www.allfordrugs.com
Open in
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162.241.24.224
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Submitted URL: http://allfordrugs.com/
Effective URL: http://www.allfordrugs.com/
Submission Tags: falconsandbox
Submission: On June 27 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: http://www.allfordrugs.com/
Submission Tags: falconsandbox
Submission: On June 27 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 5 forms found in the DOM
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<input type="text" name="s" class="searchfield" value="Search" onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search') {this.value = '';}" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search';}">
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ALL ABOUT DRUGS
Tout sur les médicaments הכל על תרופות كل شيئ عن الأدوية Все о наркотиках
关于药品的一切 డ్రగ్స్ గురించి అన్ని 마약에 관한 모든 것 Όλα για τα Ναρκωτικά Complete Tracking
of Drugs Across the World by Dr Anthony Melvin Crasto, Worldpeacepeaker,
worlddrugtracker, PH.D (ICT), MUMBAI, INDIA, Worlddrugtracker, Helping millions,
9 million hits on google on all websites, 2.5 lakh connections on all networks,
“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or
advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only.
P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of
the professional body or the company that I represent
AUTHOR OF THIS BLOG
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, WORLDDRUGTRACKER
DR. D SRINIVASA REDDY APPOINTED DIRECTOR CSIR-IICT HYDERABAD ON 7TH JUNE 2022. A
NEW ASSIGNMENT
Uncategorized No Responses »
Jun 082022
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Dr. D Srinivasa Reddy appointed Director CSIR-IICT Hyderabad India on 7th June
2022. A new assignment
This is on recommendation from search cum selection committee which met Prime
minister who is president CSIR on 2nd may 2022
currently he is Director CSIR-IIIM jammu
we wish him all the best in New assignment
D. Srinivasa Reddy (DSReddy)
………….Srinivasa Reddy, Director, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad, india
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 2:12 am Tagged with: CSIR-IICT,
Director, Hyderabad, India., srinivasa reddy
PHARMACODIA INTELLIGENCE/”INTERNET+” BIG DATA INFORMATION PLATFORM FOR
PHARMACEUTICAL R&D
Uncategorized Comments Off on Pharmacodia Intelligence/”Internet+” big data
information platform for pharmaceutical R&D
Apr 122022
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How are you? Please allow me to introduce Pharmacodia global drug Database &
services to you briefly.
Pharmacodia Global Pharmaceutical Intelligence Platform is the first tier drug
database for R&D Professionals including 40,000+ Drug data, 13,817,000+ Patents,
488,000+ Registration & Approval, 414,000+ Clinical Trials and 63,000+ items
related regulatory policies.
Focusing on the drug research and development, Pharmacodia global database
includes all small molecule drugs and biologics since 1982 (either in developing
or marketed in the world). You may have a three days free trial for the
Database.
Website: https://data.pharmacodiaglobal.com
If your colleagues and friends like to have a trial for the database, would you
please forward the email to them, they can easily register an account and apply
for a one day free trail. Thank you very much.
SCROLL UP OR DOWN
Sincerely yours,
Jim
Chair of Pharmacodia Group
HongKong
If you are interested in knowing more about our database and services, please
contact us through email/whatsApp:
global@pharmacodia.com
WhatsApp Number
Jin: +86 138 1146 5766
Sheryl: +86 138 1072 1280
Alex: +44 736 025 310
SHERYL DING
CEO
ALEX
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 9:01 am Tagged with: pharmacodia
PHARMACEUTICAL EMES (EBMR) – WHY AND HOW?
Uncategorized Comments Off on Pharmaceutical eMES (eBMR) – why and how?
Feb 212022
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PRIYA RANJAN BELWARIAR
CEO, Laurus Infosystems
(Guest article)
Pharmaceutical eMES (eBMR) – why and how?
The “e Manufacturing Execution System” for pharmaceutical manufacturing is
different from eMES in any other manufacturing industry. The difference
primarily comes from the stringent Regulatory Compliance norms to be adhered to
in Pharmaceutical Operations. In the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing the eMES is
also referred as eBMR or “e Batch Manufacturing Record”.
The key objectives of implementing “e Manufacturing Execution Systems” (or eBMR)
in Pharma Manufacturing are:
1. Achieve Compliancewith global regulatory norms, quality processes and ALCOA
+ norms.
2. Achieve Data integrityacross functions, systems and equipment records.
3. Audit readiness: Become ever ready for audit, with complete electronic
records.
4. Paperless operation: Achieve paperless (or less paper) operation at the
plant.
Pharmaceutical companies operate in one of the most dynamic and highly regulated
environments. Regulatory audit frequencies have increased. Warning letters &
import restrictions incidences have increased alongside. Many companies fail in
clearing Regulatory Audits. Failing an audit results in over two years of
business loss and huge expenses in achieving success with re-audit.
Most of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing organizations have realized that they
must implement a comprehensive eMES/eBMR systems for achieving the stated
objective for long term business survival in todays regulated environment.
However, the existing infrastructure scenario, inhibit moving forward with such
implementation.
The scenario: Many Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Units are supplying to strongly
regulated markets. They have a mix of the following infrastructure scenario:
1. Obsolete Equipment: Some equipment are obsolete in their design. These have
no digital ability to record and communicate critical operations parameters
for recording into BMR.
2. Semi-modern equipment: Some equipment have some digital ability to show
records but are not enabled for automatic data transmission to SCADA
database.
Modern Equipment: Some equipment are modern, PLC controlled and they can store
digital data for some time. They still need to be integrated to SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system.
There are also several cases of failures in implementing eMES solution provided
by global brands providing the MES solution. Some of the key reasons of eMES
implementation project failures are:
1. Complexity of the eMESSoftware systems. The level of complexity that can be
digested across continents vary a lot. What is simple for some European
countries may be too complex for Asian countries.
2. Design and Architecture of MES Solutions: A generic MES, modified for
Pharma, would not succeed in Pharma. The eMES must be designed for
Pharmaceutical operations, where the regulatory compliance requires
flexibility in system to allow special process steps, for which there is no
global best practices. The system must be architected for allowing new
recipe, new product and new process to be quickly configured.
3. Right collaboration: Very often IT Team of Pharma companies would be good at
handling the ERP Software and Level 3 & Level 4 IT systems. They would lack
expertise of Level 1 and Level 2 Automation. Companies need to get right IT
Solution providers capable of supplying and implementation right eMES along
with Automation Solutions.
4. Comprehensive Solution: A comprehensive solution design would encompass
eMES, integration with ERP, integration with SCADA and direct integration
with many devices. The SCADA and Automation solution would include upgrading
the semi modern equipment, connecting them along with modern equipment to
SCADA. Adopting right strategy solution for obsolete equipment.
Phased implementation Strategy: There is variety of strategies for eMES
implementation with complete automation integration. Designing and selecting
right strategy is a Critical Success Factor.
The country, the facility location, equipment vendors, employees, organization
culture, the product and market combination etc., makes every unit and unique
unit. The eMES solution must be designed to suit each such unit. One solution
would not fit all. The solutions must be configurable for taking care of the
uniqueness. The solutions must be robust and maintainable.
Laurel MES™ product suite for “e Manufacturing Execution” is architected and
designed for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing businesses to achieve compliance and
audit readiness. Laurel MES™ comes along with Automation Solution and Systems
Integration Solution which provides a complete, comprehensive and configurable
solution. The drug product variants, market variants and product changeover
challenges are addressed as required. Management dashboards and scorecards are
fascinating. This solution is integration-ready for latest manufacturing and
testing equipment.
Website: www.laurelmes.com . Write to: pr.belwariar@laurusis.com
Priya Ranjan Belwariar CEO Laurus Infosystems (India) Pvt. Ltd.
3rd Floor, Plot # 8, 1st Cross,
Sadaramangala Industrial Area | Whitefield
Bangalore – 560 066 | India
T +91 80 6152 7801
M +91 99 7242 4444
E pr.belwariar@laurusis.com
W laurusis.com
Next Generation Innovation
PRIYA RANJAN’S PROFILE
linkedin.com/in/pr-belwariar
Experienced Chief Executive Officer with a track record of leading Architecture
Design and development of Software Products for Pharma Manufacturing Execution,
Pharma R&D and making it successful in the market. Demonstrated strength in the
information technology, software technologies, software services, Pharma,
Chemical and Engineering industry. Skilled in Business Process, Architecture and
Design of Enterprise Software and Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Strong
business development professional with Engineering and MBA qualifications.
//////////////
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 8:14 am Tagged with: CEO, Laurus
Infosystems, PRIYA RANJAN BELWARIAR
WHAT IS INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) APPLICATION? NEHA PARASHAR
Uncategorized Comments Off on What is investigational new drug (IND)
Application? Neha parashar
Feb 182022
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WHAT IS INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) APPLICATION? | REGULATORY LEARNINGS |
DRUG REGULATORY AFFAIRS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTOtI7HfE9I
GUEST AUTHOR
NEHA PARASHAR, PMP®
Senior Manager Regulatory CMC | Regulatory Project Management | Regulatory
Strategy | Biologicals
NEHA’S PROFILE
linkedin.com/in/neha-parashar
EMAIL
nehaparashar.niper@gmail.com
Welcome to the PharmaCamp with Neha. With this video channel. I would like to
spread knowledge about the pharmaceutical world. This is a small initiative from
my side to share knowledge with the world, as I feel education is the best gift
one can receive or give back to society. Are you a working professional who
wants to upgrade your skills? OR a student who wants to make a career in
pharmaceuticals? OR are you a person who is interested to learn about the
regulatory systems? Then this YouTube channel is for you. In this video, we will
about US FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) Application. In my upcoming video, I
will provide the stepwise approach for these IND applications. Therefore, this
video will serve as the basis for those upcoming videos to explain the concept
of INDs.
