app.hubspot.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
2606:4700::6813:9b53
Public Scan
Effective URL: https://app.hubspot.com/documents/24212458/view/753858100?accessId=67c283
Submission: On February 15 via manual from GB — Scanned from GB
Summary
TLS certificate: Issued by Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3 on January 6th 2024. Valid for: a year.
This is the only time app.hubspot.com was scanned on urlscan.io!
urlscan.io Verdict: No classification
Domain & IP information
IP Address | AS Autonomous System | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 2 | 2606:4700:440... 2606:4700:4400::6812:265b | 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET) | |
1 1 | 2606:4700::68... 2606:4700::6811:d3c3 | 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET) | |
2 10 | 2606:4700::68... 2606:4700::6813:9b53 | 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET) | |
11 | 2606:4700::68... 2606:4700::6811:c060 | 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET) | |
3 | 54.231.139.193 54.231.139.193 | 16509 (AMAZON-02) (AMAZON-02) | |
1 | 2606:4700::68... 2606:4700::6810:6dd1 | 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...) (CLOUDFLARENET) | |
1 | 52.217.83.172 52.217.83.172 | 16509 (AMAZON-02) (AMAZON-02) | |
1 | 151.101.66.137 151.101.66.137 | 54113 (FASTLY) (FASTLY) | |
3 | 162.247.243.30 162.247.243.30 | 54113 (FASTLY) (FASTLY) | |
30 | 9 |
ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US)
d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com |
ASN16509 (AMAZON-02, US)
PTR: s3-1-w.amazonaws.com
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |
ASN16509 (AMAZON-02, US)
PTR: s3-1-w.amazonaws.com
presentations-pdfs-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |
Apex Domain Subdomains |
Transfer | |
---|---|---|
11 |
hsappstatic.net
static.hsappstatic.net — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 6431 |
614 KB |
10 |
hubspot.com
2 redirects
app.hubspot.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 6174 |
31 KB |
4 |
amazonaws.com
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 236369 presentations-pdfs-prod.s3.amazonaws.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 474443 |
395 KB |
3 |
nr-data.net
bam-cell.nr-data.net — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 3360 |
1 KB |
2 |
hs-sales-engage.com
1 redirects
d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com |
3 KB |
1 |
newrelic.com
js-agent.newrelic.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 737 |
19 KB |
1 |
hubspot.net
avatars.hubspot.net — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 33453 |
1 KB |
1 |
hubs.ly
1 redirects
hubs.ly — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 212328 |
656 B |
30 | 8 |
Domain | Requested by | |
---|---|---|
11 | static.hsappstatic.net |
app.hubspot.com
static.hsappstatic.net |
10 | app.hubspot.com |
2 redirects
d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com
app.hubspot.com static.hsappstatic.net |
3 | bam-cell.nr-data.net |
app.hubspot.com
|
3 | presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |
app.hubspot.com
|
2 | d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com | 1 redirects |
1 | js-agent.newrelic.com |
app.hubspot.com
|
1 | presentations-pdfs-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |
app.hubspot.com
|
1 | avatars.hubspot.net |
app.hubspot.com
|
1 | hubs.ly | 1 redirects |
30 | 9 |
This site contains no links.
Subject Issuer | Validity | Valid | |
---|---|---|---|
hs-sales-engage.com Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3 |
2023-05-23 - 2024-05-21 |
a year | crt.sh |
hubspot.com Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3 |
2024-01-06 - 2024-12-31 |
a year | crt.sh |
hsappstatic.net Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3 |
2023-04-10 - 2024-04-09 |
a year | crt.sh |
*.s3.amazonaws.com Amazon RSA 2048 M01 |
2023-10-10 - 2024-07-03 |
9 months | crt.sh |
js-agent.newrelic.com GlobalSign Atlas R3 DV TLS CA 2024 Q1 |
2024-01-15 - 2025-02-15 |
a year | crt.sh |
*.nr-data.net DigiCert Global G2 TLS RSA SHA256 2020 CA1 |
2023-09-29 - 2024-10-01 |
a year | crt.sh |
This page contains 1 frames:
Primary Page:
https://app.hubspot.com/documents/24212458/view/753858100?accessId=67c283
Frame ID: 8D118109508EA5EB85EB2FFB0789EE7D
Requests: 30 HTTP requests in this frame
Screenshot
Page Title
Documents | HubSpotPage URL History Show full URLs
- https://d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/Ctc/GH+23284/d2SNjT04/Jks2-6qcW69sMD-6lZ3m4Vmb-1B5HqWhwW9cvcsj1Njj7mW7Nyd-v4... Page URL
-
https://d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/events/public/v1/encoded/track/tc/GH+23284/d2SNjT04/Jks2-6qcW69sMD-6lZ3m4Vmb...
HTTP 307
https://hubs.ly/Q02l35MP0 HTTP 301
https://app.hubspot.com/documents/24212458/view/753858100?accessId=67c283 Page URL
Page Statistics
0 Outgoing links
These are links going to different origins than the main page.
