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Amazon’s New Robots Are Rolling Out an Automation Revolution
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Will Knight

Business
Jun 26, 2023 6:00 AM


AMAZON’S NEW ROBOTS ARE ROLLING OUT AN AUTOMATION REVOLUTION

A wave of advanced machines is coming to the company’s facilities thanks to
better AI and robots smart enough to work with—and without—humans.
Play/Pause Button
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Amazon's Proteus robot.Courtesy of Amazon

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In a giant warehouse in Reading, Massachusetts, I meet a pair of robots that
look like goofy green footstools from the future. Their round eyes and satisfied
grins are rendered with light emitting diodes. They sport small lidar sensors
like tiny hats that scan nearby objects and people in 3D. Suddenly, one of them
plays a chipper little tune, its mouth starts flashing, and its eyes morph into
heart shapes. This means, I am told, that the robot is happy.

Proteus, as Amazon calls this machine, is not like other industrial robots,
which are generally as expressive and aware of their surroundings as actual
footstools. “Wait, why would a robot be happy?” I ask. Sophie Li, a software
engineer at Amazon, explains that being able to express happiness can help
Proteus work more effectively around people.

Proteus carries suitcase-sized plastic bins filled with packages over to trucks
in a loading bay that is also staffed by humans. The robot is smart enough to
distinguish people from inanimate objects and make its own decisions about how
to navigate around a box or person in its path. But sometimes it needs to tell
someone to move out of the way—or that it is stuck, which it does by showing
different colors with its mouth. Li recently added the heart eyes to let Proteus
also signal when it has completed a task as planned.



“Proteus will hopefully make people happy,” Li says, referring to the workers
who will toil alongside the robot, transferring packages from bins into trucks.
“And if not, well, at least it should do what they expect it to.”

I find myself wondering if some people might, in reality, find the robot’s
cheeriness a bit annoying. But perhaps putting a friendly face on the new wave
of automation about to sweep through Amazon’s fulfillment centers isn’t a bad
idea.

Amazon's Sparrow robot can pick up products that previously required human
hands.

Courtesy of Amazon

Proteus is part of an army of smarter robots currently rolling into Amazon’s
already heavily automated fulfillment centers. Some of these machines, such as
Proteus, will work among humans. And many of them take on tasks previously done
by people. A robot called Sparrow, introduced in November 2022, can pick
individual products from storage cubbies and place them into larger plastic
bins—a step towards human-like dexterity, a holy grail of robotics and a
bottleneck in the automation of a lot of manual work. Amazon also last year
invested in a startup that makes humanoid robots capable of carrying boxes
around.



Amazon’s latest robots could bring about a company-wide—and industry-wide—shift
in the balance between automation and people. When Amazon first rolled out large
numbers of robots, after acquiring startup Kiva Systems and its shelf-carrying
robots in 2012, the company redesigned its fulfillment centers and distribution
network, speeding up deliveries and capturing even more business. The ecommerce
firm may now be on the cusp of a similar shift, with the new robots already
starting to reshape fulfillment centers and how its employees work. Certain jobs
will be eliminated while new ones will emerge—just as long as its business
continues growing. And competitors, as always, will be forced to adapt or
perish.


Courtesy of Amazon
Fulfilling Future

Proteus isn't the only robot being put through its paces at the Reading
facility, which houses Amazon Robotics, a laboratory and foundry for the
company's warehouse robots. Nearby, a small platoon of blue mobile robots, each
about the size of a push lawn mower, are going through some algorithmic
choreography. I watch as they drive, one by one, into large machines that test
the performance of their wheels and other features. Those declared fit for
service then trundle under a walkway and into packing crates destined for Amazon
fulfillment hubs.

The visit provides a rare glimpse of how Amazon’s develops its industrial
robots. I am accompanied by Xavier Van Chau from Amazon public relations, who
arrived on a red-eye from the company’s Seattle headquarters and is highly
enthusiastic and impressively caffeinated. While Amazon Robotics engineers show
off machines that will significantly shift the line between what humans and
machines can do, my chaperone supplies a stream of anecdotes about workers who
love their robot coworkers or their new robot-related roles.