Welcome to PharmaCamp https://youtu.be/Rpvbzrsuu64
What is Clinical Trial? https://youtu.be/uAUXEsAC23o
About me: I am Neha Parashar, working as a Senior Manager in a pharmaceutical
company and based in Germany. I am a passionate healthcare professional, an
educator, and a mentor. LinkedIn: http://linkedin.com/in/neha-parashar
/////////
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 1:52 pm Tagged with: ind, neha
parashar
ANTHONY CRASTO IS NOW CONSULTANT GLENMARK LIFESCIENCES AT GLENMARK LIFE
SCIENCES!
ANTHONY CRASTO, companies Comments Off on Anthony crasto is now Consultant
Glenmark Lifesciences at Glenmark Life Sciences!
Jan 182022
Share:
I’m happy to share that I’m starting a new position as Consultant Glenmark
Lifesciences at Glenmark Life Sciences!
17th Jan 2022, A new innings
I retired 16th Jan 2022 at 58 yrs from Glenmark . completed 16 yrs 2 months
30 plus years in the field of Process research
AS ON DEC2021 3,491,869 VIEWS ON BLOG WORLDREACH AVAILABLEFOR YOUR ADVERTISEMENT
join me on Linkedin
ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO PH.D – INDIA | LINKEDIN
join me on Researchgate
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* Twitter
* FACEBOOK
join me on twitter
Anthony Melvin Crasto Dr. | twitter
+919321316780 call whatsaapp
EMAIL. amcrasto@amcrasto
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
ANTHONY CRASTO, GLENMARK, CONSULTANT
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 6:28 am Tagged with: anthony
crasto, CONSULTANT, glenmark
ASMF
Uncategorized Comments Off on ASMF
Sep 152021
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What is an ASMF?
An Active Substance Master File (ASMF), or formerly known as European Drug
Master File (EDMF) procedure, is a set of documents that protects the valuable
confidential intellectual property of the manufacturer.
The main objective of the Active Substance Master File (ASMF) procedure,
formerly known as the European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is to allow
valuable confidential intellectual property or ‘know-how’ of the manufacturer of
the active substance (ASM) to be protected, while at the same time allowing the
Applicant or Marketing Authorisation (MA) holder to take full responsibility for
the medicinal product and the quality and quality control of the active
substance. National Competent Authorities/EMA thus have access to the complete
information that is necessary for an evaluation of the suitability of the use of
the active substance in the medicinal product.
FINAL GUIDELINE ON ACTIVE SUBSTANCE MASTER FILE PROCEDURE – REVISION
4 (PDF/358.28 KB)
Adopted
First published: 14/12/2018
Legal effective date: 17/06/2019
CHMP/QWP/227/02 Rev 4, EMEA/CVMP/134/02 Rev 4 Corr.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/final-guideline-active-substance-master-file-procedure-revision-4_en.pdf
What is CEP and ASMF?
The ASMF holder may have an ASMF as well as a Certificate of Suitability
(CEP) issued by EDQM for a single active substance. Generally, it is however not
acceptable that the Applicant/MA holder refers to an ASMF as well as to a CEP
for a single active substance of a particular MAA/MAV.
What is an ASMF in pharmaceutical industry?
The main objective of the Active Substance Master File (ASMF) procedure,
formerly known as the European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is to allow
valuable confidential intellectual property or ‘know-how’ of the manufacturer of
the active substance (ASM) to be protected, while at the same time allowing the
…
What is the difference between Asmf and DMF?
An Active Substance Master File (ASMF) is the currently recognised term in
Europe, formerly known as European Drug Master File (EDMF) or a US-Drug Master
file (US-DMF) in the United States.
What is a EDQM CEP certificate?
To obtain a Certificate of Suitability to the monographs of the European
Pharmacopoeia (CEP), applicants must send in electronic format the following
documentation to the Certification of Substances Department (DCEP) of the EDQM:
a completed application form which includes your invoicing details.
Electronic Active Substance Master Files (eASMF)
ASMF Holders who are supplying substances to more than one Centrally Authorised
Product (CAP) should submit their ASMF to the Agency once and not for each
application.
The use of eCTD is mandatory for all for centralised procedure human ASMF
submissions since 1 July 2016. The use of eCTD is mandatory for ASMFs used for
DCP/MRP human procedures from 1 January 2018. Use of eCTD is mandatory for new
national MAAs since 1 July 2018 and from 1 January 2019 for all other submission
types. The relevant guidance should be followed and the technical eCTD
validation criteria must be passed.
To ensure that the above is followed promptly, please refer to the human EMA
Pre-authorisation guidance carefully and apply for an EMEA/ASMF/XXXXX number at
your earliest convenience by submitting the EMEA/ASMF request form.
For veterinary medicines the accepted electronic format is VNeeS and NeeS and
for ASMFs also exceptionally eCTD is allowed. More information can be found from
the Veterinary Pre-submission guidance.
Please take a note of the voluntary EU ASMF Assessment worksharing. A
different EU/ASMF request form should be submitted when requesting participation
in the EU worksharing procedure.
It is very important to note that the above two initiatives are different.
* The EMA eASMF submission rules are mandatory since 1st September 2013 and are
applicable to all Centralised applications.
* The EU Assessment worksharing initiative is valid for Centralised and
Decentralised procedures.
A valid ASMF should have either an EMEA/ASMF number or an EU/ASMF number,
depending on the intended use of the ASMF by its holder. When applying for EMEA
or EU ASMF numbers, or submitting any documentation quoting these, please note
that they are not inter-changeable. Only one ASMF number should be quoted.
It is mandatory to use XML delivery files for ASMF submissions using the
eSubmission Gateway and the Web Client.
Related Documents
Archived documents
* EU Harmonised Technical Guidance for ASMF Submissions in eCTD format version
2.3(01.07.2020)Updated
* EMA Pre-authorisation guidance
* EMEA/ASMF number request template request form
* EU/ASMF number request template request form
* Letter of Access Template (Previously Annex 2), Template Administrative
Information – (Previously Annex 3), Template Withdrawal of Access Letter
–Should be filled in in accordance of the ASMF type (EU/ASMF/XXXXX or
EMEA/ASMF/XXXXX)
* EU ASMF Assessment Worksharing
* Active Substance Master File Procedure Guidance – Human
* Active Substance Master File Guidance – Veterinary
* Example of ASMF in eCTD format
ACTIVE SUBSTANCE MASTER FILE (ASMF)
EMA Guideline on Active Substance Master File Procedure
EMA Additional guidance on documents relating to an Active Substance Master File
Templates for Active Substance Master File (ASMF) procedures
CMDh-CMDv Questions & Answers – Active Substance Master File (ASMF)
CMDh website for latest advice on ASMF procedures (Joint WG website including
procedural guidance)
Training presentations on Active Substance Master File (ASMF) work sharing
procedure:
* ASMF worksharing – Introduction to the procedure (October 2018)
* Requesting an EU_ASMF repository number (October 2018)
* Submitting an initial worksharing ASMF (October 2018)
* Determining the parent procedure (October 2018)
* Assessment report template (October 2018)
* Sharing assessment reports (October 2018)
* Submitting a variation to an ASMF (October 2018)
* Use of an approved ASMF in a new procedure (October 2018)
An Active Substance Master File (ASMF), or formerly known as European Drug
Master File (EDMF) procedure, is a set of documents that protects the valuable
confidential intellectual property of the manufacturer. The purpose of an ASMF
is to provide the Health Authorities (HAs) with complete information of the
active substance used in a drug product to evaluate its suitability for the
product. It also allows the Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) of the product
to take the responsibility for the quality of the active substance used in the
product.
ASMF CONTENT
An ASMF must contain all the scientific information related to the active
substance. The information of an ASMF is divided into two parts:
1. Applicant Part (AP) – Contains information considered as non-confidential by
the MAH
2. Restricted Part – Contains confidential information
ASMF USAGE
An ASMF is submitted only to support a Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA)
or Marketing Authorisation Variation (MAV). It is used for the following active
substances:
1. Active substances that are new
2. Already existing active substances, which are excluded from the European
Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)
3. Pharmacopoeial active substances, which are included in the (Ph. Eur.)
An ASMF holder is required to submit the following to the MAH holder:
* A copy of AP’s latest version
* A copy of the summary/detailed version of AP’s latest version
* A copy of the letter of access, which has not been previously submitted for
the same product
A single active substance can have both, an ASMF as well as a Certificate of
Suitability (CEP). However, the MAH cannot refer to both the documents for a
single active substance. In case, the information present in a CEP is
insufficient, only then both the documents can be referred.
////////////////// Active substance master file, ASMF, letter of access,
submission letter
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 10:01 am
FROM LAB TO PATIENT: JOURNEY OF A MEDICINE. EMA
EMA, EU, regulatory, Uncategorized Comments Off on From lab to patient:
journey of a medicine. EMA
Sep 092021
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FROM LAB TO PATIENT: JOURNEY OF A MEDICINE. EMA
Follow the journey of a medicine for human use assessed by EMA in
this interactive timeline. It explains all stages from initial research to
patient access, including how EMA supports medicine development, assesses the
benefits and risks and monitors the safety of medicine
* FROM LABORATORY TO PATIENT: THE JOURNEY OF A CENTRALLY AUTHORISED
MEDICINE (PDF/1.75 MB)
First published: 04/03/2019
Last updated: 10/02/2020
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 9:12 am Tagged with: EMA, LAB TO
PATIENT
PRAGMETIS PHARMASERVE LLP
companies, spotlight, Uncategorized Comments Off on PragMetis Pharmaserve LLP
Jul 022021
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PragMetis Pharmaserve LLP
www.pragmetis.com
PRAGMETIS WAS NAMED AFTER METIS; THE GREEK GODDESS OF PRAGMATISM , WISDOM,
PRUDENCE AND DEEP THOUGHT.
