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HomeFleets & TechnologySafetyHow to Properly Fight a Lithium-ion Battery Fire
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Need to Know
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HOW TO PROPERLY FIGHT A LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FIRE
Save
The waste and recycling industry continues to face problems generated from the
hazards of lithium-ion batteries. So, how do we get a better grip on this
problem? How do we continue to address the issues we are facing? How do we put
solutions in place to prevent these incidents from getting out of hand?
Ryan Fogelman | Mar 14, 2022
The waste and recycling industry continues to face problems generated from the
hazards of lithium-ion batteries. So, how do we get a better grip on this
problem? How do we continue to address the issues we are facing? How do we put
solutions in place to prevent these incidents from getting out of hand? Learn
the answers to these questions and more in this month’s column.
January and February 2022 Fire Data
In January and February 2022, we encountered 50 reported fire incidents at our
waste and recycling facilities in the U.S. and Canada. This marks the worst
January and February for fires since I begin reporting these fire incidents in
2016. Of these reported incidents, half occurred at waste, paper and plastic
operations, 15 at scrap metal facilities, four at rubber recycling operations,
one at a construction and demolition (C&D) operation, one at an organics site
and one at a hazardous materials facility.
Traditionally, the months of January and February have been our lowest months
for
fires. However, this year has been unique. With 50 fire incidents, we are only
20 percent above the average of 41 we experienced in the past five years. The
issue is that when we see this number coming off our worst year for fire events
in 2021, it feels like we are experiencing a continuation of a disturbing
trend.
At Fire Rover’s 300-plus client operations, January was a light month. We only
responded to 36 events in January and 58 in February. The fact that January and
February were relatively light months for our Fire Rover clients makes sense as
these fires incidents are in line with what we see historically. But in my
opinion, this fact only makes these high fire incidents more disturbing.
It's important to note that I only track reported fire incidents, and I define
“reported” as fires publicly reported by a news agency. These reported incidents
are typically larger fire events that garner the media’s attention, but we all
know there are more fires that don’t get covered by the media.
While I do not track catastrophic losses versus smaller fires, it would be
logical to assume that although there are fewer fire incidents, the fires seen
this January and February were bigger than in past years.
Lithium-ion Batteries 101
I often get asked what is causing the growth in fire incidents, and the answer
is quite simple: lithium-ion batteries.
According to my colleague Ronald Butler, the Jedi Master of lithium-ion
batteries, “Lithium batteries are capable of spontaneous ignition and subsequent
explosion from overheating. That may be caused by electrical shorting, rapid
discharge, overcharging, manufacturers’ defect, poor design or mechanical
damage, among other causes. Overheating results in a process called thermal
runaway, which is a reaction within the battery causing internal temperature and
pressure to rise at a quicker rate than can be dissipated.”
Most research and discussion around lithium-ion battery dangers have been
focused on large energy storage operations. These are major installations where
batteries are part of a bigger infrastructure, such as power banks where large
amounts of power is stored. The wake-up call for these hazards was an incident
in Surprise, Ariz., a few years back.
At Arizona Public Service’s McMicken Energy Storage facility, racks of battery
modules were stacked from the floor to the ceiling. In one of those racks, a
faulty battery cell had essentially shorted out, overheated and damaged other
nearby modules. This chain of events led to what is called thermal runway, which
is a buildup of heat that can lead to a fire.
While the building had a fire suppression system, it was only designed to
extinguish a small fire that could lead to thermal runway, not batteries that
were already in thermal runway. So even though the fire suppression system
discharged, the batteries continued to overheat with no flames. This eventually
led to a buildup of flammable gasses, which came in contact with a heat source
or spark and then exploded when the firefighters opened the door to enter the
building.
To prevent incidents like this in the future, we need to find solutions that
have early detection not only of flames but of heat, smoke and gas.
Additionally, in an instance where thermal runway is already achieved, we need
the fire professionals to focus on stopping the chain reaction.
