; appointed women to head the largest number of state agencies
in state history; prohibited discrimination against women in education,
employment, housing and credit applications; admitted the first women to the
State Police; initiated affirmative action programs for women in state
government; and backed New York’s ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to
the US Constitution. He outlawed "block-busting" as a means of artificially
depressing housing values and banned discrimination in the sale of all forms of
insurance.[27]


THE ARTS [LINK]

Rockefeller created the first State Council on the Arts in the country, which
became a model for the National Endowment for the Arts. He also oversaw the
construction of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Spa State
Park.[28]


CRIME [LINK]

During his fifteen years as governor Rockefeller doubled the size of the State
Police, established the New York State Police Academy, adopted the "stop and
frisk" and "no-knock" laws to strengthen police powers, and authorized 228
additional state judgeships to reduce court congestion.[29] New York was the
last state to have a mandatory death penalty for premeditated first degree
murder. In 1963 Rockefeller signed legislation abandoning that and establishing
a two stage trial for murder cases with punishment determined in the second
stage.[30] Rockefeller was a supporter of capital punishment and oversaw 14
executions by electrocution as Governor.[31] The last execution, of Eddie Mays
in 1963, remains to date the last execution in New York and was the last
execution before Furman v. Georgia in the Northeast.[32] However, despite his
personal support for capital punishment, Rockefeller signed a bill in 1965 to
abolish the death penalty except in cases involving the murder of police
officers.[33]

Rockefeller was also a supporter of the "law and order" platform.[34]


TOUGH LAWS ON DRUG USERS [LINK]

What became known as the "Rockefeller drug laws" were a product of Rockefeller’s
attempt to deal with the rapid increase in narcotics addiction and related
crime. In 1962 he proposed a program of voluntary rehabilitation for addicted
convicts rather than prison time. This was approved by the legislature, but by
1966 it was evident this program was not working as most addicts chose short
prison terms rather than three years of treatment. He then turned to a program
of compulsory treatment, rehabilitation and aftercare for three years. While
this program saw success in rehabilitating addicts, it did little to reduce the
narcotics trade and associated crime. Rockefeller was also frustrated that the
federal government was not doing anything significant to address the problem.
Feeling that existing laws and the way they were being implemented did not solve
the problem of the "drug pusher", and pressured by voters angry about the drug
problem, Rockefeller proposed a hard line approach. As approved by the
legislature in 1973, the new drug laws included mandatory life sentences without
the possibility of plea-bargaining or parole for all drug users, dealers, and
those convicted of drug-related violent crimes; a $1,000 reward for information
leading to the conviction of drug pushers; and deleting less harsh penalties for
youthful offenders. Public support for the measures was mixed, as were the
results. They did not lead more addicts to seek rehabilitation as hoped, and
ultimately did not solve the problem of drug trafficking. These were among the
toughest drug laws in the United States when they were enacted and are still on
the books, albeit in moderated form.[35] To carry out the rehabilitation program
Rockefeller created the State Narcotics Addiction Control Commission (later the
State Drug Abuse Control Commission.) New York also provided the financial
support for research in methadone maintenance and the administration of the
largest methadone maintenance program in the US.[29]


ATTICA PRISON RIOT [LINK]

Main article: Attica Prison riot

On September 9, 1971, prisoners at the state penitentiary at Attica, NY, took
control of a cell block and seized thirty-nine guards as hostages. After four
days of negotiations, Department of Correctional Services Commissioner Russell
Oswald agreed to most of the inmates' demands for various reforms but refused to
grant complete amnesty to the rioters, with passage out of the country and
removal of the prison's superintendent. When negotiations stalled and the
hostages appeared to be in imminent danger, Rockefeller ordered New York State
Police and national guard troops to restore order and take back the prison on
September 13. Thirty nine people died in the assault, including ten of the
hostages. An additional eighty people were wounded in what was called "a turkey
shoot" by state prosecutor Malcolm Bell.[36]

A later investigation showed all but three of the deaths were caused by the
gunfire of the national guard and police. The other three were inmates killed by
other inmates at the beginning of the riot. Opponents blamed Rockefeller for
these deaths in part because of his refusal to go to the prison and talk with
the inmates, while his supporters, including many conservatives who had often
vocally differed with him in the past, defended his actions as being necessary
to the preservation of law and order. "I was trying to do the best I could to
save the hostages, save the prisoners, restore order, and preserve our system
without undertaking actions which could set a precedent which would go across
this country like wildfire," Rockefeller later said.[37]

In a telephone call with President Nixon, Rockefeller explained the deaths by
saying "that's life." [38]


BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS [LINK]

Rockefeller engaged in massive building projects that left a profound mark on
the state of New York. (Some of his detractors claimed that he had an "Edifice
Complex."[39]) He was personally interested in the planning, design, and
construction of the many projects initiated during his administration,
consistent with his interest in architecture. In addition, Rockefeller's
construction programs included the US$2 billion South Mall in Albany, later
renamed the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza by Gov. Hugh Carey in 1978.
It is a 98-acre (40 ha) campus of skyscrapers housing state offices and public
plazas punctuated by an egg-shaped arts center. While in office he supported the
construction of the World Trade Center.[40]


OTHER PROGRAMS [LINK]

Rockefeller worked with the legislature and unions to create generous pension
programs for many public workers, such as teachers, professors, firefighters,
police officers, and prison guards. He proposed the first statewide minimum wage
law in the US which was increased five times during his administration.
Additional accomplishments of Rockefeller’s fifteen years as governor of New
York include initiating the state lottery and off-track betting; adopting modern
treatment techniques in state mental hospitals to reduce the number of mentally
ill patients by over 50%; creating the State Office of the Aging and
constructing nearly 12,000 units of housing for the aging; the first mandatory
seatbelt law in the US; and creating the State Consumer Protection Board.[41]


ABORTION [LINK]

Rockefeller supported reform of New York's abortion laws beginning around 1968.
The proposals supported by his administration would not have repealed the
long-standing prohibition, but would have expanded the exceptions allowed for
the protection of the mother's health, or in circumstances of fetal abnormality.

The reform bills did not pass. However, an outright repeal of the prohibition
did pass, in 1970, and Rockefeller signed it. In 1972 he vetoed another bill
that would have restored the abortion ban. He said in his 1972 veto message: "I
do not believe it right for one group to impose its vision of morality on an
entire society." [42]

The Roe v. Wade abortion decision came on January 22, 1973; it was based partly
on New York's law.


MODERATE REPUBLICAN [LINK]

Main article: Rockefeller Republican

Reflecting his interdisciplinary approach to problem solving Rockefeller took a
pragmatic approach to governing. In their book Rockefeller of New York:
Executive Power in the State House, Robert Connery and Gerald Benjamin state,
"Rockefeller was not committed to any ideology. Rather, he considered himself a
practical problem solver, much more interested in defining problems and finding
solutions around which he could unite support sufficient to ensure their
enactment in legislation than in following either a strictly liberal or strictly
conservative course. Rockefeller’s programs did not consistently follow either
liberal or conservative ideology." Early fiscal policies were conservative while
later ones were not so. In the later years of his administration "conservative
decisions on social programs were paralleled by liberal ones on environmental
issues."[43] Rockefeller was opposed by conservatives in the GOP such as Barry
Goldwater and Ronald Reagan because of his liberal political views. As governor,
Rockefeller spent more than his predecessors.[44] Rockefeller expanded the
state's infrastructure, increased spending on education including a massive
expansion of the State University of New York, and increased the state’s
involvement in environmental issues. Rockefeller had good relations with unions,
especially the construction trades, which benefited from his extensive building
programs.

