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Blog
Engineering
REDPANDA’S OFFICIAL JEPSEN REPORT: WHAT WE FIXED, AND WHAT WE SHOULDN’T
A detailed analysis of Redpanda’s official Jepsen report, including a discussion
on write-write conflicts in the Apache Kafka® protocol.
ByDenis RystsovonMay 3, 2022
Copy link
> See Jepsen Findings OnDemand!
>
> Watch the recorded webcast of Kyle Kingsbury (@jepsen_io) to see how Redpanda
> fared in his recent Jepsen Test.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION
The sad reality of physics is that you don’t have a say. Computers will crash,
hard drives will fail, and your cat will unplug your network cable — facts.
Redpanda is a new streaming storage engine, designed from the ground up to keep
your data safe despite the reality of physics. We use formally verified
protocols like Raft and two-phase commit to remain consistent and available
during failures such as network partitions, slow disks, faulty filesystems, etc.
But the fact that our chosen protocols work in theory doesn't guarantee that an
implementation won’t contain optimization-induced bugs. We need independent and
empirical evidence of correctness.
In this post, we’ll discuss in detail how Redpanda fared in our Jepsen Report.
We’re sharing this because we believe the more transparent we are with our
community, the better Redpanda will serve the developers and engineers who want
an insanely fast event streaming platform that’s also simple to use. That said,
let’s jump into what Jepsen testing is and what it found.
WHAT IS JEPSEN?
Jepsen is a company that provides auditing services in the domain of distributed
systems. Software development teams partner with Jepsen to check that their
software does what they say it does.
Writing correct programs is a challenge, and writing concurrent programs is even
more challenging. Writing “correct” distributed programs is a next-level
challenge because it requires that engineers think not only about the edge cases
and implicit memory state, but also about the implicit state of the hardware and
network.
Since it's not uncommon for mistakes to occur, passing the Jepsen system audit
acts as a public quality indicator.
Typically, a Jepsen partnership lasts several months and includes analyzing the
documentation, writing custom test harnesses, and running multiple tests with
specialized fault injections. Jepsen uses an open source framework (also called
Jepsen) to identify consistency issues. It's useful to think about the framework
the same way we think about unit testing frameworks – JUnit, ScalaTest, and
unittest. They simplify writing unit tests, but the real value comes from the
tests and not the libraries.
The same holds true with Jepsen. The framework may be used by a company on its
own, but the real value comes from the expertise of the people behind it and
their ability to tune the framework and write new tests covering a system.
Redpanda partnered with Jepsen and worked together for several months to make
sure that Redpanda doesn't have consistency issues by the end of the
partnership.
REDPANDA'S JEPSEN RESULTS
How did Redpanda fare in its Jepsen testing? Redpanda is a safe system without
known consistency problems. The consensus layer is solid. The idempotency and
transactional layers had issues that we have already fixed. The only consistency
findings we haven't addressed reflect unusual properties of the Apache Kafka ®
protocol itself, rather than of a particular implementation.
Let's review the Jepsen report. The discovered issues can be classified into two
categories – consistency and availability – based on which of the fundamental
properties of the distributed systems they affect: safety or liveness.
SAFETY
The safety property requires that something bad will never happen, particularly
that a system doesn't violate its specification. For example:
* Under RYW (Read-Your-Writes), a read following a write issued in the same
session must see the effects of the write (unless it's overwritten).
* With linearizability, the effects of the updates/reads are totally ordered
and the order is consistent with the wall clock.
* Under SI (Snapshot Isolation) a multi-read must return data belonging to the
same snapshot.
Safety is like trust in that even a single incident compromises it.
The practical implication of having a consistent system is to ensure an
application developer to rely on the guarantees instead of writing code to
counter the anomalies.
The Jepsen testing confirmed the consistency bugs that we had already found
(3039, 3003, 3036) using in-house chaos tests, revealed new safety problems and
verified that we fixed all of them. Overall, the report mentions the following
consistency issues:
The aforementioned “by design” issues (highlighted in pink) are fundamental
parts of the Kafka protocol. Viewed from the lens of a database transactional
model, they might look like safety violations, but they are not. Instead, they
are the result of a design decision that affects all Kafka protocol
implementations, including Kafka, Redpanda and Pulsar, and that behavior is
familiar to Kafka practitioners.
We discuss write cycles below while KAFKA-13574 is described in the linked issue
and the internal non-monotonic polls are caused by the degenerate group
rebalancing (see the report).
LIVENESS
Safety doesn't cover non-functional requirements. A system may reject every
request and still be deemed 100% safe — the system doesn't make progress so it
can't be caught lying.