THE LOGO SIGNIFIES THE LEGENDRY “WISDOM TREE”
SERVICES
Custom Research : Route scouting, lab quantities
OWN PDTS. Complete in-house GMP manufacturing from Sept 2020
Custom manufacturing , less than 20 Kg from own lab setup, larger-from leased
site.
Sourcing & Consulting, Audits & Compliance
Contact :
Dr.Anurag Hitkari
Regd office: 29-Trishla Kutir, Zydus Hospital Road,Thaltej-380059, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat , India Ph: 9998141951, 9974051951
hitkari@pragmetis.com
www.pragmetis.com
R&D: 36-Shivam Industrial Estate
Wasna Chacharwadi Road, Moraya – 382213, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
Manufacturing : 1115, Kerala GIDC, Bavla, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
PRESENTATION
Scroll with mouse to view all pages
Dr. Anurag Hitkari
Managing Director and promoter
* 27+ years of experience in API & CRAMS at top management positions.
* Expertise in bringing Science, technology, manufacturing, business and
commercials on a single platform
* Expertise in Macrolide,Ketolide, Penem chemistry
* Vast expertise High Potency Actives (HPAPI) , R&D and manufacturing, setting
up of plant
* Vast experience of USFDA, MHRA, PMDA & TGA audits at front end.
* Experience in CTPAT
* Ex- Alembic, Jubilant, Unimark , Zydus
./////pragmetis, anurag hitkari
Posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D at 4:48 am Tagged with: anurag
hitkari, pragmetis
INDIGO
Uncategorized Comments Off on Indigo
Apr 012021
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INDIGO
Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Historically,
indigo was a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some plants of
the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria; dye
wielding Indigofera plants were commonly grown and used throughout the world, in
Asia in particular, as an important crop, with the production of indigo dyestuff
economically important due to the previous rarity of some blue dyestuffs
historically.[1]
Most indigo dye produced today is synthetic, constituting several thousand tons
each year. It is most commonly associated with the production of denim cloth
and blue jeans, where its properties allow for effects such as stone
washing and acid washing to be applied quickly.
USES
Indigo dye
The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton yarn, mainly used in the
production of denim cloth suitable for blue jeans; on average, a pair of blue
jeans requires just 3 grams (0.11 oz) – 12 grams (0.42 oz) of dye to produce.
Smaller quantities are used in the dyeing of wool and silk.
Indigo carmine, also known as indigo, is an indigo derivative which is also used
as a colorant. About 20 thousand tons are produced annually, again mainly for
the production of blue jeans.[1] It is also used as a food colorant, and is
listed in the United States as FD&C Blue No. 2.
SOURCES
NATURAL SOURCES
See also: § Indigo derivatives
A variety of plants have provided indigo throughout history, but most natural
indigo was obtained from those in the genus Indigofera, which are native to
the tropics, notably the Indian subcontinent. The primary commercial indigo
species in Asia was true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria, also known as I.
sumatrana). A common alternative used in the relatively colder subtropical
locations such as Japan’s Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan is Strobilanthes cusia.
Until the introduction of Indigofera species from the south, Polygonum
tinctorum (Dyer’s knotweed) was the most important blue dyestuff in East Asia;
however, the crop produced less dyestuff than the average crop of indigo, and
was quickly surpassed in terms of favour for the more economical Indigofera
tinctoria plant. In Central and South America, the species grown is Indigofera
suffruticosa, also known as anil. In Europe, Isatis tinctoria, commonly known
as woad, was used for dyeing fabrics blue, containing the same dyeing compounds
as indigo, also referred to as indigo.
Several plants contain indigo, which, when exposed to an oxidising source such
as atmospheric oxygen, reacts to produce indigo dye; however, the relatively low
concentrations of indigo in these plants make them difficult to work with, with
the color more easily tainted by other dye substances also present in these
plants, typically leading to a greenish tinge.
The precursor to indigo is indican, a colorless, water-soluble derivative of the
amino acid tryptophan. Indican readily hydrolyzes to release
β-D-glucose and indoxyl. Oxidation by exposure to air converts indoxyl to
indigotin, the insoluble blue chemical that is the endpoint of indigo dye.
Indican was obtained from the processing of the plant’s leaves, which contain as
much as 0.2–0.8% of this compound. The leaves were soaked in water
and fermented to convert the glycoside indican present in the plant to the blue
dye indigotin.[2] They precipitate from the fermented leaf solution when mixed
with a strong base[3] such as lye, pressed into cakes, dried, and powdered. The
powder was then mixed with various other substances to produce different shades
of blue and purple.
Natural sources of indigo also include mollusks; the Murex sea snail produces a
mixture of indigo and 6,6′-dibromoindigo (red), which together produce a range
of purple hues known as Tyrian purple. Light exposure during part of the dyeing
process can convert the dibromoindigo into indigo, resulting in blue hues known
as royal blue, hyacinth purple, or tekhelet.
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
Heumann’s synthesis of indigo
Pfleger’s synthesis of indigo
Given its economic importance, indigo has been prepared by many methods.
The Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis dates back to 1882. It involves an aldol
condensation of o-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetone, followed by cyclization and
oxidative dimerization to indigo. This route is highly useful for obtaining
indigo and many of its derivatives on the laboratory scale, but proved
impractical for industrial-scale synthesis. Johannes Pfleger[4] and Karl
Heumann (de) eventually came up with industrial mass production synthesis.[5]
The first commercially practical route of producing indigo is credited to
Pfleger in 1901. In this process, N-phenylglycine is treated with a molten
mixture of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodamide. This highly
sensitive melt produces indoxyl, which is subsequently oxidized in air to form
indigo. Variations of this method are still in use today. An alternative and
also viable route to indigo is credited to Heumann in 1897. It involves
heating N-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine to 200 °C (392 °F) in an inert atmosphere
with sodium hydroxide. The process is easier than the Pfleger method, but the
precursors are more expensive. Indoxyl-2-carboxylic acid is generated. This
material readily decarboxylates to give indoxyl, which oxidizes in air to form
indigo.[1] The preparation of indigo dye is practised in college laboratory
classes according to the original Baeyer-Drewsen route.[6]
HISTORY OF INDIGO
Indigo, historical dye collection of the Technical University of Dresden,
Germany
The oldest known fabric dyed indigo, dated to 6,000 years ago, was discovered
in Huaca Prieta, Peru.[7] Many Asian countries, such as India, Japan,
and Southeast Asian nations have used indigo as a dye (particularly silk dye)
for centuries. The dye was also known to ancient civilizations
in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Britain, Mesoamerica, Peru, Iran, and West Africa. Indigo
was also cultivated in India, which was also the earliest major center for its
production and processing.[8] The I. tinctoria species was domesticated in
India.[8] Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the Greeks and the Romans,
where it was valued as a luxury product.[8]
India was a primary supplier of indigo to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman
era. The association of India with indigo is reflected in the Greek word for the
dye, indikón (Ἰνδικόν, Indian).[9] The Romans latinized the term to indicum,
which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word
indigo.
Cake of indigo, about 2 cm
In Mesopotamia, a neo-Babylonian cuneiform tablet of the seventh century BC
gives a recipe for the dyeing of wool, where lapis-colored wool (uqnatu) is
produced by repeated immersion and airing of the cloth.[9] Indigo was most
probably imported from India. The Romans used indigo as a pigment for painting
and for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It was a luxury item imported to the
Mediterranean from India by Arab merchants.
Indigo remained a rare commodity in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. A
chemically identical dye derived from the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria) was used
instead. In the late 15th century, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da
Gama discovered a sea route to India. This led to the establishment of direct
trade with India, the Spice Islands, China, and Japan. Importers could now avoid
the heavy duties imposed by Persian, Levantine, and Greek middlemen and the
lengthy and dangerous land routes which had previously been used. Consequently,
the importation and use of indigo in Europe rose significantly. Much European
indigo from Asia arrived through ports in Portugal, the Netherlands, and
England. Many indigo plantations were established by European powers in tropical
climates. Spain imported the dye from its colonies in Central and South America,
and it was a major crop in Haiti and Jamaica, with much or all of the labor
performed by enslaved Africans and African Americans. In the Spanish colonial
era, intensive production of indigo for the world market in the region of modern
El Salvador entailed such unhealthy conditions that the local indigenous
population, forced to labor in pestilential conditions, was
decimated.[10] Indigo plantations also thrived in the Virgin Islands. However,
France and Germany outlawed imported indigo in the 16th century to protect the
local woad dye industry.
