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DOCUMENTATION
 * Community
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 *  * * LANGUAGES:
      * English
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 * Getting Started
 * Introduction to Snowflake
 * Tutorials, Videos & Other Resources
 * Release Notes

 * Connecting to Snowflake
 * Loading Data into Snowflake
 * Unloading Data from Snowflake
 * Using Snowflake
 * Sharing Data Securely in Snowflake

 * Managing Your Snowflake Organization
 * Managing Your Snowflake Account
 * Managing Security in Snowflake
 * Managing Governance in Snowflake

 * Developing Applications with Snowflake

 * General Reference
 * SQL Command Reference
 * SQL Function Reference
 * Snowflake Scripting Reference
 * API Reference
 * Appendices

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Docs » Welcome to Snowflake Documentation


WELCOME TO SNOWFLAKE DOCUMENTATION¶

WELCOME TO SNOWFLAKE¶

DOCUMENTATION

In these topics, you will find the information you need to access your Snowflake
account and perform all the administrative and user tasks associated with using
Snowflake. The documentation also provides conceptual overviews, tutorials, and
a detailed reference for all supported SQL commands, functions, and operators.

You can start by browsing the contents on the left or using the search box at
the top to search across the documentation and other Snowflake resources. If you
do not find the information you are looking for, please feel free to reach out
to Snowflake Documentation or Snowflake Support using the buttons at the bottom
of each page.








GETTING STARTED¶

 * Before You Begin
   
   > System prerequisites and requirements for using Snowflake once your account
   > has been provisioned.

 * Logging into Snowflake
   
   > Instructions for connecting to Snowflake using the Snowflake web interface
   > and other supported clients.

 * Quick Tour of the Web Interface
   
   > Introduction to the main pages in the Snowflake web interface and the tasks
   > you can perform in each page.

 * Snowflake in 20 Minutes
   
   > Step-by-step instructions for using the command line interface to create a
   > database and table, load data into the table from an external file, and
   > query the table.

Also, if you have a Snowflake trial account, you may be interested in this
Hands-on Lab.


INTRODUCTION TO SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Key Concepts & Architecture
   
   > Overview of Snowflake architecture and basic concepts.

 * Supported Cloud Platforms
   
   > Overview of the cloud computing platforms on which Snowflake is offered.

 * Supported Cloud Regions
   
   > Description of the different cloud platform regions in which Snowflake is
   > offered.

 * Snowflake Editions
   
   > Description of the services and features included with each edition of
   > Snowflake.

 * Snowflake Releases
   
   > Description of the Snowflake release process and instructions for
   > requesting 24-hour early access for Enterprise Edition (and higher)
   > accounts.

 * Overview of Key Features
   
   > List of key/major features in the current release of Snowflake.

 * Overview of the Data Lifecycle
   
   > Introduction to the main tasks (and corresponding SQL commands) for getting
   > your data into Snowflake and then using it to perform queries and other SQL
   > operations.

 * Continuous Data Protection
   
   > Introduction to the powerful and unique features that Snowflake provides
   > for ensuring your data is protected, secure, and available.

 * Regulatory Compliance
   
   > Description of the major regulatory compliance standards Snowflake meets to
   > ensure the highest levels of data assurance, security, and governance for
   > data in Snowflake.


TUTORIALS, VIDEOS & OTHER RESOURCES¶

This topic provides links to assorted “how to” tutorials/labs and “best
practices”, as well as videos, for using Snowflake.


RELEASE NOTES¶

These topics describe the new features, enhancements, and fixes introduced in
recent and previous releases of Snowflake, as well as the features that are
currently in preview. They also describe the required versions for the client
software provided by Snowflake and the changes introduced in each client
version.


CONNECTING TO SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Snowflake Ecosystem — Overview of the 3rd-party tools and technologies, as
   well as the Snowflake-provided clients, in the Snowflake ecosystem:
   
   >  * All Partners & Technologies (Alphabetical)
   > 
   >  * Data Integration
   > 
   >  * Business Intelligence (BI)
   > 
   >  * Machine Learning & Data Science
   > 
   >  * Security & Governance
   > 
   >  * SQL Development & Management
   > 
   >  * Native Programmatic Interfaces

 * Snowflake Partner Connect — List of Snowflake partners who offer free trials
   for connecting to and using Snowflake; includes instructions for starting a
   trial through the Snowflake web interface. More detailed instructions and
   trial terms are provided by the individual partners.
   