But when a system is down, it is far from being useful. The liveness property
covers this gap and states a system should make progress. Unfortunately, total
availability is impossible to achieve with consistent systems. Even when the
system is perfect and doesn't have bugs, a faulty network may completely stall
the progress. See "Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty
Process" (the FLP result) for details.
This impossibility result shifts discussion into the probability domain and is
the reason why we talk about the number of nines in the context of high
availability, while never reaching the limit of 100% availability. Jepsen
revealed the following availability issues in Redpanda:
We're still investigating the highlighted issues. Fortunately, in terms of
impact and frequency, those availability issues have more leeway around when we
address them — especially compared to consistency bugs. They don't cause data
loss and don't reorder the events.
WHAT DID WE LEARN FROM THE PARTNERSHIP?
Kyle Kingsbury, creator of the Jepsen testing framework, helped us to look at
the Kafka transactional protocol with a fresh set of eyes and to recognize the
fundamental differences between Kafka and database transactional models.
WRITE-WRITE CONFLICTS IN THE KAFKA PROTOCOL
The database world has isolation levels to describe the variations between
different transaction models: read committed, snapshot isolation,
serializability, strict serializability, etc. One level is stronger than another
when it prevents more anomalies. For example, read committed is the weakest
isolation level because it prevents the least number of anomalies.
Initially, the isolation levels were informally defined. Later, the definitions
grew more precise:
* ANSI X3.135-1986 (1986)
* A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels (1995)
* Generalized Isolation Level Definitions (2000)
Databases support general purpose computations and don't know about the
application semantics. As a result, databases may solve control concurrency in
only a very general way, which leads to coarse granularity of the isolation
levels.
More specifically, under serializability a database spec enforces the property
that any allowed concurrent execution of the transactions should be equivalent
to the sequential execution of the same transactions. This requirement isn't so
strict for read-only transactions and varies based on the isolation level, but
for the write transactions it's true no matter the isolation level. And when the
sequential execution is violated, it's known as a G0 anomaly (write-write
conflict).
For example, consider two concurrent transactions: {a=0; b=0;} and {a=1; b=1;}.
When G0 is prohibited, we may only have two outcomes: {a:0,b:0} and {a:1,b:1}.
With G0 the transactions may also get interweaved results: {a:0,b:1} and
{a:1,b:0}.
The fact that the weakest isolation model outlaws G0 doesn't make G0 useless in
other transactional models. Let's refer to the parallel domain – consensus to
understand why G0 may be useful.
Note that when consensus folks talk about linearizability, they are really
referring to the order of the updates. When database folks talk about
serializability, they are really referring to the order of the transactions,
independent of time. Those concepts are very similar so we may draw parallels
between the domains.
Imagine that we need to build a replicated data structure store (something like
Redis). When the list of the data structures isn't finalized the only general
approach for replication we can use is to take Paxos or Raft and execute all
updates in order.
The magic happens when the list of the supported data structure is known ahead
of time so we can choose a specialized replication protocol. For example, when
the data structure operations commute (like add operation with the sets) we may
use CRDT replication. With CRDT the replication of different operations happens
in parallel and it's impossible to deduce the global order.
Paxos & CRDT chose different approaches in the universality/performance
tradeoff. From the database perspective the CRDT approach looks exactly like G0,
but the lack of order doesn't limit CRDT practicality — we just used it to
design a functional data structure store.
The difference between Kafka and database transactions is about the same
universality / performance tradeoff. Databases are universal. They support
plenty of operations and can be used to model various processes including Kafka.
On the other hand, Kafka (if we oversimplify) is just a collection of named
append-only lists. A database is an engine while Kafka is a pipe. This
specialization pays off with the concurrency control: Kafka/Redpanda knows ahead
of time that all the operations are compatible and may execute them in parallel,
which from the DB perspective looks like G0.
Kafka has its own model and the attempts to fit it into database formalism may
give one the impression that it's broken beyond repair:
> “Redpanda engineers make an even stronger claim: If two different
> transactional IDs ever interact with the same topic, guarantees within a
> single transactional ID, and even within a single transaction, go out the
> window.”
> “Kafka and Redpanda offer less of a transaction system in the sense that
> database users are accustomed to, and more of a choose-your-own-adventure book
> in which half the pages are missing, critical plot points are scrawled in the
> margins by other readers, and most paths lead to silent invariant violations.”
Unfortunately, the Kafka protocol is in its early days compared to relational
databases and we don't have a formal model describing it at the time of this
writing. But that doesn't mean we lack the model. It's implicit and scattered
through the documentation, KIPs and the implementation. But this situation isn't
unique; people have been using databases since the 70s and knew about their
behavior long before the model became formalized in academia.