Amazon's Proteus robot can detect when a person is in its path and act to avoid
a collision.

Courtesy of Amazon

Some workers in Amazon’s fulfillment centers have of course shared their own
anecdotes about the company pushing them hard in the name of efficiency,
although the company maintains staff welfare is a top concern. In January the
company was called out by US regulators for poor workplace safety and it has
faced industrial action and walkouts in several US states and the UK. Leaked
documents obtained by Vox suggest that Amazon expects it to become more
challenging to find enough people to hire in the US as warehouse workers, due in
part to high staff turnover. Accelerated adoption of robotics may help the
company soften some of the challenges posed by its human workforce.

But to replace human labor, these robots need to be built. And much of that work
is done by humans. At a nearby production line, Amazon workers are busily
putting robots together, hefting large pieces of steel around with the help of
mechanical arms and installing electronics, sensors, and motors.

CONTENT

To honor your privacy preferences, this content can only be viewed on the site
it originates from.

Jobs in robot manufacturing and maintenance have multiplied at Amazon since it
began ramping up its use of robots. The company also opened a new manufacturing
facility dedicated to making robots in Westborough, Massachusetts, in 2021. But
the addition of manufacturing workers and engineers means that other jobs at
Amazon are changing—or disappearing altogether.

Artificial Evolution

Amazon’s first robots, from the acquisition of Kiva, were low-slung orange
brutes—Cro-Magnon ancestors to Proteus—that blindly followed preprogrammed
routes inside large caged-off areas. The robots rolled beneath shelves of
cubbies stuffed with different products, and carried them over to human pickers
on the edge of the automation zone. The humans would grab products to assemble
customer orders, placing them into bins that were sent for packaging and
shipping.

That automated retrieval system let Amazon store more goods in the same space,
and move them to customers more quickly, helping the company ascend to the
pinnacle of ecommerce in the eyes of customers, investors, and competitors.
Between 2010 and 2020, sales on Amazon rose 10-fold from $34 billion to $386
billion, and its robot workforce soared too. Between 2013 and 2023, the
cumulative number of robots made by Amazon grew from 10,000 to 750,000.



Today, three quarters of all Amazon’s products—every conceivable item you could
need and plenty you probably don’t—are handled at some point by one of the
company's robots. The 750,000 mobile robots at more than 300 Amazon fulfillment
centers worldwide can trace their lineage back to the first Kiva machines.
Amazon also employs more than 1.3 million workers at these locations. Van Chau
of Amazon declines to say how it expects the number of robots it uses to grow in
the years ahead but says it will “continue to grow very rapidly.”

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Hercules robots that lift and move heavy shelves are the most common model in
Amazon's 750,000-strong robotic fleet.

Courtesy of Amazon


The most common robots at Amazon today are the blue machines that I saw rolling
into shipping crates, called Hercules. They are members of a pantheon of
cage-bound machines created at the company with names borrowed from Greek
mythology.



Hercules, a heavy lifter of course, lugs shelves over to human pickers and has
largely replaced the older Kiva bots. Pegasus, a wheeled robot with a tilting
conveyor belt on top, drops packages into chutes that lead down to loading bays.
And Xanthus, a slimmed-down version of Pegasus, serves as a general dogsbody,
taking on tasks like ferrying stacks of emptied crates back to wherever they’re
needed.

The newer and more expressive Proteus, which went into service at a fulfillment
center in Nashville, Tennessee, earlier this year, is Amazon’s first mobile
robot to venture outside of safety cages. It is designed to be more general
purpose than the company's previous mobile robots, with software upgrades adding
new capabilities over time. It is part of a new generation of robots now
arriving at Amazon thanks to recent leaps in AI.

Across the room from where Proteus showed me its happy dance is a large robotic
arm called Cardinal, which is being tested in tandem with the mobile robot.
Cardinal looks like the kind of robot you’d find on any automotive production
line. It is fixed in place, but instead of the usual metal claw wields a gripper
covered with vacuum suckers reminiscent of a giant squid. Cardinal uses AI
vision to identify and determine how to grasp heavy packages from a jumble of
them rolling along a conveyor. It hoists them with its suckers, and deposits
them into a tote carried by Proteus, which will ferry the load over to waiting
trucks.