   
   

 * General Configuration (All Clients) — General configuration instructions that
   apply to all Snowflake-provided clients (CLI, connectors, and drivers):
   
   >  * Viewing Snowflake Client Versions
   > 
   >  * SnowCD (Connectivity Diagnostic Tool)
   > 
   >  * Allowing Hostnames
   > 
   >  * Limits on Query Text Size
   > 
   >  * OCSP Configuration
   > 
   >  * Snowflake Client Repository
   > 
   >  * SQL Statements Supported for Preparation

 * SnowSQL (CLI Client) — Detailed instructions for installing, configuring, and
   using the Snowflake command-line client:
   
   >  * Installing SnowSQL
   > 
   >  * Configuring SnowSQL
   > 
   >  * Connecting Through SnowSQL
   > 
   >  * Using SnowSQL

 * Connectors & Drivers - Detailed instructions for installing, configuring, and
   using the Snowflake-provided drivers and connectors for Python, Spark, JDBC,
   ODBC, and other clients:
   
   >  * Snowflake Connector for Python
   > 
   >  * Snowflake Connector for Spark
   > 
   >  * Snowflake Connector for Kafka
   > 
   >  * Node.js Driver
   > 
   >  * Go Snowflake Driver
   > 
   >  * .NET Driver
   > 
   >  * JDBC Driver
   > 
   >  * ODBC Driver
   > 
   >  * PHP PDO Driver for Snowflake


LOADING DATA INTO SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Key concepts related to data loading, as well as best practices.
   
   >  * Overview of Data Loading
   > 
   >  * Summary of Data Loading Features
   > 
   >  * Data Loading Considerations

 * Overview of supported data file formats and data compression.
   
   >  * Preparing to Load Data

 * Detailed instructions for loading data in bulk using the COPY command.
   
   >  * Bulk Loading Using COPY

 * Detailed instructions for loading data continuously using Snowpipe.
   
   >  * Loading Continuously Using Snowpipe

 * Basic instructions for loading limited amounts of data using the web
   interface.
   
   >  * Loading Using the Web Interface (Limited)

 * Key concepts and tasks for executing queries on staged data and transforming
   data while loading it into tables.
   
   >  * Querying Data in Staged Files
   > 
   >  * Querying Metadata for Staged Files
   > 
   >  * Transforming Data During a Load


UNLOADING DATA FROM SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Key concepts related to data unloading, as well as best practices.
   
   >  * Overview of Data Unloading
   > 
   >  * Summary of Data Unloading Features
   > 
   >  * Data Unloading Considerations

 * Overview of supported data file formats for unloading data.
   
   >  * Preparing to Unload Data

 * Detailed instructions for unloading data in bulk using the COPY command.
   
   >  * Unloading into a Snowflake Stage
   > 
   >  * Unloading into Amazon S3
   > 
   >  * Unloading into Google Cloud Storage
   > 
   >  * Unloading into Microsoft Azure


USING SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Snowsight: The Snowflake Web Interface — Learn how to use Snowsight, the
   Snowflake web interface, for your Snowflake operations:
   
   >  * Getting Started With Snowsight
   > 
   >  * Using Worksheets
   > 
   >  * Visualizing Data With Dashboards
   > 
   >  * Managing Data
   > 
   >  * Snowflake Data Marketplace
   > 
   >  * Monitoring Activity
   > 
   >  * Administering Snowflake
   > 
   >  * Help and Support

 * Classic Web Interface — Basic usage information for the classic web
   interface, as well as more detailed usage information for the Worksheets and
   History pages:
   
   >  * Using the Web Interface: General Usage Notes
   > 
   >  * Changing Your Password / Switching Your (Session) Role / Logging Out
   > 
   >  * Managing Your User Preferences
   > 
   >  * Using Worksheets for Queries / DML / DDL
   > 
   >  * Using the History Page to Monitor Queries

 * Virtual Warehouses — Key concepts and tasks for creating and using virtual
   warehouses to execute queries and perform DML operations, such as loading and
   unloading data:
   
   >  * Overview of Warehouses
   > 
   >  * Multi-cluster Warehouses
   > 
   >  * Warehouse Considerations
   > 
   >  * Working with Warehouses
   > 
   >  * Monitoring Warehouse Load

 * Databases, Tables & Views — Key concepts and tasks related to understanding
   and working with Snowflake databases and tables:
   
   >  * Understanding Snowflake Table Structures
   > 
   >  * Working with Temporary and Transient Tables
   > 
   >  * Working with External Tables
   > 
   >  * Overview of Views
   > 
   >  * Working with Secure Views
   > 
   >  * Working with Materialized Views
   > 
   >  * Table Design Considerations
   > 
   >  * Cloning Considerations
   > 
   >  * Data Storage Considerations

 * Queries — Key concepts and tasks for executing queries in Snowflake:
   