Man wearing an indigo-dyed tagelmust
Indigo was the foundation of centuries-old textile traditions throughout West
Africa. From the Tuareg nomads of the Sahara to Cameroon, clothes dyed with
indigo signified wealth. Women dyed the cloth in most areas, with
the Yoruba of Nigeria and the Mandinka of Mali particularly well known for their
expertise. Among the Hausa male dyers, working at communal dye pits was the
basis of the wealth of the ancient city of Kano, and they can still be seen
plying their trade today at the same pits.[11]
In Japan, indigo became especially important during the Edo period. This was due
to a growing textiles industry,[12] and because commoners had been banned from
wearing silk,[13] leading to the increasing cultivation of cotton, and
consequently indigo – one of the few substances that could dye it.[14]
Newton used “indigo” to describe one of the two new primary colors he added to
the five he had originally named, in his revised account of the rainbow
in Lectiones Opticae of 1675.[15]
In North America indigo was introduced into colonial South Carolina by Eliza
Lucas, where it became the colony’s second-most important cash crop (after
rice).[16] As a major export crop, indigo supported plantation slavery
there.[17] In the May and June 1755 issues of The Gentleman’s Magazine there
appeared a detailed account of the cultivation of indigo, accompanied by
drawings of necessary equipment and a prospective budget for starting such an
operation, authored by South Carolina planter Charles Woodmason. It later
appeared as a book. [18] [19] By 1775, indigo production in South Carolina
exceeded 1,222,000 pounds. [20] When Benjamin Franklin sailed to France in
November 1776 to enlist France’s support for the American Revolutionary War, 35
barrels of indigo were on board the Reprisal, the sale of which would help fund
the war effort.[21] In colonial North America, three commercially important
species are found: the native I. caroliniana, and the introduced I.
tinctoria and I. suffruticosa.[22]
Because of its high value as a trading commodity, indigo was often referred to
as blue gold.[23]
Peasants in Bengal revolted against unfair treatment by the East India
Company traders/planters in what became known as the Indigo revolt in 1859,
during the British Raj of India. The play Nil Darpan by Dinabandhu Mitra is
based on the slavery and forced cultivation of indigo.
The demand for indigo in the 19th century is indicated by the fact that in 1897,
7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) were dedicated to the cultivation of indican-producing
plants, mainly in India. By comparison, the country of Luxembourg is
2,586 km2 (998 sq mi).[1]
SYNTHETIC DEVELOPMENT
Production of Indigo dye in a BASF plant (1890)
In 1865 the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer began working on the synthesis of
indigo. He described his first synthesis of indigo in 1878 (from isatin) and a
second synthesis in 1880 (from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde). (It was not until 1883 that
Baeyer finally determined the structure of indigo.[24]) The synthesis of indigo
remained impractical, so the search for alternative starting materials
at Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) and Hoechst continued. Johannes
Pfleger[4] and Karl Heumann eventually came up with industrial mass production
synthesis.[5]
The synthesis of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine from the easy to
obtain aniline provided a new and economically attractive route. BASF developed
a commercially feasible manufacturing process that was in use by 1897, at which
time 19,000 tons of indigo were being produced from plant sources. This had
dropped to 1,000 tons by 1914 and continued to contract. By 2011 50,000 tons of
synthetic indigo were being produced worldwide.[25]
DYEING TECHNOLOGY
Indigo white (leuco-indigo)
Yarn dyed with indigo dye
INDIGO WHITE
Indigo is a challenging dye because it is not soluble in water. To be dissolved,
it must undergo a chemical change (reduction). Reduction converts indigo into
“white indigo” (leuco-indigo). When a submerged fabric is removed from the
dyebath, the white indigo quickly combines with oxygen in the air and reverts to
the insoluble, intensely colored indigo. When it first became widely available
in Europe in the 16th century, European dyers and printers struggled with indigo
because of this distinctive property. It also required several chemical
manipulations, some involving toxic materials, and had many opportunities to
injure workers. In the 19th century, English poet William Wordsworth referred to
the plight of indigo dye workers of his hometown of Cockermouth in his
autobiographical poem The Prelude. Speaking of their dire working conditions and
the empathy that he felt for them, he wrote:
Doubtless, I should have then made common cause With some who perished; haply
perished too A poor mistaken and bewildered offering Unknown to those bare souls
of miller blue
A pre-industrial process for production of indigo white, used in Europe, was to
dissolve the indigo in stale urine, which contains ammonia. A more convenient
reductive agent is zinc. Another pre-industrial method, used in Japan, was to
dissolve the indigo in a heated vat in which a culture
of thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria was maintained. Some species of such
bacteria generate hydrogen as a metabolic product, which convert insoluble
indigo into soluble indigo white. Cloth dyed in such a vat was decorated with
the techniques of shibori (tie-dye), kasuri, katazome, and tsutsugaki. Examples
of clothing and banners dyed with these techniques can be seen in the works
of Hokusai and other artists.
DIRECT PRINTING
Two different methods for the direct application of indigo were developed in
England in the 18th century and remained in use well into the 19th century. The
first method, known as ‘pencil blue’ because it was most often applied by pencil
or brush, could be used to achieve dark hues. Arsenic trisulfide and a thickener
were added to the indigo vat. The arsenic compound delayed the oxidation of the
indigo long enough to paint the dye onto fabrics.
Pot of freeze-dried indigo dye
The second method was known as ‘China blue’ due to its resemblance to Chinese
blue-and-white porcelain. Instead of using an indigo solution directly, the
process involved printing the insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric. The
indigo was then reduced in a sequence of baths of iron(II) sulfate, with
air-oxidation between each immersion. The China blue process could make sharp
designs, but it could not produce the dark hues possible with the pencil blue
method.
Around 1880, the ‘glucose process’ was developed. It finally enabled the direct
printing of indigo onto fabric and could produce inexpensive dark indigo prints
unattainable with the China blue method.
Since 2004, freeze-dried indigo, or instant indigo, has become available. In
this method, the indigo has already been reduced, and then freeze-dried into a
crystal. The crystals are added to warm water to create the dye pot. As in a
standard indigo dye pot, care has to be taken to avoid mixing in oxygen.
Freeze-dried indigo is simple to use, and the crystals can be stored
indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to moisture.[26]
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Indigo, space-filling
Indigo dye is a dark blue crystalline powder that sublimes at 390–392 °C
(734–738 °F). It is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but soluble
in DMSO, chloroform, nitrobenzene, and concentrated sulfuric acid. The chemical
formula of indigo is C16H10N2O2.
The molecule absorbs light in the orange part of the spectrum (λmax =
613 nm).[27] The compound owes its deep color to the conjugation of the double
bonds, i.e. the double bonds within the molecule are adjacent and the molecule
is planar. In indigo white, the conjugation is interrupted because the molecule
is non-planar.
INDIGO DERIVATIVES
Structure of Tyrian purple
Structure of indigo carmine.
The benzene rings in indigo can be modified to give a variety of related
dyestuffs. Thioindigo, where the two NH groups are replaced by S atoms, is deep
red. Tyrian purple is a dull purple dye that is secreted by a common
Mediterranean snail. It was highly prized in antiquity. In 1909, its structure
was shown to be 6,6′-dibromoindigo (red). 6-bromoindigo (purple) is a component
as well.[28] It has never been produced on a commercial basis. The related Ciba
blue (5,7,5′,7′-tetrabromoindigo) is, however, of commercial value.
Indigo and its derivatives featuring intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding
have very low solubility in organic solvents. They can be made soluble using
transient protecting groups such as the tBOC group, which suppresses
intermolecular bonding.[29] Heating of the tBOC indigo results in efficient
thermal deprotection and regeneration of the parent H-bonded pigment.
Treatment with sulfuric acid converts indigo into a blue-green derivative
called indigo carmine (sulfonated indigo). It became available in the mid-18th
century. It is used as a colorant for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
INDIGO AS AN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR
Indigo and some of its derivatives are known to be ambipolar organic
semiconductors when deposited as thin films by vacuum evaporation.[30]
SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Indigo has a low oral toxicity, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg in mammals.[1] In
2009, large spills of blue dyes had been reported downstream of a blue jeans
manufacturer in Lesotho.[31]
The compound has been found to act as an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor.[32]
Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005
Indigo Names Other names
2,2′-Bis(2,3-dihydro-3- oxoindolyliden), Indigotin
Identifiers
CAS Number
* 64784-13-0
3D model (JSmol)
* Interactive image
ChEMBL
* ChEMBL599552
ChemSpider
* 4477009
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.898
PubChem CID
* 5318432
RTECS number
* DU2988400
UNII
* 1G5BK41P4F
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
* DTXSID3026279
show
InChI
show
SMILES
Properties
Chemical formula
C16H10N2O2 Molar mass 262.27 g/mol Appearance dark blue crystalline powder
Density 1.199 g/cm3 Melting point 390 to 392 °C (734 to 738 °F; 663 to 665 K)
Boiling point decomposes
Solubility in water
990 µg/L (at 25 °C) Hazards
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)
207-586-9 R-phrases (outdated) R36/37/38 S-phrases (outdated) S26–S36 Related
compounds
Related compounds
Indoxyl
Tyrian purple
Indican
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard
state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is ?) Infobox references
REFERENCES
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Steingruber, Elmar (2004). “Indigo and Indigo
Colorants”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim:
Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_149.pub2.
2. ^ Schorlemmer, Carl (1874). A Manual of the Chemistry of the Carbon
compounds; or, Organic Chemistry. London. Quoted in the Oxford English
Dictionary, second edition, 1989
3. ^ “Indigo Dyeing”. Coyuchi Inc. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b “Johannes Pfleger – Das Evonik Geschichtsportal – Die
Geschichte von Evonik Industries”. history.evonik.com. Retrieved Jun
7, 2020.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b “The Synthesis of Indigo”. Archived from the original on
2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
6. ^ McKee, James R.; Zanger, Murray (1991). “A microscale synthesis of
indigo: Vat dyeing”. Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (10):
A242. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..242M. doi:10.1021/ed068pA242.
7. ^ Splitstoser JC, Dillehay TD, Wouters J, Claro A (2016-09-14). “Early
pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru”. Science Advances. 2 (9):
e1501623. Bibcode:2016SciA….2E1623S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623. PMC 5023320. PMID 27652337.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c Kriger & Connah, page 120
9. ^ Jump up to:a b St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour.
London: John Murray. p. 189. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
10. ^ Fowler, Walter (6 August 1991). The Formation of Complex Society in
Southeastern Mesoamerica. CRC Press.