Xinye Liu, senior technical product manager for Cardinal, watches the robot as
it picks packages. She recently returned from the Nashville fulfillment center
where Proteus and Cardinal are being trialed. Liu tells me the center was so
short-staffed during a spike in demand that she decided to help load boxes
herself. She says that the scale of Amazon’s operations—the absurd variety of
products it stores, and the vast number it processes each day—make it a uniquely
compelling place for roboticists to work.

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Robin, another of Amazon’s newer robots, also incorporates a large robot arm. It
transfers packages from conveyors onto the back of waiting Pegasus bots. The
company has deployed more than 1,000 Robin robots, and during an April 2023
earnings call revealed that Robin has now handled over a billion packages.

Gripping Experience

Amazon's rapid robot rollout belies just how big the gap between humans and
machines remains. There are still many tasks done by people that the company
can't automate away. Take the fiddly business of retrieving an item from a
storage shelf at the beginning of its journey from warehouse to customer. If a
customer has ordered a tiny pair of eyebrow tweezers you first have to spot a
tiny item amongst a pile of others, then know how to pick it up, rotate it, and
read the label, all without dropping it.

For a human, all of that feels simple, despite the complex feats of perception
and control required. Programming those capabilities into robots has proven
extremely challenging. But over the past decade, progress in computer vision,
robotic grasping, and robot hardware have removed the need for human hands in
some situations.

From 2015 to 2017, Amazon ran a contest with cash prizes that invited
researchers to build robots capable of picking a wide range of objects from its
shelves. A lot more robotic grasping research was evidently going on behind the
scenes. Last November, the company revealed Sparrow, a smaller robot arm that
can reach into totes and reliably grasp 65 percent of the more than 100 million
items in Amazon’s inventory. That’s a large enough percentage for the company to
reconfigure some operations around the robot.



Tye Brady, chief technologist at Amazon Robotics, explains that the sheer number
of products that Amazon handles gives it a competitive edge. “Machine-learning
techniques allow robots to teach themselves what to pick and how to pick,” Brady
says. “And because they're connected through the cloud, all those learnings can
be shared instantaneously and propagated with all the arms.”


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In other words, Amazon’s robots are going to get faster and more reliable over
time as more data is shoveled into the AI models they depend on. And this
continual learning is almost certainly paying off already.

During my tour of the robot foundry in in Reading, I got a glimpse of how Amazon
is working to expand robot picking. Wandering through a network of caged-off
robots, we came across a small team of engineers working on a new robot arm that
was picking items from a large plastic bin. Unlike Sparrow, the setup used what
I recognized as a so-called collaborative robot arm, designed to work in close
proximity to humans. In the future, perhaps humans and robots will share picking
work side-by-side inside Amazon.

“Err … that’s nothing,” Van Chau said as he hurried us along. “It’s just an
experiment.”

Tomorrow's Jobs

Amazon's long-term vision for a more roboticized future is quite different from
the current very messy, human-dominated reality.

A couple of hours drive from Reading, in Windsor, Connecticut, the company has
built a new, 3.8 million-square-foot facility known as BDL4. There is no sign of
robots taking over when we arrive. The car park is almost full, and workers are
filing in for a new shift, many toting their belongings in transparent plastic
backpacks. It’s not a fashion trend—clear backpacks make it faster to get people
through security checks. After donning a safety vest and toe protectors, we
venture inside.

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The workers I get to meet at BDL4 are unfailingly cheerful and helpful. There is
Allison Kim, a senior operations manager, who gives a tour with the aid of a
golden toy microphone that boosts her voice above the constant whir of
machinery. And Alex Sabia, an Energizer bunny of a man who keeps mentioning his
meat-rich diet. His job is to prevent workers from injuring themselves by
encouraging them to take regular breaks, ensuring good ergonomics, and giving
them physical therapy exercises to do. Talking to him makes me feel quite tired.