In foreign affairs, Rockefeller supported US involvement in the United Nations
as well as US foreign aid. He also supported the U.S.'s fight against communism
and its membership in NATO. As a result of Rockefeller's policies, some
conservatives sought to gain leverage by creating the Conservative Party of New
York. The small party acted as a minor counter-weight to the Liberal Party of
New York.[45] The most common criticism of Rockefeller’s governorship of New
York is that he tried to do too much too fast, vastly increasing the level of
state debt which later contributed to New York’s fiscal crisis in 1975.[46]
Rockefeller created some 230 public-benefit authorities like the Urban
Development Corporation. They were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid
the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such
authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they had been issued
directly by the state. The state budget went from $2.04 billion in 1959-60 to
$8.8 billion in his last year, 1973-74. "Rockefeller sought and obtained eight
tax increases during his fifteen years in office."[47] "During his
administration, the tax burden rose to a higher level than in any other state,
and the incidence of taxation shifted, with a greater share being borne by the
individual taxpayer."[48]


NATIONAL POLITICS [LINK]


Nelson Rockefeller at the 1976 Republican National Convention along with (left
to right) Robert Dole, Nancy Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Susan Ford and
Betty Ford.

Rockefeller sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and
1968. His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon
surged ahead in the polls. After quitting the campaign, Rockefeller backed
Nixon, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate planks into
Nixon's platform.

Rockefeller, favored by moderate and liberal Republicans, was considered the
front-runner for the 1964 campaign against conservative Senator Barry Goldwater
of Arizona, who led the right wing of the Republican Party. In 1963, a year
after Rockefeller's divorce from his first wife, he married Margaretta "Happy"
Murphy, a divorcee with four children.[49] This turned many in the party off,
especially women.[49] The divorce hurt Rockefeller's standing among voters and
was widely condemned by politicians, including US Senator Prescott S. Bush of
Connecticut (father and grandfather of future Presidents George H. W. Bush and
George W. Bush), who spoke out condemning Rockefeller for his infidelity,
divorce, and remarriage.[50] Rockefeller finished third in the New Hampshire
primary in March, behind write-in Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (from neighboring
Massachusetts) and Goldwater. He then endured poor showings in several
primaries, before winning an upset in the Oregon primary in May. The birth of
Rockefeller's child during the California campaign put the divorce and
remarriage issue back in the headlines.[49] After a furious contest, Rockefeller
narrowly lost the California primary in early June and dropped out of the race.
However, at the Republican National Convention in San Francisco in July,
Rockefeller was given five minutes to speak before the convention in defense of
five amendments to the party platform put forth by the moderate wing of the
Republican Party[51] to counter the Goldwater plank. Right wing delegates booed
and heckled Rockefeller for 16 minutes while he stood firmly at the podium
insisting on his right to speak.[52] Rockefeller refused to support Goldwater in
the general election.[53] This conflict between Rockefeller and Goldwater would
have lasting effects as Goldwater would subsequently vote against Rockefeller's
confirmation for the Vice Presidency in 1974 and then as a key player in
blocking Rockefeller from being on the 1976 presidential ticket.

Rockefeller again sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1968. His
opponents were Nixon and Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California. In the
contest, Rockefeller again represented the liberals in the GOP, Reagan
representing the conservative Goldwater element, and Nixon representing
moderates and liberals also. Rather than formally announce his candidacy and
enter the state primaries, Rockefeller spent the first half of 1968 alternating
between hints that he would run, and pronouncements that he would not be a
candidate. Shortly before the Republican convention, Rockefeller finally let it
be known that he was available to be the nominee, and he sought to round up
uncommitted delegates and woo reluctant Nixon delegates to his banner, armed
with public opinion polls that showed him doing better among voters than either
Nixon or Reagan against Democrat Hubert Humphrey. Nixon easily defeated both
Reagan and Rockefeller, however.

After Gerald Ford's elevation to the Presidency, Rockefeller was named Vice
President, and he was initially mentioned and reportedly considered running for
President for a fourth time in 1976, if Ford declined to seek his own term.[54]


PRESIDENTIAL MISSION TO LATIN AMERICA [LINK]

In April and May 1969, at the request of President Nixon, Rockefeller and a team
of 23 advisors visited 20 American republics during four trips to solicit
opinions of US inter-American policies and to determine the needs and conditions
of each country. Among the recommendations in Rockefeller’s report to the
President were preferential trade agreements with Latin American countries,
refinancing the region’s foreign debt, and removing bureaucratic impediments
that prevented the efficient use of US aid. The Nixon administration did little
to implement the report’s recommendations.[55]


NATIONAL COMMISSION ON WATER QUALITY [LINK]

In May 1973 President Nixon appointed Rockefeller chairman of the National
Commission on Water Quality, charged with determining the technological,
economic, social and environmental implications of meeting water quality
standards mandated by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972. The Commission issued its report in March 1976 and he testified before
Congress on its findings. He served until July 1976.


COMMISSION ON CRITICAL CHOICES FOR AMERICANS [LINK]

File:Nelson Rockefeller at Critical Choices meeting 1133 17 February 28
1975-1-.JPG
Nelson Rockefeller addresses a meeting of the Commission on Critical Choices for
Americans, February 28, 1975.

In November 1973, Rockefeller worked with former Delaware Governor Russell W.
Peterson to establish the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, and
served as chairman until December 1974.[56] The Commission was a private study
project on national and international policy similar to the Special Studies
Project he led 15 years earlier. It was made up of a nationally representative,
bipartisan group of 42 prominent Americans drawn from far-ranging fields of
interest who served on a voluntary basis. Members included the majority and
minority leaders of both houses of Congress. The Commission gathered information
and insights to better understand the problems facing America, and to present to
the American public the "critical choices" to be made in facing those problems.
He resigned as Governor of New York in December 1973, devoting himself to his
new commission and the possibility of another presidential run.


VICE PRESIDENCY 1974-1977 [LINK]

Following President Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, President Gerald Ford
nominated Rockefeller on August 20 to serve as Vice President of the United
States. Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H.W. Bush.

File:Gerald Ford and Nelson Rockefeller meet in Oval Office, March 12, 975 G1149
10-1-.JPG
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller meets with President Gerald Ford in the Oval
Office, March 12, 1975.

This was not the first time that Rockefeller was under consideration to fill the
vice presidential vacancy. He was on President Nixon's short list to replace
Spiro T Agnew in 1973 but the vice presidency ultimately went to Ford. If
Rockefeller had been confirmed as Vice President as Nixon's nominee Rockefeller
would have become President upon Nixon's resignation. The possibility of
Rockefeller being Nixon's Vice President had existed before when Rockefeller
declined to be Nixon's running mate at the 1960 presidential election.