   >  * Working with Subqueries
   > 
   >  * Querying Hierarchical Data
   > 
   >  * Working with CTEs (Common Table Expressions)
   > 
   >  * Querying Semi-structured Data
   > 
   >  * Using Window Functions
   > 
   >  * Identifying Sequences of Rows That Match a Pattern
   > 
   >  * Using Sequences
   > 
   >  * Using Persisted Query Results
   > 
   >  * Computing the Number of Distinct Values for Hierarchical Aggregations
   > 
   >  * Estimating the Number of Distinct Values
   > 
   >  * Estimating Similarity of Two or More Sets
   > 
   >  * Estimating Frequent Values
   > 
   >  * Estimating Percentile Values
   > 
   >  * Analyzing Queries Using Query Profile
   > 
   >  * Canceling Statements

 * Date & Time Data — Reference information and examples for working with dates,
   times and timestamps, and time zones in Snowflake:
   
   >  * Date and Time Input / Output
   > 
   >  * Using Dates and Timestamps

 * Semi-structured Data — Key concepts and tasks for working with JSON and other
   types of semi-structured data:
   
   >  * Introduction to Semi-structured Data
   > 
   >  * Considerations for Semi-structured Data Stored in VARIANT
   > 
   >  * Tutorial: JSON Basics

 * Unstructured Data — Key concepts and tasks for working with unstructured
   data:
   
   >  * Introduction to Unstructured Data Support
   > 
   >  * Directory Tables
   > 
   >  * REST API for Unstructured Data Support
   > 
   >  * Sharing Unstructured Data
   > 
   >  * Troubleshooting Processing of Unstructured Data

 * Binary Data — Reference information and examples for working with binary data
   in Snowflake:
   
   >  * Binary Input and Output
   > 
   >  * Using Binary Data

 * Snowflake Time Travel & Fail-safe — Key concepts and tasks for understanding
   how Snowflake maintains access to deleted and modified data, and also how
   Snowflake enables data recovery in the event of loss:
   
   >  * Understanding & Using Time Travel
   > 
   >  * Understanding & Viewing Fail-safe
   > 
   >  * Storage Costs for Time Travel and Fail-safe

 * Continuous Data Pipelines — Key concepts and tasks for transforming and
   optimizing loaded data for analysis:
   
   >  * Change Tracking Using Table Streams
   > 
   >  * Executing SQL Statements on a Schedule Using Tasks

 * Replication and Failover/Failback — Key concepts and tasks for replicating
   and failing over databases across multiple Snowflake accounts, as well as
   redirecting client connections, for business continuity and disaster
   recovery:
   
   >  * Introduction to Business Continuity & Disaster Recovery
   > 
   >  * Database Replication and Failover/Failback
   > 
   >  * Redirecting Client Connections

 * Sample Data Sets — Key concepts and tasks for using the sample data sets
   provided with Snowflake:
   
   >  * Using the Sample Database
   > 
   >  * Sample Data: TPC-H
   > 
   >  * Sample Data: OpenWeatherMap — Deprecated


SHARING DATA SECURELY IN SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Introduction to Secure Data Sharing

 * Overview of the Product Offerings for Secure Data Sharing

 * Granting Privileges to Other Roles

 * Data Sharing Usage

 * Working with Shared Data
   
   >  * Web Interface for Shared Data

 * Secure Direct Data Share
   
   >  * Data Providers
   >    
   >    * Working with Shares
   >    
   >    * Sharing Data from Multiple Databases
   >    
   >    * Sharing Data Securely Across Regions and Cloud Platforms
   >    
   >    * Using Secure Objects to Control Data Access
   >    
   >    * Managing Reader Accounts
   >    
   >    * Configuring a Reader Account
   >    
   >    * Enabling Sharing from a Business Critical Account to a non-Business
   >      Critical Account
   > 
   >  * Data Consumers

 * Snowflake Data Marketplace

 * Data Exchange
   
   >  * Data Exchange Key Benefits
   > 
   >  * Admin and Membership
   > 
   >  * Accessing a Data Exchange
   > 
   >  * Configuring and Using a Data Exchange


MANAGING YOUR SNOWFLAKE ACCOUNT¶

 * Account Identifiers
   
   > Detailed descriptions of the two unique account identifiers supported for
   > connecting to Snowflake and using features that span multiple accounts.

 * Trial Accounts
   
   > Instructions for signing up for a trial account, adding a credit card to
   > the account, and canceling the account.

 * System Usage & Billing
   
   >  * What are Snowflake Credits?
   > 
   >  * Understanding Snowflake Virtual Warehouse, Storage, and Cloud Services
   >    Usage
   > 
   >  * Understanding Snowflake Data Transfer Billing
   > 
   >  * Understanding Billing for Serverless Features
   > 
   >  * Viewing Account-level Credit and Storage Usage in the Web Interface
   > 
   >  * Working with Resource Monitors

 * Parameter Management
   
   > Instructions for setting account, session, and object parameters for your
   > account.

 * User Management
   
   > Instructions for creating and managing users in your account.

 * Behavior Change Release Management
   
   > Instructions for enabling and disabling behavior change releases in your
   > account.


MANAGING SECURITY IN SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Summary of Security Features
   
   > List of security features, grouped by subcategory (e.g. Object security).