The Redpanda/Kafka model includes the following properties:
* there are no read transactions
* there is no total order between transactions
* transactions may interweave
* transactions with the same transaction ID are totally ordered
* order can only be guaranteed within a partition
* a record becomes visible when:
* its transaction is committed
* all previous records in the same partition are visible
The implications of this design are that it's possible to make transactions
incredibly fast. For example Redpanda does up to 5K distributed (cross-shard)
replicated transactions per second on moderate hardware. It would be mind
blowing for a database to achieve the same result.
HIDDEN API IN REDPANDA
Another thing Kyle helped us to realize is that we don't advertise our API well
enough. The report mentions a hidden API:
> “Membership changes involved undocumented HTTP APIs (and new ones had to be
> built in order to perform membership changes safely) but Jepsen is confident
> that this process can be streamlined”
> “As of this writing, Redpanda documentation still did not mention how to
> remove nodes from the cluster ... operators who wish to perform node changes
> more safely (or rapidly!) can use a new API”
> “Even in production mode, Redpanda did not provide fault tolerance by default
> for its transaction coordinator, ID allocator, and internal metadata. This
> allowed Redpanda to run on a single-node installation out of the box, but
> could lead to safety issues if a single node fails.”
Let us use this blog post as an opportunity to give a sneak peak into the hidden
parts that haven't gotten yet to our docs and clarify the mentioned fault
tolerance thing.
We start with something known and use docker to run a single instance of
Redpanda:
docker network create -d bridge redpandanet && \
docker volume create redpanda1 && \
docker volume create redpanda2 && \
docker volume create redpanda3
docker run -d --pull=always --name=redpanda-1 --hostname=redpanda-1 --net=redpandanet -p 8082:8082 -p 9092:9092 -p 9644:9644 -v "redpanda1:/var/lib/redpanda/data" docker.vectorized.io/vectorized/redpanda:v21.11.15 redpanda start --smp 1 --memory 1G --reserve-memory 0M --overprovisioned --node-id 0 --check=false --pandaproxy-addr 0.0.0.0:8082 --advertise-pandaproxy-addr 127.0.0.1:8082 --kafka-addr 0.0.0.0:9092 --advertise-kafka-addr 127.0.0.1:9092 --rpc-addr 0.0.0.0:33145 --advertise-rpc-addr redpanda-1:33145 --set redpanda.enable_idempotence=true
It clearly isn't fault tolerant because it's just a single node. But if we have
only a cluster's endpoint and don't know its size, how can we find it? There is
a command for it:
curl http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/cluster_view
> {"version": 0, "brokers": [{"node_id": 0, "num_cores": 1, "membership_status": "active", "is_alive": true, "disk_space": [{"path": "/var/lib/redpanda/data", "free": 321733550080, "total": 696893898752}], "version": "v21.11.15 - 7325762b6f9e1586efc60ab97b8596f08510b31a-dirty"}]}
The response includes a list of brokers and the version of the view. Why is it
important? Imagine you have a large cluster, one node got isolated then you
added a new node, decommissioned it and want to check that the decommissioning
is over. How do you do it? You ask a random node for the list of brokers and
wait until the decommissioned node isn't there. Without the version you may
reach the isolated node and since it never knew the decommissioned node you
could get a premature signal that it is removed. A monotonically increasing
version gives you an opportunity to validate that the view without the node
comes after the view with the node and to avoid the false signal.
We haven't created any topic yet and the cluster is empty. But even in its
initial state it includes an internal topic that plays a role similar to
ZooKeeperⓇ in Kafka. Let's check its replication factor.