11. ^ Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006). Cloth in West African
History. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7591-0422-0.
12. ^ Eiko Ikegami (28 February 2005). Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks
and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture. Cambridge University Press.
p. 284. ISBN 978-0-521-60115-3.
13. ^ John H. Sagers (20 July 2018). Confucian Capitalism: Shibusawa Eiichi,
Business Ethics, and Economic Development in Meiji Japan. Springer.
p. 27. ISBN 978-3-319-76372-9.
14. ^ Trudy M. Wassenaar (3 November 2011). Bacteria: The Benign, the Bad, and
the Beautiful. John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-118-14338-4.
15. ^ Quoted in Hentschel, Klaus (2002). Mapping the spectrum: techniques of
visual representation in research and teaching. Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-850953-0.
16. ^ Eliza Layne Martin. “Eliza Lucas Pinckney:Indigo in the Atlantic
World” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-07.
Retrieved 2013-08-24.
17. ^ Andrea Feeser, Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of
Colonial South Carolina Life (University of Georgia Press; 2013)
18. ^ Jones, Claude E. (1958). “Charles Woodmason as a Poet”. The South
Carolina Historical Magazine. 59 (4): 189–194.
19. ^ David S. Shields. Oracles of Empire: Poetry, Politics, and Commerce in
British America, 1690-1750. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010),
pp. 69, 249
20. ^ Walter B. Edgar, ed. The South Carolina Encyclopedia. Columbia, SC:
University of South Carolina Press, 2006), p. 9.
21. ^ Schoenbrun, David (1976). Triumph in Paris: The Exploits of Benjamin
Franklin. New York: Harper & Row. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-06-013854-7.
22. ^ David H. Rembert, Jr. (1979). “The indigo of commerce in colonial North
America”. Economic Botany. 33 (2):
128–134. doi:10.1007/BF02858281. S2CID 2488865.
23. ^ “History of Indigo & Indigo Dyeing”. wildcolours.co.uk. Wild Colours and
natural Dyes. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Indigo was often referred to as
Blue Gold as it was an ideal trading commodity; high value, compact and
long lasting
24. ^ Adolf Baeyer (1883) “Ueber die Verbindungen der Indigogruppe” [On the
compounds of the indigo group], Berichte der Deutschen chemischen
Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 16 : 2188-2204 ; see especially p. 2204.
25. ^ “Chemists go green to make better blue jeans”. Nature. 553 (7687): 128.
2018. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..128.. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00103-8.
Retrieved 19 February 2018.
26. ^ Judith McKenzie McCuin. “Directions for Instant Indigo”. Archived
from the original on 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
27. ^ Wouten, J.; Verhecken, A. (1991). “High-performance liquid chromatography
of blue and purple indigoid natural dyes”. Journal of the Society of Dyers
and Colourists. 107: 266–269.
28. ^ Ramig, Keith; Lavinda, Olga; Szalda, David J.; Mironova, Irina; Karimi,
Sasan; Pozzi, Federica; Shah, Nilam; Samson, Jacopo; Ajiki, Hiroko; Massa,
Lou; Mantzouris, Dimitrios; Karapanagiotis, Ioannis; Cooksey, Christopher
(June 2015). “The nature of thermochromic effects in dyeings with indigo,
6-bromoindigo, and 6,6′-dibromoindigo, components of Tyrian purple”. Dyes
and Pigments. 117: 37–48. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.01.025.
29. ^ Głowacki, Eric Daniel; Voss, Gundula; Demirak, Kadir; Havlicek, Marek;
Sünger, Nevsal; et al. (2013). “A facile protection–deprotection route for
obtaining indigo pigments as thin films and their applications in organic
bulk heterojunctions”. Chemical Communications. 49 (54):
6063–6065. doi:10.1039/C3CC42889C. PMID 23723050.
30. ^ Irimia-Vladu, Mihai; Głowacki, Eric D.; Troshin, Pavel A.; Schwabegger,
Günther; Leonat, Lucia; Susarova, Diana K.; Krystal, Olga; Ullah, Mujeeb;
Kanbur, Yasin; Bodea, Marius A.; Razumov, Vladimir F.; Sitter, Helmut;
Bauer, Siegfried; Sarıçiftçi, Niyazi Serdar (2012). “Indigo – A Natural
Pigment for High Performance Ambipolar Organic Field Effect Transistors and
Circuits”. Advanced Materials. 24 (3):
375–80. doi:10.1002/adma.201102619. PMID 22109816.
31. ^ “Gap alarm”. The Sunday Times. 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
32. ^ Denison MS, Nagy SR (2003). “Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals”. Annu. Rev.
Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43:
309–34. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135828. PMID 12540743.
FURTHER READING[EDIT]
* Balfour-Paul, Jenny (2016). Indigo: Egyptian Mummies to Blue Jeans. London:
British Museum Press. pp. 264 pages. ISBN 978-0-7141-1776-8.
* Ferreira, E.S.B.; Hulme A. N.; McNab H.; Quye A. (2004). “The natural
constituents of historical textile dyes” (PDF). Chemical Society
Reviews. 33 (6): 329–36. doi:10.1039/b305697j. PMID 15280965.
* Sequin-Frey, Margareta (1981). “The chemistry of plant and animal
dyes” (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 58 (4):
301. Bibcode:1981JChEd..58..301S. doi:10.1021/ed058p301.
EXTERNAL LINKS
* Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of indigo
* FD&C regulation on indigotine
Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color
in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine, based on
the ancient dye of the same name. The word “indigo” comes from the Latin
for Indian as the dye was originally exported to Europe from India.
It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one
of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between blue and violet; however,
sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum.
The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in English was in
1289.[3]
HISTORY
Main article: Indigo dye § History
Extract of natural indigo applied to paper
Indigofera tinctoria and related species were cultivated in East Asia, Egypt,
India, and Peru in antiquity. The earliest direct evidence for the use of indigo
dates to around 4000 BC and comes from Huaca Prieta, in contemporary
Peru.[4] Pliny the Elder mentions India as the source of the dye after which it
was named.[5] It was imported from there in small quantities via the Silk
Road.[6]
The Ancient Greek term for the dye was Ἰνδικὸν φάρμακον (“Indian dye“), which,
adopted to Latin (second declension case) as indicum or indico and
via Portuguese, gave rise to the modern word indigo.[7]
Spanish explorers discovered an American species of indigo and began to
cultivate the product in Guatemala. The English and French subsequently began to
encourage indigo cultivation in their colonies in the West Indies.[8]
In North America, indigo was introduced by Eliza Lucas into colonial South
Carolina, where it became the colony’s second-most important cash crop (after
rice).[9] Before the Revolutionary War, indigo accounted for more than one-third
of the value of exports from the American colonies.[10]
Blue dye can be made from two different types of plants: the indigo plant, which
produces the best results, and from the woad plant Isatis tinctoria, also known
as pastel.[11] For a long time, woad was the main source of blue dye in Europe.
Woad was replaced by true indigo as trade routes opened up, and both plant
sources have now been largely replaced by synthetic dyes.
CLASSIFICATION AS A SPECTRAL COLOR
Indigo is one of the colors on Newton’s color wheel.
The Early Modern English word indigo referred to the dye, not to the color (hue)
itself, and indigo is not traditionally part of the basic color-naming
system.[12] Modern sources place indigo in the electromagnetic spectrum between
420 and 450 nanometers,[1][13][14] which lies on the short-wave side of color
wheel (RGB) blue, towards (spectral) violet.
The correspondence of this definition with colors of actual indigo dyes, though,
is disputed. Optical scientists Hardy and Perrin list indigo as between
445[15] and 464 nm wavelength,[16] which occupies a spectrum segment from
roughly the color wheel (RGB) blue extending to the long-wave side,
towards azure.
Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In
the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge,
the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into
England,[17] supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal
experiment in the history of optics, the young Newton shone a narrow beam of
sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall.
In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a
continuum of colors, but named seven: “The originall or primary colours are Red,
yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an
indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations.”[18] He linked the seven
prismatic colors to the seven notes of a western major scale,[19] as shown in
his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones. Having decided upon
seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was
projected from the prism onto the wall:
Newton’s observation of prismatic colors: Comparing this to a color image of the
visible light spectrum shows that indigo corresponds to blue, while blue
corresponds to cyan.
> I desired a friend to draw with a pencil lines cross the image, or pillar of
> colours, where every one of the seven aforenamed colours was most full and
> brisk, and also where he judged the truest confines of them to be, whilst I
> held the paper so, that the said image might fall within a certain compass
> marked on it. And this I did, partly because my own eyes are not very critical
> in distinguishing colours, partly because another, to whom I had not
> communicated my thoughts about this matter, could have nothing but his eyes to
> determine his fancy in making those marks.[20]
Traditional seven colors of the rainbow
Indigo is therefore counted as one of the traditional colors of the rainbow, the
order of which is given by the mnemonics “Richard of York gave battle in vain”
and Roy G. Biv. James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as
an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum.[21]
Later scientists concluded that Newton named the colors differently from current
usage.[22][23] According to Gary Waldman, “A careful reading of Newton’s work
indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue
is then what we would name blue-green, cyan or light blue.”[24] If this is true,
Newton’s seven spectral colors would have been:
Red: Orange: Yellow: Green: Blue: Indigo: Violet: The human eye does not
readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths between what are now called blue
and violet. If this is where Newton meant indigo to lie, most individuals would
have difficulty distinguishing indigo from its neighbors. According to Isaac
Asimov, “It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and
violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being
considered a separate color. To my eyes, it seems merely deep blue.”[25]
Modern color scientists typically divide the spectrum between violet and blue at
about 450 nm, with no indigo.[26][27]
DISTINCTION AMONG THE FOUR MAJOR TONES OF INDIGO
Like many other colors (orange, rose, and violet are the best-known), indigo
gets its name from an object in the natural world—the plant named indigo once
used for dyeing cloth (see also Indigo dye).