The ground floor of the building is dominated by conveyor belts ferrying
packages in one direction or another. On the second floor up through the fifth,
humans are busy picking items from shelves that Hercules robots ferry over from
an enormous, fenced-off storage area where only robots roam. It has few lights
because the machines do not need to see to navigate. The scale is dizzying. The
line of human pickers retrieving items from shelves along the boundary between
the human and robot zones, the light and the dark, shrinks into the distance.



Among the pickers, I notice one worker wearing a utility belt and shoulder strap
mounted with a flashlight, carrying a tablet and what looks like a short hockey
stick. He unlocks a door that leads to the robot area, walks in, and closes it
behind him. This worker’s job is to assist when a Hercules has dropped
something, which often means retrieving an item from between several robots with
the hockey stick. I’m told that these workers are known as “amnesty
specialists,” because in Amazon corporate lingo, items dropped by robots are
termed “in amnesty.” As I watch the human emissary set off into the robot zone,
their light gradually disappears into the darkness.

On a floor lower down, where packages filled with items are routed to trucks
below, the ratio between humans and robots is tilted firmly towards machines.
The center of the room is a hive of motion, as some 12,000 Pegasus robots,
similar in size to the lawn-mower-scale Hercules models I had seen earlier, zip
around, dropping packages down holes in the floor that lead to the loading
docks. Each time a robot sheds its load, it returns to a parking spot somewhere
on the floor. At the edge of this area the robots are loaded up again not by
human pickers, but by Robin robot arms grabbing parcels from conveyors.

As this floor demonstrates, automation can take over certain tasks previously
only achievable by human workers. In some cases, certain jobs can even
disappear. For an individual, replacement by machine might be devastating, but
the picture across the job market is more complicated. One US study found that
each robot adopted in manufacturing replaced about three workers. However, other
research shows that companies that deploy more robots sometimes add more jobs
overall.

“I'm not really worried about us running out of jobs for humans anytime soon,”
says Erik Brynjolfsson, director of the Stanford Digital Economy Lab and an
authority on the impact of AI and automation on jobs. “If unemployment increases
in the next couple of years, I don't think it's going to be because of
automation."

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The key questions are how many new jobs will emerge, and what kinds? Amazon’s
robotic push may create better-paid manufacturing jobs for some—but could also
lead to greater demand for delivery drivers who tend to work for outside
contractors.

Amazon’s new robots may also affect its workforce in other ways. Greater use of
robotics at BDL4 makes it possible for Amazon to squeeze more kinds of work into
the facility, in the same way the Kiva acquisition allowed more items to be
stocked in the same space. In Amazon’s largest markets, after orders have been
packaged they are generally sent to regional sorting centers that organize
packages for delivery by geographical location to make distribution more
efficient. But the new BDL4 incorporates sorting, eliminating the need for
another facility and speeding up the whole process.

In recent years, labor organizers protesting punishing working conditions inside
Amazon’s logistics operation have pressured the company through walkouts or
other actions at sorting centers, which can be choke points in its distribution
network. When sorting work done is on the same site as picking, fulfillment
centers like BDL4 could perhaps lessen Amazon’s vulnerability to industrial
action. On the other hand, says Rand Wilson, a labor organizer who has worked
with Amazon employees, the workers who keep their jobs after the adoption of
more automation may in fact have greater leverage because their work is more
specialized and they are more difficult for Amazon to replace.

Whatever you think of Amazon, it’s hard not to marvel at the company’s ruthless
efficiency. The company's bold push to adopt more robots will no doubt delight
many of its customers by speeding up delivery times. But it will also have
ripple effects for millions of workers and thousands of other businesses who
compete with Amazon, which commands more than half of all US online purchases.



A couple of weeks after the visit, I received an email from Amazon’s Van Chau.
He tells me that he has injured his arms in a traffic accident and has to
temporarily write his emails using voice-to-text software. “Robots are helping
me write this email,” he jokes, then hints at Amazon’s many future automation
advances to come. “The latest end-effector tools are crazy cool,” he said. “But
nothing I can share on the record.”






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Will Knight is a senior writer for WIRED, covering artificial intelligence. He
writes the Fast Forward newsletter that explores how advances in AI and other
emerging technology are set to change our lives—sign up here. He was previously
a senior editor at MIT Technology Review, where he wrote about fundamental...
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