Page URL History
This captures the URL locations of the websites, including HTTP redirects and client-side redirects via JavaScript or Meta fields.
- https://d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/Ctc/GH+23284/d2SNjT04/Jks2-6qcW69sMD-6lZ3m4Vmb-1B5HqWhwW9cvcsj1Njj7mW7Nyd-v4S3LrwW4YMLF17TQzCMN263p4V-4pQyW6ZTk4b1z6_JXN13s98LMB9vtW5f-X2T5hcRYZW8FDL2s1jFGS4W68h1Nf2RrCg6W4hsZ7M2TWpX9W1FGZpL1xWWZ1W7lH7M94Km_1QW4XkWWx45d9HnN21zKXwyw5M-W5cJD024bzr7ZW2fbxTW24y7B1W7QKb854vcvhHW692Gcs1Hy7xlW8QMY3L10341Ff2dR3QF04 Page URL
-
https://d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/events/public/v1/encoded/track/tc/GH+23284/d2SNjT04/Jks2-6qcW69sMD-6lZ3m4Vmb-1B5HqWhwW9cvcsj1Njj7mW7Nyd-v4S3LrwW4YMLF17TQzCMN263p4V-4pQyW6ZTk4b1z6_JXN13s98LMB9vtW5f-X2T5hcRYZW8FDL2s1jFGS4W68h1Nf2RrCg6W4hsZ7M2TWpX9W1FGZpL1xWWZ1W7lH7M94Km_1QW4XkWWx45d9HnN21zKXwyw5M-W5cJD024bzr7ZW2fbxTW24y7B1W7QKb854vcvhHW692Gcs1Hy7xlW8QMY3L10341Ff2dR3QF04?_ud=053f2c33-4e54-4eaa-aaf2-a38acf038e2e&_jss=1&_fl=8&_pl=3&_hc=4&_lg=en-US,en&_plt=Win32&_scr=1600,1200
HTTP 307
https://hubs.ly/Q02l35MP0 HTTP 301
https://app.hubspot.com/documents/24212458/view/753858100?accessId=67c283 Page URL
Redirected requests
There were HTTP redirect chains for the following requests:
Request Chain 21- https://app.hubspot.com/hubsettings/v1/avatar/hash/5e4e1fcfcc752a1fcc32cfa0dacebc9c/64 HTTP 302
- https://app.hubspot.com/userpreferences/v1/avatar/5e4e1fcfcc752a1fcc32cfa0dacebc9c/64 HTTP 307
- https://avatars.hubspot.net/default-80
30 HTTP transactions
Method Protocol |
Resource Path |
Size x-fer |
Type MIME-Type |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GET H2 |
Jks2-6qcW69sMD-6lZ3m4Vmb-1B5HqWhwW9cvcsj1Njj7mW7Nyd-v4S3LrwW4YMLF17TQzCMN263p4V-4pQyW6ZTk4b1z6_JXN13s98LMB9vtW5f-X2T5hcRYZW8FDL2s1jFGS4W68h1Nf2RrCg6W4hsZ7M2TWpX9W1FGZpL1xWWZ1W7lH7M94Km_1QW4XkWWx45d...
d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/Ctc/GH+23284/d2SNjT04/ |
8 KB 3 KB |
Document
text/html |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
Primary Request
753858100
app.hubspot.com/documents/24212458/view/ Redirect Chain
|
66 KB 23 KB |
Document
text/html |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
Redirect headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
bundle.production.js
static.hsappstatic.net/head-dlb/static-1.368/ |
44 KB 17 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
project.css
static.hsappstatic.net/documents-public-ui/static-1.8466/sass/ |
202 KB 29 KB |
Stylesheet
text/css |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
bundle.production.js
static.hsappstatic.net/hubspot-dlb/static-1.522/ |
295 KB 94 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
project.js
static.hsappstatic.net/documents-public-ui/static-1.8466/bundles/ |
449 KB 106 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
67c283
app.hubspot.com/api/presentations/v2/public/portals/24212458/presentations/753858100/ |
2 KB 2 KB |
XHR
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
viewer-form
app.hubspot.com/api/presentations/v1/gdpr/public/presentations/753858100/ |
1 KB 1 KB |
XHR
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
spacesword-low.woff2
static.hsappstatic.net/icons/static-2.562/fonts/ |
49 KB 50 KB |
Font
application/font-woff2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
LexendDeca-Light.woff2
static.hsappstatic.net/ui-fonts/static-1.313/fonts/ |
28 KB 29 KB |
Font
application/font-woff2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
view-secondary-content.js
static.hsappstatic.net/documents-public-ui/static-1.8466/ |
242 KB 79 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
pdf-js.js
static.hsappstatic.net/documents-public-ui/static-1.8466/ |
364 KB 99 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H/1.1 |
109ab3b3226ca2a42f5024508ff2cbfb.thumb.jpg
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/24212458/59819576/2023/10/26/ |
50 KB 50 KB |
Image
image/jpeg |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H/1.1 |
cf6d9f607d05f8487ad5ff28536e3491.thumb.jpg
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/24212458/59819576/2023/10/26/ |
48 KB 48 KB |
Image
image/jpeg |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
default
app.hubspot.com/api/meetings-public/v1/link/ |
50 B 806 B |
XHR
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
hub-user-info
app.hubspot.com/api/login-verify/ |
151 B 590 B |
XHR
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
hub-user-info
app.hubspot.com/api/login-verify/ |
151 B 671 B |
XHR
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
POST H2 |
rhumb
app.hubspot.com/api/cartographer/v1/ |
0 1 KB |
Ping
text/plain |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H/1.1 |