The color “electric indigo” is a bright and saturated color between the
traditional indigo and violet. This is the brightest color indigo that can be
approximated on a computer screen; it is a color located between the (primary)
blue and the color violet of the RGB color wheel.
The web color blue violet or deep indigo is a tone of indigo brighter than
pigment indigo, but not as bright as electric indigo.
The color pigment indigo is equivalent to the web color indigo and approximates
the color indigo that is usually reproduced in pigments and colored pencils.
The color of indigo dye is a different color from either spectrum indigo or
pigment indigo. This is the actual color of the dye. A vat full of this dye is a
darker color, approximating the web color midnight blue.
Below are displayed these four major tones of indigo.
ELECTRIC INDIGO
Electric Indigo Color coordinates Hex triplet #6F00FF HSV (h, s, v)
(266°, 100%, 100[28]%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (111, 0, 255) Source [1] ISCC–NBS
descriptor Vivid purplish blue B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
“Electric indigo” is brighter than the pigment indigo reproduced below. When
plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram, this color is at 435 nanometers, in the
middle of the portion of the spectrum traditionally considered indigo, i.e.,
between 450 and 420 nanometers. This color is only an approximation of spectral
indigo, since actual spectral colors are outside the gamut of the sRGB color
system.
DEEP INDIGO (WEB COLOR BLUE-VIOLET)
Blue-Violet Color coordinates Hex triplet #8A2BE2 HSV (h, s, v) (271°,
81%, 89%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (138, 43, 226) Source X11 ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid
violet B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
At right is displayed the web color “blue-violet”, a color intermediate in
brightness between electric indigo and pigment indigo. It is also known as “deep
indigo”.
WEB COLOR INDIGO
Web color Indigo Color coordinates Hex triplet #4B0082 HSV (h, s, v)
(275°, 100%, 51%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (75, 0, 130) Source [2] ISCC–NBS descriptor
Vivid violet B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color box on the right displays the web color indigo, the color indigo as it
would be reproduced by artists’ paints as opposed to the brighter indigo above
(electric indigo) that is possible to reproduce on a computer screen. Its hue is
closer to violet than to indigo dye for which the color is named. Pigment indigo
can be obtained by mixing 55% pigment cyan with about 45% pigment magenta.
Compare the subtractive colors to the additive colors in the two primary color
charts in the article on primary colors to see the distinction between electric
colors as reproducible from light on a computer screen (additive colors) and the
pigment colors reproducible with pigments (subtractive colors); the additive
colors are significantly brighter because they are produced from light instead
of pigment.
Web color indigo represents the way the color indigo was always reproduced in
pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s. By the 1970s, because of the
advent of psychedelic art, artists became accustomed to brighter pigments.
Pigments called “bright indigo” or “bright blue-violet” (the pigment equivalent
of the electric indigo reproduced in the section above) became available in
artists’ pigments and colored pencils.
TROPICAL INDIGO
Tropical Indigo Color coordinates Hex triplet #9683EC HSV (h, s, v)
(251°, 44%, 93%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (150, 131, 236) Source Gallego and Sanz[29]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid violet B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
‘Tropical Indigo’ is the color that is called añil in the Guía de
coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a
color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in
the Hispanophone realm.
INDIGO DYE
Main article: Indigo dye
Indigo Dye Color coordinates Hex triplet #00416A HSV (h, s, v) (203°,
100%, 42%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (0, 65, 106) Source [3] ISCC–NBS descriptor Dark
blue B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Indigo dye is a greenish dark blue color, obtained from either the leaves of the
tropical Indigo plant (Indigofera), or from woad (Isatis tinctoria), or the
Chinese indigo (Persicaria tinctoria). Many societies make use of
the Indigofera plant for producing different shades of blue. Cloth that is
repeatedly boiled in an indigo dye bath-solution (boiled and left to dry, boiled
and left to dry, etc.), the blue pigment becomes darker on the cloth. After
dyeing, the cloth is hung in the open air to dry.
A Native American woman described the process used by the Cherokee Indians when
extracting the dye:
> We raised our indigo which we cut in the morning while the dew was still on
> it; then we put it in a tub and soaked it overnight, and the next day we
> foamed it up by beating it with a gourd. We let it stand overnight again, and
> the next day rubbed tallow on our hands to kill the foam. Afterwards, we
> poured the water off, and the sediment left in the bottom we would pour into a
> pitcher or crock to let it get dry, and then we would put it into a poke made
> of cloth (i.e. sack made of coarse cloth) and then when we wanted any of it to
> dye [there]with, we would take the dry indigo.[30][31]
In Sa Pa, Vietnam, the tropical Indigo (Indigo tinctoria) leaves are harvested
and, while still fresh, placed inside a tub of room-temperature to lukewarm
water where they are left to sit for 3 to 4 days and allowed to ferment, until
the water turns green. Afterwards, crushed limestone (pickling lime) is added to
the water, at which time the water with the leaves are vigorously agitated for
15 to 20 minutes, until the water turns blue. The blue pigment settles as
sediment at the bottom of the tub. The sediment is scooped out and stored. When
dyeing cloth, the pigment is then boiled in a vat of water; the cloth (usually
made from yarns of hemp) is inserted into the vat for absorbing the dye. After
hanging out to dry, the boiling process is repeated as often as needed to
produce a darker color.
IMPERIAL BLUE
Imperial Blue Color coordinates Hex triplet #002395 HSV (h, s, v)
(226°, 100%, 58%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (0, 35, 149) Source [Unsourced] ISCC–NBS
descriptor Vivid blue B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
IN NATURE
Birds
Indigo bunting
Male indigobirds are a very dark, metallic blue.
The indigo bunting, native to North America, is mostly bright cerulean blue with
an indigo head. The related blue grosbeak is, ironically, more indigo than the
indigo bunting. Fungi
An upturned Lactarius indigo mushroom
Lactarius indigo is one of the very few species of mushrooms colored in tones of
blue.
Snakes
Eastern indigo snake
The eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon couperi, of the southeastern United States,
is a dark blue/black.
IN CULTURE
Literature
Marina Warner’s novel Indigo (1992) is a retelling of Shakespeare’s The
Tempest and features the production of indigo dye by Sycorax.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
* Electric indigo is sometimes used as a glow color for computer graphics
lighting, possibly because it seems to change color from indigo
to lavender when blended with white.
DYES
Indigo is created in potholes carved in pumice “tufgrond” in Karoland, Sumatra
* Indigo dye was used to dye denim, giving the original ‘blue jeans‘ their
distinctive colour.
* Guatemala, as of 1778, was considered one of the world’s foremost providers
of indigo.[34]
* In Mexico, indigo is known as añil.[35] After silver, and cochineal to
produce red, añil was the most important product exported by historical
Mexico.[36]
* The use of añil is survived in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas
and Mindanao. The powder dye is mixed with vinegar to be applied to the cheek
of a person suffering from mumps.[citation needed]
FOOD
* Scientists discovered in 2008 that when a banana becomes ripe, it glows
bright indigo under a black light. Some insects, as well as birds, see into
the ultraviolet, because they are tetrachromats and can use this information
to tell when a banana is ready to eat. The glow is the result of a chemical
created as the green chlorophyll in the peel breaks down.[37]
MILITARY
The French Army adopted dark blue indigo at the time of the French Revolution,
as a replacement for the white uniforms previously worn by the Royal infantry
regiments. In 1806, Napoleon decided to restore the white coats because of
shortages of indigo dye imposed by the British continental blockade. However,
the greater practicability of the blue color led to its retention, and indigo
remained the dominant color of French military coats until 1914.
SPIRITUALITY
The spiritualist applications use electric indigo, because the color is
positioned between blue and violet on the spectrum.[38]
* The color electric indigo is used in New Age philosophy to symbolically
represent the sixth chakra (called Ajna), which is said to include the third
eye. This chakra is believed to be related to intuition and gnosis (spiritual
knowledge).[39][40]
* Alice A. Bailey used indigo as the “second ray”, representing “Love-Wisdom”,
in her Seven Rays system classifying people into seven
metaphysical psychological types.[41]
* Psychics often associate indigo paranormal auras with an interest
in religion or with intense spirituality and intuition. Indigo children are
said to have predominantly indigo auras. People with indigo auras are said to
favor occupations such as computer analyst, animal caretaker,
and counselor.[42]
* In Paganism, it represents emotion, fluidity, insight, and expressiveness. It
is used to spiritually heal.[43]
INDIGO SYNTHESIS
Aims of the experiment Synthesis of the organic product indigo Explanation
of the chromaticity of indigo. Folloing the Bayer-Drewsen reaction mechanism.
Calculation of yield.
Principles Indigo synthesis was discovered in 1870 by Adolph von Bayer. It made
it possible, for the first time, to synthetically produce indigo, one of the
oldest and most important natural dyes. Today, dyeing of jeans is still the main
use of indigo. With an annual worldwide production of 30,000 tons,indigo is
still the most used textile dye
The chromaticity of indigo can be explained by the formation of a conjugated π
system with a total of 22 π electrons. In addition, there are 18 electrons from
9 double bonds and 4 electrons from free electron pairs at the nitrogen atoms.
In organic dyes, it is the P orbitals which run perpendicular to the core bond
axis that form the conjugated π systems if they lie in a common plane and are
adjacent to one another. The electrons distribute across the bonding molecular
orbitals and are delocalised over the entire π system.