While acknowledging that many conservatives opposed Rockefeller, Ford believed
that he would bring executive expertise to the administration and would broaden
the ticket’s appeal if they ran in 1976. Ford also felt he could demonstrate his
own self confidence by selecting a strong personality like Rockefeller for the
number two spot.[57]

Although he had said he was "just not built for standby equipment,"[58]
Rockefeller accepted the President’s request to serve as Vice President:

> "It was entirely a question of there being a Constitutional crisis and a
> crisis of confidence on the part of the American people...I felt there was a
> duty incumbent on any American who could do anything that would contribute to
> a restoration of confidence in the democratic process and in the integrity of
> government."

Rockefeller was also persuaded by Ford’s promise to make him "a full partner" in
his presidency, especially in domestic policy.[59]

Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused
embarrassment when it was revealed he made massive gifts to senior aides, such
as Henry Kissinger and used his personal fortune to finance a scurrilous
biography of political opponent Arthur Goldberg (See Peter Carroll "It Seemed
Like Nothing Happened," p. 162). He had not paid all his taxes, owing nearly one
million dollars in federal income taxes, but no illegalities were uncovered, and
he was confirmed. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that
Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation. However, some,
including Barry Goldwater, Jesse Helms, Trent Lott, and others voted against
him.[60] Many conservative groups campaigned against Rockefeller's nomination,
including the National Right to Life Committee, the American Conservative Union,
and others. The New York Conservative Party also opposed his confirmation. On
the left, Americans for Democratic Action opposed Rockefeller's confirmation
because it said his wealth posed too much of a conflict of interest.[61]


Vice President Rockefeller bust from the Senate collection

In 1975, Vice President Rockefeller desired to modify the seal and flag of the
Vice President.

Beginning his service upon taking the oath of office on Thursday, December 19,
1974 at 10:11 PM EST, Rockefeller was the second person appointed vice president
under the 25th Amendment – the first being Ford himself. Rockefeller often
seemed concerned that Ford gave him little or no power, and few tasks, while he
was Vice President. Ford initially said he wanted Rockefeller to chair the
Domestic Council. But Ford's new White House staff had no intention of sharing
power with the vice president and his staff.[62]

Rockefeller’s attempt to take charge of domestic policy was thwarted by White
House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld, who objected to policy makers reporting to
the president through the vice president. When Rockefeller had one of his former
aides, James Cannon, appointed executive director the Domestic Council, Rumsfeld
cut its budget. Rockefeller was excluded from the decision making process on
many important issues. When he learned that Ford had proposed cuts in federal
taxes and spending he responded: "This is the most important move the president
has made, and I wasn't even consulted."[63] Nevertheless, Ford appointed him to
the Commission on the Organization of Government for the Conduct of Foreign
Policy, and appointed him Chairman of the Commission on CIA Activities within
the United States, the National Commission on Productivity, the Federal
Compensation Committee, and the Committee on the Right to Privacy. Ford also put
Rockefeller in charge of his "Whip Inflation Now" initiative.

While Rockefeller was vice president, the official vice presidential residence
was established at Number One Observatory Circle on the grounds of the United
States Naval Observatory. This residence had previously been the home of the
Chief of Naval Operations; prior vice presidents had been responsible for
maintaining their own homes at their own expense, but the necessity of massive
full-time Secret Service security had made this custom impractical to continue.
Rockefeller already had a well-secured Washington residence and never lived in
the home as a principal residence, although he did host several official
functions there. His wealth enabled him to donate millions of dollars of
furnishings to the house.

Rockefeller donated the salary he received as vice president to two causes. Half
was given to the creation of federal programs to educate inner-city, low income
children and to fund youth and family centers in the urban cities. The other
half was donated to the preservation and promotion of programs teaching the arts
in low income public school systems.[citation needed]


Vice President Rockefeller (right) and his wife Happy (second on left) entertain
President Gerald R. Ford (left) his wife Betty (second on right) and their
daughter Susan (center) at Number One Observatory Circle on September 7, 1975.

Rockefeller was slow to embrace the use of the government aircraft that were
provided for vice presidential transportation. Rockefeller continued to use his
own Gulfstream for the first part of his time in office. Initially Rockefeller
felt he was doing the taxpayer a favor saving money by not using government
funded transportation. Finally the Secret Service was able to convince him they
were spending more money flying agents around to meet the needs of his
protective detail and he began to fly on the DC-9 that was serving as Air Force
Two at the time.[64]

In November 1975, Rockefeller told Ford that he would not run for election in
1976, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party
squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very
difficult time..."[65][66] At the 1976 Republican National Convention, Ford, a
moderate, under pressure from the conservative wing of the party and in response
to Ronald Reagan’s challenge for the presidential nomination, had decided to
choose the more conservative Senator Robert Dole from Kansas as his running
mate, instead of Rockefeller. Reagan had indicated that he could not support
Ford if Rockefeller were on the ticket, and Goldwater also said he did not want
Rockefeller on the ticket. So Rockefeller wasn't placed on the ticket because he
was too liberal. As of 2012, Ford is the last president to not have his vice
president as his running mate. Ford later said not choosing Rockefeller was one
of the biggest mistakes he ever made.[67] With Dole as his running mate, Ford
narrowly lost to Jimmy Carter in the presidential race. What difference
Rockefeller's presence on the ticket would have made remains a matter of
speculation. Rockefeller campaigned actively for the Republican ticket. In what
would become an iconic photo of the 1976 campaign, Rockefeller famously
responded to hecklers at a rally in Binghamton, New York with a raised middle
finger.[68] "At the time, Rockefeller's finger flashing was scandalous. Writing
about the moment 20 years later, Michael Oricchio of the San Jose Mercury News
said the action became known euphemistically as 'the Rockefeller gesture.'"[68]

On January 10, 1977, Ford presented Rockefeller with the Presidential Medal of
Freedom.[69]


ART PATRONAGE [LINK]

Rockefeller served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art from 1932 to 1979.
He also served as treasurer, 1935–1939, and president, 1939–1941 and 1946-1953.
In 1933 Rockefeller was a member of the committee selecting art for the new
Rockefeller Center. For the wall opposite the main entrance of 30 Rockefeller
Plaza Nelson Rockefeller wanted Henri Matisse or Pablo Picasso to paint a mural
because he favored their modern style, but neither was available. Diego Rivera
was one of Nelson Rockefeller's mother's favorite artists and therefore was
commissioned to create the huge mural. He was given a theme: New Frontiers.
Rockefeller wanted the painting to make people pause and think.[70] Rivera
submitted a sketch for a mural entitled "Man at the Crossroads Looking with Hope
and High Vision to the Choosing of a New and Better Future." The sketch featured
an anonymous man at the center. However, when it was painted the work caused
great controversy due to the inclusion of a painting of Lenin (depicting
communism) just off-center.[70] The Directors of Rockefeller Center objected and
Rockefeller asked Rivera to change the face of Lenin to that of an unknown
laborer's face as was originally intended, but the painter refused.

The work was paid for on May 22, 1933, and immediately draped. Rockefeller
suggested that the fresco could be donated to the Museum of Modern Art, but the
trustees of the museum were not interested.[71] People protested but it remained
covered until the early weeks of 1934, when it was smashed by workers and hauled
away in wheelbarrows. Rivera responded by saying that it was "cultural
vandalism". At Rockefeller Center in its place is a mural by Jose Maria Sert
which includes an image of Abraham Lincoln. The Rockefeller-Rivera dispute is
covered in the films Cradle Will Rock and Frida.

