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1
TOP 5 FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCIBILITY IN RESEARCH
ResearchScientific Transparency
By Shrutika Sirisilla Nov 2, 2022
5 mins read 🔊 Listen
Rating:(average: 4 out of 5. Total: 1)
Shrutika Sirisilla, "Top 5 Factors Affecting Reproducibility in Research." Enago
Academy. March 31, 2022.
https://www.enago.com/academy/top-5-factors-affecting-reproducibility-in-scientific-research/.
Copy
How can science go wrong? This thought often comes to researchers. When you
discuss with your PI about designing an experiment, and your PI informs you
about how replicating the experiments and its results is crucial. You manage to
plan the experiment, successfully complete it, and acquire results. Post
analysis of these results from repeated experiments, you found that you are not
able to reproduce the same results that you received the first time you did the
experiment! Do you think your science has gone wrong? Well, read on to find out
how reproducibility in research impacts your research and how you can improve at
replicating and reproducing your results!
Table of Contents
* What is Research Reproducibility?
* Reproducibility Issues
* 5 Factors Affecting Reproducibility in Scientific Research
* 1. Lack of Access to Raw Data and Methodologies
* 2. Invalidated Biological Materials
* 3. Lack of Knowledge to Analyze Data
* 4. Incorrect Laboratory Practices
* 5. Undervaluing Negative Results
* Best Ways to Improve Reproducibility in Research
* 1. Open Science Approach
* 2. Use of Validated Biomaterials
* 3. Train Researchers on Statistical Methods and Study Design
* 4. Practice Giving Thorough Description of Methods and Methodology
* 5. Promote and Publish Negative Data
WHAT IS RESEARCH REPRODUCIBILITY?
Reproducibility in research is a major factor that determines the uniqueness of
research study. It means obtaining consistent results using the same data and
protocol as the original study. For example, researchers confirm the validity of
a new discovery by repeating the experiments that produced the original results.
Moreover, other researchers in the field are also able to repeat the same
experiments producing the results similar to the original results.
This exercise of producing valid experiments and results build authentic
scientific discoveries which are more reliable in the scientific fraternity and
help develop robust literature for future research studies of the same field.
However, many research studies provide significant results but their findings
cannot be reproduced. It disappoints the researchers and raises the question on
whether the research question or the hypothesis of the research study is valid;
and should the researcher plan a different methodology to approach the research
question.
Although a challenging and an often discussed topic, scientific reproducibility
has been an issue that institutes and funding agencies are trying to resolve.
The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) identifies methods and best
practices that would enhance the reproducibility in fundamental research.
Furthermore, ASCB has given different terms explaining reproducibility as
follows:
Direct Replication – Wherein the original experimental design and conditions are
used to reproduce previously observed results.
Analytic Replication – A series of scientific findings are reproduced by
reanalyzing the original data set.
Systemic Replication – Published findings are reproduced under different
experimental conditions.
Conceptual Replication – A phenomenon is validated by evaluating a different set
of experimental conditions.
REPRODUCIBILITY ISSUES
Lack of reproducibility in research cannot be traced back to a single cause, but
there are various reasons where research cannot be reproduced. The lack of
research reproducibility has a negative impact on scientific output efficiency,
scientific progress, and utilization of resources. Moreover, it impacts the
trust of common people in scientific research. These problems are difficult to
quantify but there have been estimates of financial expenditures wasted due to
inappropriate research study designs. Furthermore, contributing to
non-reproducible research gives incorrect results, leading into non-publication
of the studies.
5 FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCIBILITY IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1. LACK OF ACCESS TO RAW DATA AND METHODOLOGIES
To reproduce original results, researchers must have access to the original
data, protocols, and key research materials. Reproducibility in research is
greatly hindered if there is lack of access to raw data and scientific
methodologies. Systems such as data repositories and biorepositories should be
made available to decrease the issue of data sharing.
2. INVALIDATED BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Reproducibility in research can be complicated in case they cannot track the
original source of biological materials. Moreover, research results can be
significantly affected and replication of data from such experiments are reduced
if contaminated biological materials are used ignorantly. Additionally, in
studies related to primary cell culture, variations in gene expression, growth
rate and migration occurs due to serial passaging which leads to
non-reproducible results.
3. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE TO ANALYZE DATA
Scientific research has led to creating complex data sets. These data sets are
only useful to the research when analyzed and represented in the best
statistical formats. However, many researchers lack the knowledge or tools to
analyze or interpret the data correctly. This limitation causes
misinterpretation of results and obstructs the research reproducibility.