Through electromagnetic radiation, electrons can be lifted from the bonding
molecular orbitals to antibonding molecular orbitals if the energy of the
irradiating light quanta corresponds to the energy of the orbital transition.
This process is called absorption. The wavelength at which a substance absorbs
the most light is determined by the energy difference between the highest
occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The more orbitals involved
in a π system, the more the energy states that exist vary and the lower the
energetic gap is between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied orbital.
As the size of the π system increases, the absorption maximum of a dye shifts to
the longer-wave spectral range. The absorbed portion of light is removed from
the spectrum of emitted light. Indigo absorbs light in the yellow spectral
range. The emitted light appears to us in the complementary colour blue. Through
structural modification of indigo, other colour shades than blue, which is
characteristic of indigo, can be generated. The group of substances derived from
indigo is called indigoid dyes. In the experiment presented here, indigo will be
produced according to the Bayer-Drewsen reaction from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. In
the evaluation, the reaction mechanism will be elucidated and the yield is
calculated. The use of indigo in dyeing is presented in experiment C5.2.4.1.
Risk assessment When carrying out the experiment, wear goggles, an apron and
gloves. Be careful in particular when adding the sodium hydroxide pellets, as
they are very corrosive. Keep the bottles of organic solvent away from possible
flame sources.
Set-up and preparation of the experiment Synthesis of indigo In a 100 ml
Erlenmeyer flask, 1 g of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is weighed out. Acetone, 1 N sodium
hydroxide and distilled water are prepared. Also, a 5 ml graduated pipette with
a pipetting ball is provided and a 10 ml measuring cylinder. The porcelain
Büchner funnel is inserted in to the suction flask with the rubber collar. The
suction flask is then connected to the water jet pump through a tube. A type 595
round filter is placed in the Büchner funnel in such a way that all holes of the
funnel are covered. A 100 ml beaker is prepared with 50 ml of ethanol.
Dying with indigo To dye the material, a 150 ml beaker is filled with 100 ml of
distilled water and placed on a magnetic stirrer with hotplate. 2 g of sodium
dithionite is weighed out onto a watch glass. Sodium hydroxide pellets and
ethanol are also needed.
Performing the experiment
Synthesis of indigo The weighed out 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is dissolved in 3 ml of
acetone. Then, 3 ml of distilled water and 1 ml of 1N soda lye are added. The
solution changes colour to dark brown in the process. After 5 minutes, the
solution is filtered. To do so, the water jet pump is first turned on. The
filter is made wet with a bit of ethanol. Note: Check to see that the filter is
situated correctly! All holes of the funnel must be covered by filter paper.
Only then are the contents of the Erlenmeyer flask poured over the filter in
small steps. Contents remaining in the Erlenmeyer flask are flushed out with
ethanol and also added to the Büchner funnel. After the liquid in the Erlenmeyer
flask is filtered, the residue in the Büchner funnel is washed again with a bit
of ethanol. Then the pump is turned off. The residue obtained will still look a
bit brown, but can be used for dying.
Observation 1. After adding the sodium hydroxide to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and
acetone, the solution turns dark brown. 2. During nutsch filtering, a blue-brown
mixture is obtained. 3. The dried indigo weighs about 1.1 g.
Result of the experiment
Indigo synthesis mechanism In indigo synthesis 2 molecules of acetone formally
react with 2 molecules of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with splitting of 2 molecules of
acetic acid and 2 molecules of water to form indigo. molecules of acetic acid
and 2 molecules of water to form indigo.
The first step of the mechanism is an aldol addition. The sodium hydroxide
causes an acidic proton to split off. The acetone can then attack the carbonyl
group of the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde as a nucleophile. The result of the aldol
reaction is an aldol (Fig. 4).
Another acidic proton can be split off. In the second step, the free electron
pair at the carbon atom attacks the nitro group nucleophilically in an
intramolecular reaction. The splitting of the third acidic proton leads to the
formation of a double bond at the nitrogen and enables the splitting of one of
the oxygens as water. After the formation of the double bond, a fourth acidic
proton can be split off. A double bond is generated next to the hydroxide group.
The electron pair of the double bond at the nitrogen travels to the previously
formally positively charged nitrogen (Fig. 5). The third step is a tautomeric
conversion of the enol to the keto form (Fig. 6). In the fourth step, a
hydroxide ion nucleophilically attacks one of the carbonyl groups. Acetic acid
and water are split off. The instabile orange indolone is produced as an
intermediate synthesis product (Fig. 7).
The brownish colour after addition of sodium hydroxide is explained as a mixed
colour of orange indolone and blue indigo since the dimerisation does not
initially proceed to completion. Determination of Yield For the calculation of
yield the theoretically possible amount of indigo is compared to the actual
isolated amount. Limited starting material in this case I 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
The other substances are present in excess. 2 g Nitrobenzaldehyde (M = 151,12
g/mol) are 13,2 mmol. Looking at the reaction equation (Fig 2), 2 molecules of
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde yield 1 molecule of indigo. The maximal amount is thus 13,2
/ 2 mmol = 6,6 mmol Indigo (M = 262,27 g/mol). In the filter, a maximum of 6,6
mmol ∙ 262,27 g/mol = 1,7 g indigo can be present. In the experiment, 1.1 g
Indigo were isolated. Thus, the yield is 65%. Cleaning and disposal The wash
water contains ethanol, therefore, it must be added to the container for organic
solvent waste. The rest of the vat can be added to the container for inorganic
solvent waste.
SEE ALSO
* Baptisia (false indigo), a genus of flowering plants
* Champaran Satyagraha, the first pacifist rebellion of Mahatma Gandhi against
the British Raj
* Indigofera, a genus of flowering plants
* Indiglo, a brand name for a method of electroluminescence technology
* Lists of colors
* Persicaria tinctoria, Japanese Indigo
* Rainbow, indigo is usually the sixth listed color of the rainbow
* Indigo dye, used in dyeing blue jeans their characteristic color
REFERENCES
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Rosen, Joe (26 June 2017). Encyclopedia of Physics.
Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110134 – via Google Books.
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on 14 December 2007.
3. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197;
Color Sample of Indigo: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample E10
4. ^ Splitstoser, Jeffrey C.; Dillehay, Tom D.; Wouters, Jan; Claro, Ana
(September 2016). “Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru”. Science
Advances. 2 (9):
e1501623. Bibcode:2016SciA….2E1623S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623. PMC 5023320. PMID 27652337.
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Withnall: “Indigo, woad, and Tyrian Purple: important vat dyes from
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revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the
assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940;
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8. ^ Pritchard, James (2004). In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas,
1670–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
9. ^ Eliza Layne Martin. “Eliza Lucas Pinckney:Indigo in the Atlantic
World” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 24
August 2013.
10. ^ “Eliza Lucas Pinckney” Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback
Machine, Biographies, National Women’s History Museum, 2007, accessed
December 7, 2008.
11. ^ “Getting the blues: the pastel trade in southwest France”. Life on La
Lune. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
12. ^ Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph (2009). The anthropology of language: an
introduction to linguistic anthropology (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
p. 29. ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7.
13. ^ Group, The HURIS. “Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation ( EMR
)”. www.huris.com.
14. ^ “VIBGYOR Color Segmentation – File Exchange – MATLAB
Central”. www.mathworks.com.
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Retrieved 24 November 2016.
16. ^ Arthur C. Hardy and Fred H. Perrin. The Principles of Optics.McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York. 1932.
17. ^ Allen, O.N. Allen & Ethel K. (1981). The Leguminosae: a source book of
characteristics, uses, and nodulation (null ed.). Madison, Wisc.:
University of Wisconsin Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4.
18. ^ Newton’s draft of A Theory Concerning Light and Colors on
newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk
19. ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014.
Retrieved 16 October 2010.
20. ^ Brewster, David (1855). Memoirs of the life, writings and discoveries of
Sir Isaac Newton, Volume 1. p. 408.
21. ^ Ronchi, Lucia R.; Jodi Sandford (2009). The Excentric Blue. An Abridged
Historical Review. Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi. ISBN 978-88-88649-19-1.
22. ^ Evans, Ralph M. (1974). The perception of color (null ed.). New York:
Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-24785-2.
23. ^ McLaren, K. (March 2007). “Newton’s indigo”. Color Research &
Application. 10 (4): 225–∠229. doi:10.1002/col.5080100411.
24. ^ Waldman, Gary (2002). Introduction to light : the physics of light,
vision, and color (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications.
p. 193. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6.
25. ^ Asimov, Isaac (1975). Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-395-20716-1.
26. ^ J. W. G. Hunt (1980). Measuring Color. Ellis Horwood
Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7458-0125-4.
27. ^ Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of
Atmospheric Radiation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-40503-9.
28. ^ Forret, Peter. “RGB Color converter – toolstudio”. web.forret.com.
29. ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones(Gallego,
Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H.
Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
30. ^ Knight, Oliver (1956–57), “History of the Cherokees,
1830–1846”, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical
Society, p. 164, OCLC 647927893
31. ^ Foreman, Grant (1934). The Five Civilized Tribes. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8061-0923-7.
32. ^ “It’s New and It’s Blue” (Indigo advertisement), The Globe and Mail,
Toronto, 1 October 1999, p. A3
33. ^ “Indigo Bookstore had a ‘Think Blue’ campaign back in 1999” according
to: “Think Blue 2008: a Before and After Tale of Silly Turf Battles and
Redemptive Communication”. Retrieved 4 February2013.[better source needed]
34. ^ Kitchin, Thomas (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing
an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers
in Europe. London: R. Baldwin. p. 30.
35. ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color.
Akal. ISBN 978-84-460-1083-8.