curl http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/redpanda/controller/0
> {"ns": "redpanda", "topic": "controller", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 0, "raft_group_id": 0, "replicas": [{"node_id": 0, "core": 0}]}
The cluster has only one node so the replication factor is one. By the way, we
also use another system topic to store the producer IDs but we create it on
demand so we need to produce at least one record to create it. Let's do it:
docker exec -it redpanda-1 rpk topic create topic1
docker exec -it redpanda-1 bash -c "echo foo | rpk topic produce topic1"
And then check that the internal topic is created
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka_internal/id_allocator/0
> {"ns": "kafka_internal", "topic": "id_allocator", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 0, "raft_group_id": 2, "replicas": [{"node_id": 0, "core": 0}]}
It's time to add new nodes to the cluster:
docker run -d --pull=always --name=redpanda-2 --hostname=redpanda-2 --net=redpandanet -p 9093:9093 -v "redpanda2:/var/lib/redpanda/data" docker.vectorized.io/vectorized/redpanda:v21.11.15 redpanda start --smp 1 --memory 1G --reserve-memory 0M --overprovisioned --node-id 1 --seeds "redpanda-1:33145" --check=false --pandaproxy-addr 0.0.0.0:8083 --advertise-pandaproxy-addr 127.0.0.1:8083 --kafka-addr 0.0.0.0:9093 --advertise-kafka-addr 127.0.0.1:9093 --rpc-addr 0.0.0.0:33146 --advertise-rpc-addr redpanda-2:33146 --set redpanda.enable_idempotence=true
docker run -d --pull=always --name=redpanda-3 --hostname=redpanda-3 --net=redpandanet -p 9094:9094 -v "redpanda3:/var/lib/redpanda/data" docker.vectorized.io/vectorized/redpanda:v21.11.15 redpanda start --smp 1 --memory 1G --reserve-memory 0M --overprovisioned --node-id 2 --seeds "redpanda-1:33145" --check=false --pandaproxy-addr 0.0.0.0:8084 --advertise-pandaproxy-addr 127.0.0.1:8084 --kafka-addr 0.0.0.0:9094 --advertise-kafka-addr 127.0.0.1:9094 --rpc-addr 0.0.0.0:33147 --advertise-rpc-addr redpanda-3:33147 --set redpanda.enable_idempotence=true
And check its size using the cluster_view API
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/cluster_view
> {"version": 12, "brokers": [{"node_id": 0, "num_cores": 1, "membership_status": "active", "is_alive": true, "disk_space": [{"path": "/var/lib/redpanda/data", "free": 321592573952, "total": 696893898752}], "version": "v21.11.15 - 7325762b6f9e1586efc60ab97b8596f08510b31a-dirty"},{"node_id": 1, "num_cores": 1, "membership_status": "active", "is_alive": true, "disk_space": [{"path": "/var/lib/redpanda/data", "free": 321592573952, "total": 696893898752}], "version": "v21.11.15 - 7325762b6f9e1586efc60ab97b8596f08510b31a-dirty"},{"node_id": 2, "num_cores": 1, "membership_status": "active", "is_alive": true}]}
If you query id_allocator fast enough you'll see that its replication factor is
still one (RF=1):
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka_internal/id_allocator/0
> {"ns": "kafka_internal", "topic": "id_allocator", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 0, "raft_group_id": 2, "replicas": [{"node_id": 0, "core": 0}]}
This is what Kyle means when he writes "Redpanda did not provide fault tolerance
by default," but if you wait about a minute and check again you'll notice that
the replication factor is increased:
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka_internal/id_allocator/0
> {"ns": "kafka_internal", "topic": "id_allocator", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 1, "raft_group_id": 2, "replicas": [{"node_id": 1, "core": 0},{"node_id": 2, "core": 0},{"node_id": 0, "core": 0}]}
This is a safety mechanism that mitigates an operator error if they forget to
tune id_allocator_replication. But we still recommend to set
id_allocator_replication explicitly and think about the automatic up-replication
the same way we think about an airbag in a car. It's there to increase safety
but let's not just rely on it during our daily driving.
It looks like thing are good now, but topic1 still has RF=1:
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka/topic1/0
> {"ns": "kafka", "topic": "topic1", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 0, "raft_group_id": 1, "replicas": [{"node_id": 0, "core": 0}]}
Let's up-replicate it:
curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" --request POST --data '[{ "node_id": 0, "core": 0 }, { "node_id": 1, "core": 0 }, { "node_id": 2, "core": 0 }]' http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka/topic1/0/replicas
Now topic1 also has RF=3:
curl -v http://127.0.0.1:9644/v1/partitions/kafka/topic1/0
> {"ns": "kafka", "topic": "topic1", "partition_id": 0, "status": "done", "leader_id": 0, "raft_group_id": 1, "replicas": [{"node_id": 0, "core": 0},{"node_id": 1, "core": 0},{"node_id": 2, "core": 0}]}
We're working on updating the docs to include those goodies.
CONCLUSION
Redpanda is a complex distributed system. Even at its core, it consists of
several components: consensus, idempotency, and transactions.
Each component provides an important function and stays at the hot path of
almost every request. Consensus is responsible for replication and durability,
idempotency provides session guarantees and deduplication, while transactions
are responsible for atomicity.
Our partnership with Jepsen helped us to check that the consensus layer is rock
solid, to identify and fix problems with transactions and idempotency, to find
the gaps in documentation, to gain confidence in the in-house chaos testing, and
to look at the transactional model from a new perspective, inspiring us for
upcoming blog posts.
It may seem that working with Jepsen would feel like working with an internal
affairs investigator, but it was quite the opposite. During the months of
partnership it felt like we got a new experienced colleague and, in the end, we
made Redpanda safer together.
We encourage you to read the full Jepsen report here.
If you want to discuss our Jepsen results with us or other members of our
community, join us on Slack. Go to our GitHub to check out our source-available
code, or view our documentation for more information.
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