Rockefeller was a noted collector of both modern and non-Western art. During his
governorship, New York State acquired major works of art for the new Empire
State Plaza in Albany. He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern
Art as president, and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a gallery
while placing works of sculpture around the grounds (an activity he enjoyed
personally supervising, frequently moving the pieces from place to place by
helicopter). While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New
York system, Rockefeller built, in collaboration with his lifelong friend Roy
Neuberger, the Neuberger Museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College, designed
by Philip Johnson.

He commissioned Master Santiago Martínez Delgado to make a canvas mural for the
Bank of New York (City Bank) in Bogotá, Colombia; this ended up being the last
work of the artist, as he died while finishing it.

Rockefeller's early visits to Mexico kindled a collecting interest in
pre-Columbian and contemporary Mexican art, to which he added works of
traditional African and Pacific Island art. In 1954 he established the Museum of
Primitive Art devoted to the indigenous art of the Americas, Africa, Oceania and
early Asia and Europe. His personal collection formed the core of the
collection. The museum opened to the public in 1957 in a townhouse on West 54th
Street in New York City. In 1969 he gave the museum's collection to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art where it became the Michael C. Rockefeller
Collection.

In 1978, Alfred A. Knopf published a book on primitive art from Rockefeller's
collection. Rockefeller, impressed with the work of photographer Lee Boltin and
editor/publisher Paul Anbinder on the book, co-founded Nelson Rockefeller
Publications, Inc. with them, with the goal of publishing fine art books of high
quality. After Rockefeller's death less than a year later, the company continued
as Hudson Hills Press, Inc.

In 1977 he founded Nelson Rockefeller Collection, Inc., (NRC) an art
reproduction company that produced and sold licensed reproductions of selected
works from Rockefeller’s collection. In the introduction to the NRC catalog he
stated he was motivated by his desire to share with others "the joy of living
with these beautiful objects."


MARRIAGES [LINK]

On June 23, 1930, Rockefeller married Mary Todhunter Clark. They had five
children: Rodman, Ann, Steven, and twins Mary and Michael. Michael disappeared
in New Guinea in 1961, presumed drowned while trying to swim to shore after his
dugout canoe capsized.

Nelson and Mary were divorced in 1962. The two lived in a two floor apartment at
810 Fifth Avenue. The 30-room apartment was renovated for the Rockefellers by
Wallace Harrison and decorated by Jean-Michel Frank.[72] She retained the
apartment after the divorce.

On May 4, 1963 he married Margaretta "Happy" Murphy. He and his second wife had
two children together, Nelson, Jr. and Mark. They moved to a penthouse that
encompassed the top three floors at 810 Fifth Avenue.[73] The apartment was
expanded by purchasing a floor of 812 Fifth Avenue. The two spaces connected via
a flight of six steps.[74] Nelson and Happy Rockefeller used the entrance at 812
Fifth, while his first wife entered through 810 Fifth.[72][75] They remained
married until his death in 1979.


Nelson Rockefeller and President Jimmy Carter in October 1977


DEATH [LINK]

Rockefeller died on January 26, 1979, at age 70 from a heart attack. An initial
report had incorrectly stated that he was at his office at Rockefeller Center
working on a book about his art collection, and a security guard found him
slumped over his desk.[76][77] However, the report was soon corrected to state
that Rockefeller actually had the fatal heart attack in another office he owned
in a townhouse at 13 West 54th Street in the presence of Megan Marshack, an
aide. After the heart attack, Marshack called her friend, news reporter
Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse, and Pierce phoned an ambulance approximately
an hour after the heart attack.[78] There was some speculation in the press
regarding the possibility of an intimate relationship between Rockefeller and
Marshack. For example, long-time Rockefeller aide Joe Persico said in the PBS
documentary about the Rockefeller family "It became known that he had been alone
with a young woman who worked for him, in undeniably intimate circumstances, and
in the course of that evening had died from a heart attack." [79] Rockefeller’s
four oldest children issued a statement saying they had conducted their own
review, they believed that their father could not have been saved, and that all
those who tried to help had acted responsibly. Neither Marshack nor the family
has commented since on the circumstances surrounding Rockefeller's death.[80] It
is likely that Rockefeller died immediately or shortly after his heart
attack.[citation needed]

On January 29, 1979, family and close friends gathered to inter Rockefeller’s
ashes in a private Rockefeller family cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.[81]
His remains had been cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in nearby Hartsdale. A
memorial service was held at Riverside Church in New York on February 2,
attended by 2,200 people. Attendees included President Jimmy Carter, former
President Gerald Ford, more than 100 members of the US Senate and House of
Representatives including Senator Barry Goldwater, and official representatives
from 71 foreign countries. Eulogies were delivered by two of Rockefeller’s
children, his brother David and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.


IN POPULAR MEDIA [LINK]

 * Rockefeller is portrayed by Edward Norton in the film Frida and by John
   Cusack in the film Cradle Will Rock, both depicting his involvement in the
   Diego Rivera mural controversy.
 * The song "This Nelson Rockefeller" by McCarthy is dedicated to him.
 * He is referenced in the title of the Charles Mingus composition "Remember
   Rockefeller at Attica".
 * He is played by actor Edward Herrmann in the Oliver Stone movie Nixon.
 * In John Lennon's 1972 song "Attica State" on the album Some Time in New York
   City Lennon sings 'Media blames it on the prisoners/ But the prisoners did
   not kill/ "Rockefeller pulled the trigger"/ That is what the people feel'.
 * In Marvel Comics, Rockefeller is President of the United States in the
   parallel universe of Earth-712, the alternate world inhabited by the Squadron
   Supreme which is described as "strangely without a Richard Nixon". In this
   alternate timeline, Rockefeller succeeds President Hubert Humphrey.[82]
 * Rockefeller's marriage to Happy is referenced in a third-season episode of
   the TV show Mad Men, set in New York in 1963, and the recurring fictional
   character Henry Francis is an aide in then-governor Rockefeller's office.


ELECTORAL HISTORY [LINK]

Main article: Electoral history of Nelson Rockefeller


AWARDS PRESENTED TO NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER [LINK]

 * Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1977
 * Universal Brotherhood Medal, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1961
 * Charles Evans Hughes Medal, National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1965
 * Distinguished Service to Conservation Award, National Wildlife
   Federation/Sears Roebuck Foundation, 1966
 * Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social Sciences, 1967 (awarded to all
   five Rockefeller brothers)
 * Award of Merit, American Institute of Architects, New York Chapter, 1968
 * Distinguished Service Award, State University of New York, 1973
 * Four Freedoms Foundation Award, 1974
 * Order of Merit, Chile, 1945
 * National Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil, 1946
 * Order of the Aztec Eagle, Mexico, 1949
 * Order of Ruben Dario, Nicaragua, 1953
 * Medallion de los Andes, University of the Andes, Colombia, 1958
 * Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France, 1958
 * Grande Croix de l’Ordre de Leopold II of Belgium, 1959
 * Ramon Magsaysay Award, Philippines, 1959
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau, Netherlands, 1960
 * Prathamabhorn Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White
   Elephant, Thailand, 1960
 * Légion d'honneur, Commandeur, France, 1960
 * Commander of the Order of Dannebrog, 1st Class, Denmark, 1960
 * Grand Ufficials del ‘Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana, Italy, 1962
 * Order of the White Rose, Commander 1st Class, Finland, 1962
 * Agricultural Merit Award, Brazilian Rural Confederation, 1963
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Brilliant Star, Nationalist China, 1969
 * Nicholas Copericus Award, Poland, 1972