36. ^ Article „añil“ in: Enciclopedia de México, vol 1, Mexiko-City: Secretaría
de Educacion Pública, 1987
37. ^ Zurer, Rachel. “Three Smart Things About Banana Peels”. Wired.
Retrieved February 28, 2020.
38. ^ Tansley, David W. Subtle Body: Essence and Shadow 1984 (Art and Cosmos
Series–Jill Purce, editor)
39. ^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels.
City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1-894663-49-7 pg. 24
40. ^ Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California:1976
Shambala Publishing and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (Handbook
for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place
primarily at the De Young Museum, but also at other museums) Indigo Pages
152–153 The color indigo is stated to represent intuition.
41. ^ Bailey, Alice A. (1995). The Seven Rays of Life. New York: Lucis
Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-85330-142-4.
42. ^ Oslie, Pamalie Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura RevealNovato,
California:2000–New World Library Indigo Auras: Pages 161–174
43. ^ “Magical Properties of Colors”. Wicca Living. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
EXTERNAL LINKS
* Works related to An 1869 debate over whether “indigo” is an appropriate term
for the spectral color. at Wikisource
Indigo
A piece of indigo plant dye from India,
about 6 cm (2.5 in) square
Wavelength 450–420[1](disputed) nm Color coordinates Hex triplet #3F00FF
HSV (h, s, v) (255°, 100%, 100%) sRGBB (r, g, b) (63, 0, 255) Source
HTML/CSS[2] ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid blue B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
///////
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ALL ABOUT DRUGS
* Dr. D Srinivasa Reddy appointed Director CSIR-IICT Hyderabad on 7th June
2022. A new assignment June 8, 2022
Dr. D Srinivasa Reddy appointed Director CSIR-IICT Hyderabad India on 7th
June 2022. A new assignment This is on recommendation from search cum
selection committee which met Prime minister who is president CSIR on 2nd may
2022 currently he is Director CSIR-IIIM jammu we wish him all the best in New
assignment D. Srinivasa Reddy […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* Pharmacodia Intelligence/”Internet+” big data information platform for
pharmaceutical R&D April 12, 2022
How are you? Please allow me to introduce Pharmacodia global drug Database
& services to you briefly. Pharmacodia Global Pharmaceutical Intelligence
Platform is the first tier drug database for R&D Professionals including
40,000+ Drug data, 13,817,000+ Patents, 488,000+ Registration & Approval,
414,000+ Clinical Trials and 63,000+ items related regulatory policies.
Focusing on the drug […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* Pharmaceutical eMES (eBMR) – why and how? February 21, 2022
PRIYA RANJAN BELWARIAR CEO, Laurus Infosystems (Guest article) Pharmaceutical
eMES (eBMR) – why and how? The “e Manufacturing Execution System” for
pharmaceutical manufacturing is different from eMES in any other
manufacturing industry. The difference primarily comes from the stringent
Regulatory Compliance norms to be adhered to in Pharmaceutical Operations. In
the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing the eMES […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* What is investigational new drug (IND) Application? Neha parashar February
18, 2022
What is Investigational New Drug (IND) Application? | Regulatory Learnings |
Drug Regulatory Affairs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTOtI7HfE9I
GUEST AUTHOR Neha Parashar, PMP® Senior Manager Regulatory CMC | Regulatory
Project Management | Regulatory Strategy | Biologicals Neha’s Profile
linkedin.com/in/neha-parashar Email nehaparashar.niper@gmail.com Welcome to
the PharmaCamp with Neha. With this video channel. I would like to […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* Anthony crasto is now Consultant Glenmark Lifesciences at Glenmark Life
Sciences! January 18, 2022
I’m happy to share that I’m starting a new position as Consultant Glenmark
Lifesciences at Glenmark Life Sciences! 17th Jan 2022, A new innings I
retired 16th Jan 2022 at 58 yrs from Glenmark . completed 16 yrs 2 months 30
plus years in the field of Process research AS ON DEC2021 3,491,869 VIEWS
ON […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* ASMF September 15, 2021
What is an ASMF? An Active Substance Master File (ASMF), or formerly known as
European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is a set of documents that
protects the valuable confidential intellectual property of the manufacturer.
The main objective of the Active Substance Master File (ASMF) procedure,
formerly known as the European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is to allow
[…]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* From lab to patient: journey of a medicine. EMA September 9, 2021
From lab to patient: journey of a medicine. EMA Follow the journey of a
medicine for human use assessed by EMA in this interactive timeline. It
explains all stages from initial research to patient access, including how
EMA supports medicine development, assesses the benefits and risks and
monitors the safety of medicine From laboratory to patient: […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* PragMetis Pharmaserve LLP July 2, 2021
PragMetis Pharmaserve LLP www.pragmetis.com PragMetis was named after Metis;
the Greek goddess of pragmatism , wisdom, prudence and deep thought. The logo
signifies the legendry “Wisdom tree” SERVICES Custom Research : Route
scouting, lab quantities OWN PDTS. Complete in-house GMP manufacturing
from Sept 2020 Custom manufacturing , less than 20 Kg from own lab setup,
larger-from […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* Indigo April 1, 2021
INDIGO Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color.
Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some
plants of the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria; dye
wielding Indigofera plants were commonly grown and used throughout the world,
in Asia in particular, as an important crop, with the production of indigo
dyestuff economically important due to the previous rarity […]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
* AGGARWWAL EXPORTS (agexpharma.com): S-Epichlorohydrin manufacturer in India
September 16, 2020
OPINION FROM PRANJAL VARSHNEY ……. AGGARWWAL EXPORTS (agexpharma.com):
S-Epichlorohydrin manufacturer in India Aggarwwal Exports
(www.agexpharma.com) leads the way to become first company in India to
manufacture S- Epichlorohydrin (CAS No.: 67843-74-7) in India. The
company holds a cGMP and ISO 9001 registration for the product with an audit
ready plant. Aggarwwal Exports – Specialty chemical division’s core strength
[…]
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
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* Dr. D Srinivasa Reddy appointed Director CSIR-IICT Hyderabad on 7th June
2022. A new assignment June 8, 2022
* Pharmacodia Intelligence/”Internet+” big data information platform for
pharmaceutical R&D April 12, 2022
* Pharmaceutical eMES (eBMR) – why and how? February 21, 2022
* What is investigational new drug (IND) Application? Neha parashar February
18, 2022
* Anthony crasto is now Consultant Glenmark Lifesciences at Glenmark Life
Sciences! January 18, 2022
* ASMF September 15, 2021
* From lab to patient: journey of a medicine. EMA September 9, 2021
* PragMetis Pharmaserve LLP July 2, 2021
* Indigo April 1, 2021
* AGGARWWAL EXPORTS (agexpharma.com): S-Epichlorohydrin manufacturer in India
September 16, 2020
* SULCARDINE SULPHATE August 13, 2020
* World List of pharmacy schools February 27, 2020
* An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand
supported iron catalysis January 16, 2020
* Panthera Deluxe, Polymeric spe products from Orochem November 30, 2019
* AGGARWWAL EXPORTS : R-Glycidyl Butyrate first in India November 22, 2019
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chemistry Mumbai NEW DRUGS new patent NMR organic chemistry ORPHAN DRUG patent
pfizer phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 PHASE III preclinical PROCESS qbd roche synthesis
takeda USA WORLD DRUG TRACKER
* Dr. D Srinivasa Reddy appointed Director CSIR-IICT Hyderabad on 7th June
2022. A new assignment
* Pharmacodia Intelligence/”Internet+” big data information platform for
pharmaceutical R&D
* Pharmaceutical eMES (eBMR) – why and how?
* What is investigational new drug (IND) Application? Neha parashar
* Anthony crasto is now Consultant Glenmark Lifesciences at Glenmark Life
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DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D amcrasto@gmail.com
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GLENMARK SCIENTIST , NAVIMUMBAI, INDIA
……………………………………. DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D , Born in Mumbai in 1964 and
graduated from Mumbai University, Completed his PhD from ICT ,1991, Mumbai,
India in Organic chemistry, The thesis topic was Synthesis of Novel Pyrethroid
Analogues, Currently he is working with GLENMARKPHARMA LTD, Research centre as
Principal Scientist, Process Research (bulk actives) at Mahape, Navi Mumbai,
India. Prior to joining Glenmark, he worked with major multinationals like
Hoechst Marion Roussel, now Sanofi Aventis, & Searle India ltd, now Rpg
lifesciences, etc. He has worked in Basic research, Neutraceuticals, Natural
products, Flavors, Fragrances, Pheromones, Vet Drugs, Drugs, formulation, GMP
etc. He has total 25 yrs exp in this field, he is now helping millions, has 9
million hits on google on all organic chemistry websites. His New Drug Approvals
, Green Chemistry International, Eurekamoments in Organic Chemistry , Organic
Chemistry by Dr Anthony, WIX BLOG , are some most read chemistry blogs He has
hands on experience in initiation and developing novel routes for drug molecules
and implementation them on commercial scale over a 29 year tenure, good
knowledge of IPM, GMP, Regulatory aspects, he has several international drug
patents published worldwide . He has good proficiency in Technology Transfer,
Spectroscopy , Stereochemistry , Synthesis, Reactions in Org Chem ,
Polymorphism, Pharmaceuticals , Medicinal chemistry , Organic chemistry
literature , Patent related site , Green chemistry , Reagents , R & D ,
Molecules , Heterocyclic chem , Sourcing etc He suffered a paralytic stroke in
dec 2007 and is bound to a wheelchair, this seems to have injected feul in him
to help chemists around the world, he is more active than before and is pushing
boundaries, he has 2.5 lakh connections on all networking sites, He makes
himself available to all, contact him on +91 9323115463, amcrasto@gmail.com
DISCLAIMER
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