Recognizing these needs, we developed Fire Rover’s sprinkler replacement for
lithium-ion battery operations. With this system, we try to catch fires as early
in the process as possible. Then we spray the hot spot to try and stop the
process of thermal runway and spray the collateral assets, which can help stop
the chain of events. We also help firefighters remain in a defensive position
outside of the operation, so they don’t have to risk experiencing something
similar to what happened in the Surprise incident.
So, if you are not in the electronic scrap, large storage battery or electric
vehicle battery business, why do you care? Because in the waste and recycling
industry, we are seeing this play out in our infrastructure on a daily basis.
Albeit on a smaller scale.
Unlike in large storage operations, we are causing the batteries to explode by
the way they are treated. Our process uses compaction, shredding, heavy
equipment and exposure to elements, which can cause batteries in our personal
storage and personal electronics equipment to become damaged.
Check out the below video of a truck running over a battery.
In this incident, you can clearly see the loader drive over the batteries that
exploded under the tire. There is also another truck dumping cardboard right
next to the fire on the tip floor. This scenario is one that plays out daily on
our tip floors as well as in scrap metal facilities and C&D operations.
However, these fires don’t always happen directly from a truck’s force. Watch
the video below to see how a battery started to heat and ignite on top of a
pile.
Incidents like this take more than water to extinguish, and that’s why we use an
environmentally friendly cooling agent that helps slow down or eliminate thermal
runway and turns collateral material into a sponge, so the fire burns itself out
and breaks the fire chain.
When it comes to combating electric vehicle (EV) fires, we often hear about the
dunk method. According to Tony Markovich of Autoblog, “Because of the chemistry
of the lithium-ion batteries found in most EVs, their chemical fires can take
massive amounts of water to put out and keep out. So, instead of dousing a car
with water, it's smarter to put it in water, where it will safely be stifled.”
This is an interesting solution, but there are many problems with this method,
one of the most important being that it’s not timely. In the U.S., we would need
a tank strategically placed across our nation’s roads, which would seem to be an
excessive cost.
Since this solution isn’t quite realistic for us, we are instead focusing on
proper separation and firewalls when it comes to dealing with the hazards of
lithium-ion batteries. Separation makes sense when we are dealing with
lithium-ion battery operations and a large bank of batteries for power supplies
specifically. But in waste and recycling operations where we are dealing with
smaller, more disbursed hazards, we need to focus on reaction time and stopping
the collateral risks. In my opinion, the industry’s current best practices
around pile size and separation are correct as long as the proper solution for
early detection and response is in place.
Conclusion
Based on the national conversation around battery hazards, we are still in the
wild west, as there has been very little agreement on how to properly fight the
new hazards of lithium-ion batteries. We have only been dealing with these fires
for less than a decade, but the manta of “water, water, water” is slowly being
replaced with early detection, proper verification and proper response based on
the hazards. Not all battery risks and fires are the same; therefore, we need
different solutions that make sense for the level of risk and exposure we face.
On that note, if you would like to learn more about the topic, Ron and I, along
with David Naughton will be presenting at the Southeast Recycling Conference &
Trade Show, March 16th in Destin, Florida. Ron’s presentation should be
especially interesting as he outlines the full story of the “Morris, IL battery
warehouse fire” that occurred last year. He also will discuss the lesson
learned from the event including the fire department response criteria
adjustment, redesign of fire control metrics, and the development of "flash"
codes that will absolutely impact the battery recycling industries. Full
details are available at www.southeastrecycling.com.
Ryan Fogelman, JD/MBA, is vice president of strategic partnerships for Fire
Rover. He is focused on bringing innovative safety solutions to market, and two
of his solutions have won the distinguished Edison Innovation Award for
Industrial Safety and Consumer Products. He has been compiling and publishing
the “Reported Waste & Recycling Facility Fires In The US/CAN” since February
2016 and the “Waste & Recycling Facility Fires Annual Report.” Fogelman speaks
regularly on the topic of the scope of fire problems facing the waste and
recycling industries, detection solutions, proper fire planning and early-stage
fire risk mitigation. Additionally, Fogelman is on the National Fire Protection
Association’s Technical Committee for Hazard Materials. (Connect with Ryan on
LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/ryanjayfogelman or email at
rfogelman@firerover.com)
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