MEMORIALS TO NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER [LINK]

The following institutions and facilities have been named in honor of Nelson A.
Rockefeller:

 * The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, the public policy research
   arm of the State University of New York
 * The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center, Dartmouth College, a social science
   research center
 * Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany, State
   University of New York
 * The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza
 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Park, Battery City, New York


AWARDS NAMED FOR NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER [LINK]

 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Award, Purchase College School of the Arts, presented
   annually to five individuals who have distinguished themselves through their
   contributions to the arts or the environment.
 * Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Award for Excellence in Public Service, State
   Academy for Public Administration.
 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Distinguished Public Service Award, Nelson A.
   Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences, Dartmouth College.
 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Award, American Society for Public Administration,
   Empire State Capital Area Chapter, presented to an individual whose
   governmental career in New York State demonstrates exemplary leadership,
   performance, and achievement in shaping public policy, developing and
   implementing major public programs, or resolving major public problems.
 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Award, The New York Water Environment Association,
   Inc., awarded to an elected official at a City (population over 250,000),
   State or National level who has made a substantial and meaningful
   contribution to advancing effective environmental programs.
 * Nelson A. Rockefeller Public Service Award, Rockefeller Institute of
   Government (1988–1994).


BIBLIOGRAPHY [LINK]

 * Connery, Robert H.; Benjamin, Gerald (1979). Rockefeller of New York;
   Executive Power in the Statehouse. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University
   Press. 
 * Deane, Elizabeth (1999). "Transcript: The Rockefellers". American Experience.
   Boston: PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/filmmore/pt.html. 
 * Isaacson, Walter (2005) [1992]. Kissinger: A Biography. New York: Simon &
   Schuster. 
 * Kramer, Michael; Roberts, Sam (1976). "I Never Wanted to be Vice-President of
   Anything!": An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller. New York: Basic
   Books. 
 * Morris, Joe Alex (1960). Nelson Rockefeller, A Biography. New York: Harper &
   Brothers. 
 * Persico, Joseph E. (1982). The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A.
   Rockefeller. New York: Simon & Schuster. 
 * Reich, Cary (1996). The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer,
   1908-1958. 1. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-24696-5. Lay summary. 
   (Volume 1 of the most comprehensive biography of Nelson ever written, the
   author had accessed many papers in the Rockefeller Archive Center for his
   research but died before writing Volume 2, covering the crucial period from
   1959 to 1979.)
 * WGBH (2000). "People & Events: Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1908-1979". American
   Experience. Boston: PBS.
   https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/peopleevents/p_rock_n.html. 


SEE ALSO [LINK]

 * Empire State Plaza
 * Gerald Ford
 * GE Building (Room 5600 - The Rockefeller Family Office)
 * Wallace Harrison
 * J Edgar Hoover
 * Henry Kissinger
 * Kykuit The Rockefeller family estate
 * Robert Moses
 * Museum of Modern Art
 * Richard Nixon
 * David Rockefeller
 * Rockefeller Brothers Fund
 * Rockefeller Center
 * Rockefeller family
 * Rockefeller Republican
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * United Nations
 * World Trade Center


REFERENCES [LINK]

