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SQL TUTORIAL

This SQL tutorial helps you get started with SQL quickly and effectively through
many practical examples.

If you are a software developer, database administrator, data analyst, or data
scientist who wants to use SQL to analyze data, this tutorial is a good start.

Each topic is covered clearly and concisely with many practical examples that
help you truly understand the concept and apply it to solve the data challenges
more effectively.

SQL stands for Structured Query Language designed to manipulate data in the
Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).

Today, SQL is one of the most common programming languages for interacting with
data.


SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO SQL

 * What is SQL – give you a brief overview of the SQL language and its popular
   dialects.
 * SQL Syntax – provide you with the syntax of the SQL language.
 * SQL Sample Database – introduce you to an HR sample database.


SECTION 2: QUERYING DATA

 * SELECT Statement – show you how to query data from a single table by using
   the simplest form of the SELECT statement.


SECTION 3: SORTING DATA

 * ORDER BY Clause – sort the data by one or more columns in the ascending
   and/or descending order.


SECTION 4: FILTERING DATA

 * DISTINCT  – show you how to remove duplicates from the result set.
 * LIMIT – constrain a number of rows returned by a query using the LIMIT and
   OFFSET clause.
 * FETCH – learn how to skip N rows in a result set before starting to return
   any rows.
 * WHERE Clause – filter data based on specified conditions.
 * Comparison operators – learn how to use the comparison operators including
   greater than, greater than or equal, less than, less than or equal, equal,
   and not equal to form the condition in the WHERE clause.
 * Logical operators – introduce the logical operators and how to use them to
   test for the truth of a condition.
 * AND operator – combine multiple Boolean expressions using the AND logical
   operator.
 * OR operator – show you how to use another logical operator OR to combine
   multiple Boolean expressions.
 * BETWEEN Operator – guide you to use the BETWEEN operator to select data
   within a range of values.
 * IN Operator – show you how to use the IN operator to check whether a value is
   in the list of values.
 * LIKE Operator –  query data based on a specified pattern.
 * IS NULL Operator – introduce the NULL concepts and show you how to check
   whether an expression is NULL or not.
 * NOT operator – show you how to negate a Boolean expression by using the NOT
   operator.


SECTION 5: CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

 * CASE Expression – add if-then-else logic to the SQL statements.


SECTION 6: JOINING MULTIPLE TABLES

 * SQL Aliases – make your query shorter and more understandable.
 * INNER JOIN – introduce you to the join concept and show you how to use the
   INNER JOIN clause to combine data from multiple tables.
 * LEFT OUTER JOIN – provide you with another kind of joins that allows you to
   combine data from multiple tables.
 * FULL OUTER JOIN – join multiple tables by including rows from both tables
   whether or not the rows have matching rows from another table.
 * CROSS JOIN – produce a Cartesian product of rows of the joined tables using
   the cross join operation.
 * SELF JOIN – join a table to itself using either the inner join or left join
   clause.


SECTION 7: AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 * Aggregate functions – introduce you to the most commonly used aggregate
   functions in SQL including AVG, COUNT, SUM, MAX, and MIN.
 * AVG – calculate the average value of a set.
 * COUNT – return the number of items in a set.
 * SUM – return the sum of all or distinct items of a set.
 * MAX – find the maximum value in a set.
 * MIN – find the minimum value in a set.


SECTION 8: GROUPING DATA

 * GROUP BY– combine rows into groups and apply an aggregate function to each
   group.
 * HAVING – specify a condition for filtering groups summarized by the GROUP BY
   clause.
 * GROUPING SETS – generate multiple grouping sets.
 * ROLLUP – generate multiple grouping sets considering the hierarchy of the
   input columns.
 * CUBE – generate multiple grouping sets for all possible combination of the
   input columns.


SECTION 9: SET OPERATORS

 * UNION and UNION ALL – combine result sets of two or more queries into a
   single result set using the UNION and UNION ALL operators.
 * INTERSECT  – return the intersection of two or more queries using the
   INTERSECT operator.
 * MINUS – subtract a result set from another result set using the MINUS
   operator.


SECTION 10. SUBQUERY

 * Subquery – show you how to nest a query inside another query to form a more
   flexible query for querying data.
 * Correlated Subquery – introduce you to the correlated subquery which is a
   subquery that uses values from the outer query.
 * EXISTS – show you how to check for the existence of the row returned from a
   subquery.
 * ALL – illustrate how to query data by comparing values in a column of the
   table with a set of columns.
 * ANY – query data if a value in a column of a table matches one of the values
   in a set.


SECTION 11: MODIFYING DATA

 * INSERT – insert one or more rows into a table.
 * UPDATE – update existing data in a table.
 * DELETE – delete data from a table permanently.


SECTION 12: WORKING WITH TABLE STRUCTURES

 * CREATE TABLE – create a new table in the database.
 * ALTER TABLE – modify the structure of an existing table.
 * DROP TABLE – remove the tables permanently.
 * TRUNCATE TABLE – delete all data in a big table fast and efficiently.


SECTION 13: CONSTRAINTS

 * PRIMARY KEY – show you how to define a primary key for a table.
 * FOREIGN KEY – walk you through the steps of enforcing the relationship
   between data in two tables using the foreign key constraint.
 * UNIQUE – ensure the uniqueness of values in a column or a set of columns.
 * NOT NULL  – ensure that the values inserted into or updated to a column are
   not NULL.
 * CHECK – validate data before it is stored in one or more columns based on a
   Boolean expression.

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GETTING STARTED

 * What Is SQL
 * SQL Sample Database
 * SQL Syntax




SQL TUTORIAL

 * SQL SELECT
 * SQL ORDER BY
 * SQL DISTINCT
 * SQL LIMIT
 * SQL FETCH
 * SQL WHERE
 * SQL Comparison Operators
 * SQL Logical Operators
 * SQL AND
 * SQL OR
 * SQL BETWEEN
 * SQL IN
 * SQL LIKE
 * SQL NOT
 * SQL IS NULL
 * SQL Alias
 * SQL INNER JOIN
 * SQL LEFT JOIN
 * SQL SELF JOIN
 * SQL FULL OUTER JOIN
 * SQL CROSS JOIN
 * SQL GROUP BY
 * SQL GROUPING SETS
 * SQL ROLLUP
 * SQL CUBE
 * SQL HAVING
 * SQL Subquery
 * SQL Correlated Subquery
 * SQL ALL
 * SQL ANY
 * SQL EXISTS
 * SQL UNION
 * SQL INTERSECT
 * SQL CASE
 * SQL MINUS
 * SQL INSERT
 * SQL UPDATE
 * SQL DELETE


SQL AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 * SQL AVG
 * SQL COUNT
 * SQL MAX
 * SQL MIN
 * SQL SUM




MANAGING DATABASE OBJECTS

 * SQL Data Types
 * SQL CREATE TABLE
 * SQL Identity
 * SQL Auto Increment
 * SQL ALTER TABLE
 * SQL ADD COLUMN
 * SQL DROP COLUMN
 * SQL DROP TABLE
 * SQL TRUNCATE TABLE


SQL CONSTRAINTS

 * SQL Primary Key
 * SQL Foreign Key
 * SQL UNIQUE Constraint
 * SQL CHECK Constraint
 * SQL NOT NULL Constraint




ABOUT SQL TUTORIAL

SQLTutorial.org helps you master the SQL language quickly through the use of
simple yet practical examples, accompanied by easy-to-understand explanations.
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LATEST TUTORIALS

 * SQL Sample Database
 * SQL DROP COLUMN
 * SQL Identity
 * SQL Auto Increment
 * SQL ADD COLUMN


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