109ab3b3226ca2a42f5024508ff2cbfb.jpg
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/24212458/59819576/2023/10/26/ |
296 KB 297 KB |
Image
image/jpeg |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
LexendDeca-SemiBold.woff2
static.hsappstatic.net/ui-fonts/static-1.313/fonts/ |
29 KB 30 KB |
Font
application/font-woff2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
spacesword-high.woff2
static.hsappstatic.net/icons/static-2.562/fonts/ |
51 KB 52 KB |
Font
application/font-woff2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
LexendDeca-Medium.woff2
static.hsappstatic.net/ui-fonts/static-1.313/fonts/ |
29 KB 29 KB |
Font
application/font-woff2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
default-80
avatars.hubspot.net/ Redirect Chain
|
354 B 1 KB |
Image
image/webp |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
Redirect headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET BLOB |
3ddf44d4-a6da-4bcb-a87d-7cd8876d8ac6
https://app.hubspot.com/ |
93 B 0 |
Other
text/plain |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H/1.1 |
4cd51dfb962764fcaf82a2fd14bd3dd8711afb5088757911a725fc8674bd3593.pdf
presentations-pdfs-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/24212458/59819576/ |
2 MB 0 |
Fetch
application/pdf |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H2 |
nr-spa-1216.min.js
js-agent.newrelic.com/ |
49 KB 19 KB |
Script
application/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GET H/1.1 |
f9d051f404
bam-cell.nr-data.net/1/ |
56 B 495 B |
Script
text/javascript |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
POST H/1.1 |
f9d051f404
bam-cell.nr-data.net/ins/1/ |
0 273 B |
XHR
text/plain |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
POST H/1.1 |
f9d051f404
bam-cell.nr-data.net/events/1/ |
24 B 342 B |
XHR
image/gif |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
POST H2 |
no-auth
app.hubspot.com/api/usage-logging/v1/log/hublytics-multi/ |
2 B 1 KB |
Ping
application/json |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General
Request headers
Response headers
|
Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment
16 JavaScript Global Variables
These are the non-standard "global" variables defined on the window object. These can be helpful in identifying possible client-side frameworks and code.
object| hubspot function| __webpack_require_head-dlb/bundle.production.js__ function| hns2 function| hns object| quickFetch object| NREUM object| newrelic function| __nr_require object| hsConversationsSettings function| __webpack_require_hubspot-dlb/bundle.production.js__ object| webpackJsonp object| I18n object| AppInstance object| hsConversationsOnReady boolean| _pdfjsCompatibilityChecked object| regeneratorRuntime3 Cookies
Cookies are little pieces of information stored in the browser of a user. Whenever a user visits the site again, he will also send his cookie values, thus allowing the website to re-identify him even if he changed locations. This is how permanent logins work.
Domain/Path | Expires | Name / Value |
---|---|---|
.hubspot.com/ | Name: __cf_bm Value: uJ3QXvKJdo5cHqj54UyC3pcLmQPrntCrY5CEkVBVZLM-1707999386-1.0-AW/lY5jLpHM3GW/LxgYLOFexyklTBd19YOZDGn2J1Vdj1sDyZbYsXwmjh4nMiNnfN5uXv6T06VCf2Ze5Mp8w+II= |
|
.hubspot.com/ | Name: _cfuvid Value: Z8_IefSH928tHuobHFCduqpAPE5mf5IhfKLGMosP9JE-1707999386548-0.0-604800000 |
|
.nr-data.net/ | Name: JSESSIONID Value: edc9ef020958573d |
5 Console Messages
A page may trigger messages to the console to be logged. These are often error messages about being unable to load a resource or execute a piece of JavaScript. Sometimes they also provide insight into the technology behind a website.
Source | Level | URL Text |
---|
Security Headers
This page lists any security headers set by the main page. If you want to understand what these mean and how to use them, head on over to this page
Header | Value |
---|---|
X-Content-Type-Options | nosniff |
Indicators
This is a term in the security industry to describe indicators such as IPs, Domains, Hashes, etc. This does not imply that any of these indicate malicious activity.
app.hubspot.com
avatars.hubspot.net
bam-cell.nr-data.net
d2snjt04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com
hubs.ly
js-agent.newrelic.com
presentations-pdfs-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
presentations-slides-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
static.hsappstatic.net
151.101.66.137
162.247.243.30
2606:4700:4400::6812:265b
2606:4700::6810:6dd1
2606:4700::6811:c060
2606:4700::6811:d3c3
2606:4700::6813:9b53
52.217.83.172
54.231.139.193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