 1.  ^ Cramer, Gisela; Prutsch, Ursula, "Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of
     Inter-American Affairs (1940-1946) and Record Group 229", Hispanic American
     Historical Review 2006 86(4):785-806; doi:10.1215/00182168-2006-050.
 2.  ^ Morris 1960, pp. 129–135
 3.  ^ "The films of Orson Welles", Charles Higham. University of California
     Press, 1971. ISBN 0-520-02048-0, ISBN 978-0-520-02048-1. p. 85
 4.  ^ Reich 1996, pp. 278–304
 5.  ^ Morris 1960, pp. 215–222
 6.  ^ Reich 1996, pp. 383–386
 7.  ^ Morris 1960, p. 242
 8.  ^ Morris 1960, pp. 251–255
 9.  ^ Reich 1996, pp. 521–527
 10. ^ Reich 1996, p. 558
 11. ^ Reich 1996, pp. 611–618
 12. ^ Reich 1996, p. 575
 13. ^ Reich 1996, pp. 577–583
 14. ^ Reich 1996, p. 560
 15. ^ Reich 1996, p. 617
 16. ^ Creation of the Special Studies Project in 1956 - see Reich 1996,
     pp. 650–667)
 17. ^ Relationship with Kissinger - Isaacson 2005, pp. 90–93
 18. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1380.
 19. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt – Alfred E. Smith – Nelson Rockefeller – George
     Pataki." The New York State Preservationist. NYS Office of Parks,
     Recreation and Historic Preservation. Fall/Winter 2006, p. 20
 20. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1384.
 21. ^ Graham, Frank, Jr. The Adirondack Park: A Political History. New York
     City: Knopf, 1978
 22. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1381.
 23. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1385.
 24. ^ Christine S. Richard, Confidence Game: How a Hedge Fund Manager Called
     Wall Street's Bluff, (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2010), 62-63.
 25. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1382.
 26. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), p. 1385.
 27. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), pp. 1382, 1386.
 28. ^ Benjamin, Gerald; Hurd, T. Norman, eds. (1984). "The Builder".
     Rockefeller in Retrospect: The Governor's New York Legacy. Albany, N.Y.:
     Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Govt.. pp. 79–82. ISBN 0-914341-01-4.
     OCLC 11770290. 
 29. ^ a b State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller,
     Fifty-third Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY:
     State of New York, 1973), p. 1379.
 30. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 242
 31. ^ List of pre-Furman executions in New York[dead link]
 32. ^ Regional Studies Northeast[dead link]
 33. ^ Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, 1999
 34. ^ WGBH 2000
 35. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, pp. 266–274
 36. ^ The Somber Shadows of Attica, By Clyde Haberman, new York Times 14
     September 2011
 37. ^ Benjamin and Rappaport, "Attica and Prison Reform", in Governing New York
     State: The Rockefeller Years, p. 206.
 38. ^ Editorial Notebook; Postscripts to the Attica Story by Francis X Clines,
     New York Times, 19 September 2011
 39. ^ "Is the Rock Still Solid?", TIME Magazine, October 19, 1970
 40. ^ "City in the sky: the rise and fall of the World Trade Center", James
     Glanz, Eric Lipton. Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 0-8050-7428-7, ISBN
     978-0-8050-7428-4. p. 55
 41. ^ State of New York, Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third
     Governor of the State of New York, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New
     York, 1973), pp. 1378, 1382, 1383, 1384.
 42. ^ Maeder, Jay (2001-07-10). "Repealing the abortion law, May 1972 Chapter
     397 - Page 4 - New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com.
     https://articles.nydailynews.com/2001-07-10/news/18369154_1_abortion-law-life-committee-repeal/4.
     Retrieved 2012-01-14. 
 43. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 424
 44. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 189
 45. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, pp. 44–45
 46. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 439
 47. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 427
 48. ^ Connery & Benjamin 1979, p. 428
 49. ^ a b c Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic
     Books. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. 
 50. ^ The Faith of George W. Bush Mansfield, Stephen A Strang Company, Lake
     Mary Florida 2003
 51. ^ Kramer & Roberts 1976, p. 283
 52. ^ Persico 1982, pp. 65–66
 53. ^ "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (vice president of United States) -
     Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
     https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506256/Nelson-Aldrich-Rockefeller.
     Retrieved 2012-01-14. 
 54. ^ Peter Collier, David Horovitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New
     York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0-03-008371-0
 55. ^ Persico 1982, p. 106
 56. ^ "Portage native Russell Peterson dies at 94". Wiscnews.com. 2011-02-24.
     https://www.wiscnews.com/news/article_4a7fe1be-40a0-11e0-bb5b-001cc4c03286.html.
     Retrieved 2012-01-14. 
 57. ^ Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New
     York, 1979), pp.143-144.
 58. ^ Persico 1982, p. 245
 59. ^ [Robert T. Hartmann, Palace Politics: An Inside Account of the Ford Years
     (New York, 1980), pp. 230-236.
 60. ^ Time Magazine article
 61. ^
     https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vj8dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=36YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4142,4447488&dq=rockefeller+americans+democratic+action&hl=en
 62. ^ Paul C. Light, Vice-Presidential Power: Advice and influence in the White
     House (Baltimore, Press, 1984), pp. 180-183.
 63. ^ Persico 1982, pp. 262
 64. ^ "Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History: An
     Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN
     0-312-33221-1.
 65. ^ "Excerpts From Rockefeller Conference Explaining His Withdrawal", The New
     York Times, November 7, 1975, p. 16
 66. ^ "Mutual Decision: Vice President's Letter Gives No Reason for his
     Withdrawal", The New York Times, November 4, 1975, p. 73
 67. ^ Remarks of Gerald R. Ford, Nelson A. Rockefeller Public Service Award
     Dinner, May 22, 1991.
 68. ^ a b Weeks, Linton (2010-08-26) Is 'Giving The Finger' Getting Out Of
     Hand?, NPR
 69. ^ For further information on Rockefeller’s role as Vice President see
     https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Nelson_Rockefeller.htm
 70. ^ a b "Rockefeller Controversy". Diego Rivera Prints.
     https://www.diego-rivera.org/rockefellercontroversy.html. Retrieved
     2007-10-02. 
 71. ^ Reich 1996, p. 110
 72. ^ a b "February 27, 2008 Rock It Like A Rockefeller".
     Realestalker.blogspot.com. 2008-02-27.
     https://realestalker.blogspot.com/2008/02/rock-it-like-rockefeller.html.
     Retrieved 2012-01-14. 
 73. ^ "The Upper East Side Book: Fifth Avenue: 810 Fifth Avenue".
     Thecityreview.com. https://www.thecityreview.com/ues/fifave/fif810.htm.
     Retrieved 2012-01-14. 
 74. ^ Luxury apartment houses of Manhattan: an illustrated history, Andrew
     Alpern, Dover Publications, 1992, p. 112.
 75. ^ Presidential Politics Yields to Privacy At Apartments of 3 Candidates
     Here; WHERE PRIVACY ECLIPSES POLITICS, March 18, 1968, New York Times
 76. ^ See, for example, CBS News report of February 8, 1979, Roger Mudd
     reporting on conflicting stories about circumstances of Rockefeller's
     death.
 77. ^ Speculations spawned by silence of authorities and Rockefeller family on
     precipitating factors of Nelson's death.[1]
 78. ^ See Deane 1999 and these print media articles: Robert D. McFadden, "New
     Details Are Reported on How Rockefeller Died", The New York Times, January
     29, 1979; Robert D. McFadden, "Call to Emergency for Stricken Rockefeller
     Did Not Identify Him", The New York Times, January 30, 1979; Robert D.
     McFadden, "Rockefeller's Attack Is Now Placed at 10:15, Hour Before
     Emergency Call", The New York Times, February 7, 1979; Robert D. McFadden,
     "Rockefeller Aide Did Not Make Call to Emergency", The New York Times,
     February 9, 1979; and "Marshack Friend Makes Statement on Rockefeller", The
     New York Times, February 11, 1979.
 79. ^ (see Deane 1999): further fueled by reports that she was a named
     beneficiary in his will. This was widely reported at the time; see, for
     example, Peter Kihss, "Bulk of Rockefeller's Estate is Left to Wife;
     Museums Get Large Gifts", The New York Times, February 10, 1979; this piece
     that aired on NBC's Evening News on February 9, 1979; and this piece by Max
     Robinson that aired on ABC Evening News on February 9, 1979.
 80. ^ Robert D. McFadden, "4 Rockefeller Children Say All At Hand Did Their
     Best", The New York Times, February 15, 1979: the statement released by
     Rockefeller's children concludes, "...we do not intend to make any further
     public comment."
 81. ^ Francis X. Clines, "About Pocantico Hills: Advance Man Stays on the Job,"
     The New York Times, January 30, 1979.
 82. ^ Englehart, Steve and Perez, George, "Crisis on Other-Earth" Avengers #147
     (May, 1976), Marvel Comics.


EXTERNAL LINKS [LINK]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nelson Rockefeller

 * Rockefeller Archive Center: Nelson Rockefeller Contains details on the
   collection of public and private papers available to researchers at the
   Center.
 * The Rocky Roll An extended portrait by Time Magazine of Nelson campaigning
   for New York Governor in 1958.
 * Rockefeller Archive Center: Archived papers of the Special Studies Project,
   1956-1960.
 * [2] Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress biography
 * Spartacus Educational Biography
 * Nelson Rockefeller at Find a Grave
 * www.rca5600.be Contains details about the relation between Rockefeller's role
   in US policy and his role in Cultural policy
 * Finding aid for the Nelson Rockefeller Oral History, Dwight D. Eisenhower
   Presidential Library

Government offices Preceded by
New Office Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs
December 20, 1944 – August 17, 1945 Succeeded by
Spruille Braden Political offices Preceded by
W. Averell Harriman Governor of New York
January 1, 1959 – December 18, 1973 Succeeded by
Malcolm Wilson Vacant
Title last held by
Gerald Ford Vice President of the United States
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977 Succeeded by
Walter Mondale Party political offices Preceded by
Irving Ives Republican Nominee for Governor of New York
1958, 1962, 1966, 1970 Succeeded by
Malcolm Wilson