4. INCORRECT LABORATORY PRACTICES
Poor laboratory practices can result in poor experimental designs. Designing the
laboratory experiments is a crucial step in producing an authentic research
study. Incorrect research study or experimental practices can affect the results
significantly. These designs without clear experimental parameters and
methodologies might decrease the reproducibility. Improper laboratory practices
may also lead to contamination of biological materials.
5. UNDERVALUING NEGATIVE RESULTS
Scientific research is not only about the positive results or proving a
hypothesis right, but also about justifying the negative results. Researchers
are rewarded for publishing novel findings but not encouraged to publish the
negative results. In fact, there is limited knowledge among the early career
researchers regarding the platform to publish negative results. Awareness of
publishing negative results could enhance the researchers’ efforts and avoid
repetition of work which is otherwise difficult to reproduce and replicate.
BEST WAYS TO IMPROVE REPRODUCIBILITY IN RESEARCH
1. OPEN SCIENCE APPROACH
Open science gives access to scientific articles, published data, and
collaborative research. It is an umbrella term that involves events aiming to
provide open source of information, open collaboration, open peer review, open
educational resources, research crowdfunding etc. Access to scientific
literature and raw data aids researchers’ in creating reliable and replicable
results. Thus, improving the reproducibility in research.
2. USE OF VALIDATED BIOMATERIALS
Data reproducibility can be improved by using validated biological materials.
Use of cell lines and microorganisms that confirm the phenotypic and genotypic
traits improve the researchers’ experimental outcome and results. Moreover,
lack of contaminants will lead to authenticated and reliable data results, which
are more likely to reproducible.
3. TRAIN RESEARCHERS ON STATISTICAL METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN
Researchers must be aware of the statistical methods and strictly adhere to the
best practices in statistical analyses. Moreover, they should be trained to plan
and structure the experiments properly. This could enhance the validity and
authenticity of their statistical data and increase the chances of scientific
reproducibility in research.
4. PRACTICE GIVING THOROUGH DESCRIPTION OF METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
It is a good practice to give detailed methods and methodologies to other
researchers for reference and reproduction of results. Researchers should also
report their objectives related to experimental parameters, such as use of
equipment, instruments, standards, number of replicates, interpretation of
results, statistical analysis etc.
5. PROMOTE AND PUBLISH NEGATIVE DATA
Among many research institutes, negative data that does not support the
hypothesis is not supported or encouraged to be published. Moreover, the
researchers are advised to design experiments and continue to perform the
research work until they achieve results that match the hypothesis. However,
publishing negative data helps interpreting positive results from related
studies and does not waste the researchers’ efforts and negative data.
Reproducibility is a mark of credible research. The scientific community is
inclined towards achieving reproducibility in research and expects researchers
to take responsibility for the accuracy in results. Furthermore, funders,
publishers and ethical bodies should raise awareness about lack of
reproducibility and promote better research practices among the early career
researchers.
Have you encountered any reproducibility or replicating data issues during your
research project? How did you overcome or manage it? Write to us or email us and
discuss how can we deal with the problems related to reproducibility in
research.
ResearchScientific Transparency
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WE RECOMMEND
1. The Importance of Scientific Transparency and Reproducibility
By Enago Academy et al., Enago Academy, 2017
2. Data Fabrication & Reproducibility: How Triangulation Offers Novel Solutions
By Enago Academy et al., Enago Academy, 2018
3. Top 10 Journals to Publish Your Negative Results
By Dr. Shweta Murudkar et al., Enago Academy, 2020
4. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology to Replicate Only 18 Studies Now
By Enago Academy et al., Enago Academy, 2018
5. Experts’ Take: Why Is It Important to Publish Negative Results
By Enago Academy et al., Enago Academy, 2016
1. Teaching open and reproducible scholarship: a critical review of the
evidence base for current pedagogical methods and their outcomes
Madeleine Pownall et al., Royal Society Open Science, 2023
2. The Very Reproducible (But Illusory) Mesosome
Douglas Allchin, The American Biology Teacher, 2022
3. Reproducible Findings in Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in Oncology:
Verify, Then Trust
Joseph M. Unger, JAMA Oncology, 2019
4. Meta-analysis on reporting practices as a source of heterogeneity in in
vitro cancer research
Timo Sander et al., Open Science, 2022
5. How FAIR are plant sciences in the twenty-first century? The pressing need
for reproducibility in plant ecology and evolution
Saúl Manzano et al., Proceedings B, 2021
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