 * v
 * t
 * e

Vice Presidents of the United States

 1.  John Adams
 2.  Thomas Jefferson
 3.  Aaron Burr
 4.  George Clinton
 5.  Elbridge Gerry
 6.  Daniel D. Tompkins
 7.  John C. Calhoun
 8.  Martin Van Buren
 9.  Richard Mentor Johnson
 10. John Tyler
 11. George M. Dallas
 12. Millard Fillmore
 13. William R. King
 14. John C. Breckinridge
 15. Hannibal Hamlin
 16. Andrew Johnson
 17. Schuyler Colfax
 18. Henry Wilson
 19. William A. Wheeler
 20. Chester A. Arthur
 21. Thomas A. Hendricks
 22. Levi P. Morton
 23. Adlai Stevenson I
 24. Garret Hobart
 25. Theodore Roosevelt
 26. Charles W. Fairbanks
 27. James S. Sherman
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 30. Charles G. Dawes
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 34. Harry S. Truman
 35. Alben W. Barkley
 36. Richard Nixon
 37. Lyndon B. Johnson
 38. Hubert Humphrey
 39. Spiro Agnew
 40. Gerald Ford
 41. Nelson Rockefeller
 42. Walter Mondale
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 44. Dan Quayle
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 46. Dick Cheney
 47. Joe Biden



 * v
 * t
 * e

Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York
Governors
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 * Jay
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 * Tayler
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 * Smith
 * F. Roosevelt
 * Lehman
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 * Rockefeller
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 * Pataki
 * Spitzer
 * Paterson
 * A. Cuomo


Lieutenant
Governors
 * Van Cortlandt
 * S. Van Rensselaer
 * J. Van Rensselaer
 * Broome
 * Tayler
 * Clinton
 * Tayler
 * Swift
 * Tayler
 * Root
 * Tallmadge
 * Pitcher
 * P. Livingston
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 * Oliver
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 * Hanley
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 * Wilson
 * Anderson
 * Krupsak
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 * DelBello
 * Anderson
 * Lundine
 * McCaughey
 * Donohue
 * Paterson
 * Bruno
 * Skelos
 * Smith
 * Espada
 * Ravitch
 * Smith
 * Ravitch
 * Duffy

 * Italics indicate acting officeholders

 * v
 * t
 * e

Rockefeller family
Ancestors
Johann Peter Rockefeller (1682–1763, arrived in America ca.1723) • (grandson)
William Rockefeller • Godfrey Rockefeller (1745–1818) • Godfrey Lewis
Rockefeller (1784–1857) • William Avery Rockefeller
William Avery Rockefeller (1810–1906)
Lucy Rockefeller • John Davison Rockefeller (m.) Laura Celestia Spelman
Rockefeller • William Avery Rockefeller, Jr. • Mary Ann Rockefeller • Franklin
Rockefeller • Francis Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller (1839–1937)
William Rockefeller (1841–1922)
Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller Strong • Alice Rockefeller • Alta Rockefeller
Prentice • Edith Rockefeller McCormick (m.) Harold Fowler McCormick • John
Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (m.) Abigail "Abby" Greene Aldrich
Lewis Edward Rockefeller • Emma Rockefeller McAlpin • William Goodsell
Rockefeller • John Davison Rockefeller • Percy Avery Rockefeller • Geraldine
Rockefeller Dodge
Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong (1866–1906)
Alta Rockefeller Prentice (1871–1962)
John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (1874–1960)
----
William Goodsell Rockefeller (1870–1922)
Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934)
Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (1882–1973)
Margaret Strong
John Rockefeller Prentice
Abby Rockefeller Mauzé • John D. Rockefeller III (m.) Blanchette Ferry Hooker •
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (m. 1st) Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd) Margaretta
Fitler Murphy • Laurance Spelman Rockefeller • Winthrop Rockefeller • David
Rockefeller
----
Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller • James Stillman Rockefeller • John Sterling
Rockefeller
Isabel Rockefeller Lincoln (m.) Frederic Walker Lincoln, Jr. • Avery Rockefeller
• Winifred Rockefeller Emeny • Faith Rockefeller Model
Marcellus Hartley Dodge, Jr.
John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972)
----
John D. Rockefeller III (1906–1978)
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979)
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004)
Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973)
David Rockefeller (1915)
---- ----
Faith Rockefeller Model (1909–1960)
Abra Prentice Wilkin
----
John Davison ("Jay") Rockefeller IV • Hope Aldrich Rockefeller • Alida
Rockefeller Messinger
Rodman Rockefeller • Steven Clark Rockefeller • Michael Rockefeller • Mark
Fitler Rockefeller
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin • Marion French Rockefeller
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
David Rockefeller, Jr. • Abby Rockefeller • Neva Rockefeller Goodwin • Peggy
Dulany • Eileen Rockefeller Growald
---- ----
Robert Model
Jay Rockefeller (1937)
----
Rodman Rockefeller (1932–2000)
Steven Clark Rockefeller (1936)
Justin Aldrich Rockefeller
----
Meile Louise Rockefeller
Steven C. Rockefeller, Jr.

 * v
 * t
 * e

Cabinet of President Gerald Ford (1974–1977)


 
Cabinet
Secretary of State
 * Henry Kissinger (1974–1977)


Secretary of the Treasury
 * William E. Simon (1974–1977)

Secretary of Defense
 * James R. Schlesinger (1974–1975)
 * Donald Rumsfeld (1975–1977)

Attorney General
 * William Saxbe (1974–1975)
 * Edward Levi (1975–1977)

Secretary of the Interior
 * Rogers Morton (1974–1975)
 * Stanley K. Hathaway (1975)
 * Thomas S. Kleppe (1975–1977)

Secretary of the Agriculture
 * Earl Butz (1974–1976)
 * John Albert Knebel (1976–1977)

Secretary of Commerce
 * Frederick B. Dent (1974–1975)
 * Rogers Morton (1975)
 * Elliot Richardson (1975–1977)

Secretary of Labor
 * Peter J. Brennan (1974–1975)
 * John Thomas Dunlop (1975–1976)
 * William Usery, Jr. (1976–1977)

Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
 * Caspar Weinberger (1974–1975)
 * F. David Mathews (1975–1977)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
 * James Thomas Lynn (1974–1975)
 * Carla Anderson Hills (1975–1977)

Secretary of Transportation
 * Claude Brinegar (1974–1975)
 * William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr. (1975–1977)



 
Cabinet-level
Vice President
 * None (1974)
 * Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)

Ambassador to the United Nations
 * John A. Scali (1974–1975)
 * Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1975–1976)
 * William W. Scranton (1976–1977)

Director of the Office of
Management and Budget
 * Roy Ash (1974 – 1975)
 * James Thomas Lynn (1975–1976)

Special Representative
for Trade Negotiations
 * Frederick B. Dent (1975 – 1977)

 * v
 * t
 * e

United States presidential election, 1960
Democratic Party
 * Convention
 * Primaries

Nominee John F. Kennedy VP nominee Lyndon B. Johnson Candidates Ross Barnett Pat
Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H.
McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson George
Smathers Stuart Symington
Republican Party
 * Convention
 * Primaries

Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Candidiates Barry
Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller


 
Third party and independent candidates
American Vegetarian Party
Nominee Symon Gould
National States' Rights Party
Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J. B. Stoner
Prohibition Party
Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee Farrell Dobbs
Independents and other candidates
 * Harry F. Byrd
 * Merritt B. Curtis
 * Lar Daly
 * George Lincoln Rockwell
 * Charles L. Sullivan

 * Other 1960 elections: House
 * Senate

 * v
 * t
 * e

United States presidential election, 1964
Democratic Party
Convention · Primaries
Nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson
VP Nominee: Hubert Humphrey
Candidates: Daniel Brewster · Pat Brown · Robert F. Kennedy · Albert S. Porter ·
Jennings Randolph · John W. Reynolds, Jr. · George Wallace · Matthew E. Welsh ·
Sam Yorty
Republican Party
Convention · Primaries
Nominee: Barry Goldwater (campaign)
VP Nominee: William E. Miller
Candidiates: Hiram Fong · Walter Judd · Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. · Jim Rhodes ·
Nelson Rockefeller · William Scranton · Margaret Chase Smith · Harold Stassen


 
Third party and independent candidates
American Vegetarian Party
Nominee: Symon Gould
National States' Rights Party
Nominee: John Kasper
VP Nominee: J.B. Stoner
Prohibition Party
Nominee: E. Harold Munn
VP Nominee: Mark R. Shaw
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Eric Hass
VP Nominee: Henning A. Blomen
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Clifton DeBerry
Independents and other candidates:
George Lincoln Rockwell

Other 1964 elections: House · Senate

 * v
 * t
 * e

United States presidential election, 1968
Republican Party
Convention · Primaries
Nominee: Richard Nixon (campaign)
VP Nominee: Spiro Agnew
Candidiates: Frank Carlson · Clifford Case · Hiram L. Fong · John Lindsay ·
Ronald Reagan · Jim Rhodes · Nelson Rockefeller · Winthrop Rockefeller · George
W. Romney · (campaign) · Harold Stassen · John A. Volpe
Democratic Party
Convention · Primaries
Nominee: Hubert Humphrey (campaign)
VP Nominee: Edmund Muskie
Candidates: Roger D. Branigin · John G. Crommelin · Paul C. Fisher · Lyndon B.
Johnson · Robert F. Kennedy (campaign) · Thomas C. Lynch · Eugene McCarthy
(campaign) · George McGovern · Dan K. Moore · Channing E. Phillips · George
Smathers · Stephen M. Young
American Independent Party
Nominee: George Wallace (campaign)
VP Nominee: Curtis LeMay


 
Other Third party and independent candidates
Communist Party USA
Nominee: Charlene Mitchell
VP Nominee: Michael Zagarell
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Eldridge Cleaver
VP Nominee: Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd
Prohibition Party
Nominee: E. Harold Munn
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Henning A. Blomen
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Fred Halstead
VP Nominee: Paul Boutelle
Independents and other candidates:
Dick Gregory

Other 1968 elections: House · Senate

Persondata Name Rockefeller, Nelson Alternative names Short description Date of
birth July 8, 1908 Place of birth Bar Harbor, Maine Date of death January 26,
1979 Place of death Manhattan, New York



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NATIONAL CONVENTION (NAMIBIA)

The National Convention was an alliance of political parties in South-West
Africa. It was formed in 1971 when the International Court of Justice ruled that
South African rule in Namibia was illegal, and it consisted of various
pro-independence groups and parties, including the South West Africa National
Union (SWANU), the South West Africa Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the
National Unity Democratic Organisation (NUDO) formed the National Convention as
a united front against South African rule.Clemens Kapuuo was its first head.


REFERENCES


NOTES


LITERATURE

Pütz, Joachim; von Egidy, Heidi & Caplan, Perri (1990). Namibia handbook and
political who's who. Windhoek: Magus. ISBN 0-620-14172-7.  Cite uses deprecated
parameter |coauthors= (help)
Read more
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/National_Convention_(Namibia)


NATIONAL CONVENTION (CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC)

National Convention (French: Convention Nationale, CN) was a political party in
the Central African Republic led by David Galiambo.


HISTORY

The party was established in October 1991. In the 1993 general elections it won
three seats in the National Assembly.

The party did not win a seat in the 1998 parliamentary elections, but held a
ministerial post in the governments of Anicet-Georges Dologuélé and Martin
Ziguélé between 1999 and 2003.


REFERENCES

Read more
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/National_Convention_(Central_African_Republic)


1964 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION

The 1964 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States took
place in the Cow Palace, Daly City, California, on July 13 to July 16, 1964.
Before 1964, there had been only one (1956) national Republican convention on
the West Coast. Many believed that a convention at San Francisco indicated the
rising power of the Republican party in the west.


POLITICAL CONTEXT

The Republican primaries of 1964 featured liberal Nelson Rockefeller of New York
and conservative Barry Goldwater of Arizona as the two leading candidates.
Shortly before the California primary, Rockefeller's wife, whom he had just
married the previous year soon after divorcing his previous wife, gave birth;
this drew renewed attention to his family life which hurt his popularity among
conservatives and led to Goldwater winning the primary. An anti-Goldwater
organization called for the nomination of Governor William Scranton of
Pennsylvania, but the effort failed. Although former President Dwight Eisenhower
only reluctantly supported Goldwater after he won the nomination, former
President Herbert Hoover gave him enthusiastic endorsement. By the end of the
primaries, Goldwater's nomination was secure.

Read more
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/1964_Republican_National_Convention


1952 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION

The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International
Amphitheatre in Chicago, Cook County, Illinois from July 7 to July 11, 1952, and
nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of New York,
nicknamed "Ike," for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from
California, Richard M. Nixon, for vice president.

The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea, to fire all
"the loafers, incompetents and unnecessary employees" at the State Department,
condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations' economic policies, supported
retention of the Taft-Hartley Act, opposed "discrimination against race,
religion or national origin", supported "Federal action toward the elimination
of lynching", and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United
States.


CANDIDATES BEFORE THE CONVENTION

Businessman Riley A. Bender of Illinois Former Governor George T. Mickelson of
South Dakota Representative Thomas H. Werdel of California
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https://wn.com/1952_Republican_National_Convention


1988 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION

The 1988 Republican National Convention of the Republican Party of the United
States was held in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana from August
15 to August 18, 1988. It was the second time that a major party held its
convention in one of the five states known as the Deep South, coming on the
heels of the 1988 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Atlanta,
Georgia. Much of the impetus for holding the convention in the Superdome came
from the Louisiana Republican National Committeewoman Virginia Martinez of New
Orleans, who lobbied on behalf of her adopted home city as the convention site
as a member of the RNC Executive Committee.

The convention nominated Vice President George H. W. Bush for President, as
expected. The second spot on the ticket was not publicly known before the
convention; James Danforth "Dan" Quayle, U.S. Senator of Indiana, was selected
as Bush's vice-presidential running mate. The revelation of Quayle's selection
as running mate did not come until the second day of the convention, when NBC
News broke the story.

Read more
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/1988_Republican_National_Convention



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THE NATIONAL

by: National

You're walking taller than you should
The air is thin around your beautiful head
You're saying things with your mouth to me
That I don't recognize
You're aware of yourself lately
Redefining yourself
Designing yourself
You haven't looked at me forever
Got a diagram of your associations
A strategy
You're weighing your options
What would you trade me for?
You're measuring me lately
And I can tell
And I can tell I'm losing weight
You're measuring me lately
You're dressing me
Do not tell me I've changed
You're just raising your standards
Do not give me away
I am the same
I am the same
Have you found him?
Have you told him everything?
Does he say he feels bad about all this?
You've shown tenderness for me
Tenderness for me
To him
Do not tell me I've changed
You're just raising your standards
Do not give me away
I am the same
I am the same





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