 * Authentication
   
   > List of security features that enable secure authentication to Snowflake.

 * Networking & Private Connectivity
   
   > List of security features that enable secure networking and private
   > connectivity to Snowflake.

 * Administration & Authorization
   
   > List of security features that enable provisioning users and groups to
   > Snowflake, object access control, and data security.


DEVELOPING APPLICATIONS WITH SNOWFLAKE¶

 * Introduction to Developing Applications in Snowflake — Introduction to
   developing applications in Snowflake.

 * Overview of Connectors, Drivers, and Client APIs — Information about the
   connectors, drivers, and client APIs that you use to develop client
   applications that connect to Snowflake.

 * UDFs (User-Defined Functions) — Information about user-defined functions
   (UDFs), which you can use to extend the system to perform operations that are
   not available through the built-in, system-defined functions provided by
   Snowflake.

 * Snowpark — Information about Snowpark, which you can use to build
   applications that process data in Snowflake. The Snowpark API provides
   programming language constructs for building SQL statements and creating
   UDFs.

 * External Functions — Information about external functions, which you can use
   to access custom code that runs outside of Snowflake (e.g. API services that
   provide geocoding and machine learning models).

 * Stored Procedures — Information about stored procedures, which you can use to
   extend Snowflake SQL to include programming constructs such as branching and
   looping.

 * Snowflake Scripting — Information about the Snowflake Scripting language,
   which you can use to write procedural code in SQL.


GENERAL REFERENCE¶

 * Parameters — parameters that can be used to control system behavior at the
   account, user, session, and object level.

 * Data Types — supported data types (VARCHAR, NUMBER, DATE, etc.) in Snowflake:
   
   * Summary of Data Types
   
   * Numeric Data Types
   
   * String & Binary Data Types
   
   * Logical Data Types
   
   * Date & Time Data Types
   
   * Semi-structured Data Types
   
   * Geospatial Data Types
   
   * Unsupported Data Types

 * Collation Support — information about sorting and other
   character-set-dependent operations on text strings.

 * SQL Format Models — formats for specifying conversion of numeric and
   date/time values to and from text strings.

 * Object Identifiers — rules for defining and using object identifiers,
   including resolving object names used in SQL statements:
   
   * Identifier Requirements
   
   * String Literals / Session Variables / Bind Variables as Identifiers
   
   * Object Name Resolution

 * Constraints — concepts and reference information for defining and maintaining
   unique, primary key, and foreign key constraints in tables:
   
   * Overview of Constraints
   
   * Constraint Properties
   
   * Creating Constraints
   
   * Modifying Constraints
   
   * Dropping Constraints
   
   * Additional Constraint Details

 * SQL Variables — concepts and reference for defining and using variables in
   sessions.

 * Transactions — concepts and reference for using transactions with SQL
   statements.

 * Table Literals — concepts and reference for using table literals instead of a
   single scalar value in queries.

 * Snowflake Database — reference for the SNOWFLAKE shared database, which is
   provided by Snowflake for querying/reporting on your organization, account,
   data sharing, and other object usage.

 * Snowflake Information Schema — concepts and reference for the Snowflake
   Information Schema, which consists of a set of metadata views and historical
   table functions for querying/reporting on objects in Snowflake.

 * Metadata Fields in Snowflake — concepts and reference for metadata fields in
   Snowflake.


SQL COMMAND REFERENCE¶

 * Summary of Commands — combined list of all the commands and query syntax and
   operators. Can be used as a quick-reference.

 * All Commands (Alphabetical) — alphabetical list of all the commands.

 * DDL Commands — commands categorized by the type of objects they control:
   
   * Account & Session DDL
   
   * User & Security DDL
   
   * Warehouse & Resource Monitor DDL
   
   * Database, Schema, & Share DDL
   
   * Data Pipeline DDL
   
   * Table, View, & Sequence DDL
   
   * Data Loading / Unloading DDL
   
   * DDL for User-Defined Functions, External Functions, and Stored Procedures

 * DML Commands — commands for performing the following DML operations:
   
   * Inserting, deleting, updating, and merging data in Snowflake tables.
   
   * Bulk copying data into and out of Snowflake tables.
   
   * Staging files for bulk copying.

 * Query Syntax — structure of SQL queries in Snowflake.

 * Query Operators — arithmetic, logical, and other types of operators.


SQL FUNCTION REFERENCE¶

 * Summary of Functions — combined summary of all system-defined functions. Can
   be used as a quick-reference.

 * All Functions (Alphabetical) — alphabetical list of all system-defined
   functions (scalar, aggregate, table, etc.).

 * Scalar Functions — functions that take a single row/value as input and return
   a single value:
   
   * Bitwise Expression Functions
   
   * Conditional Expression Functions
   
   * Context Functions
   
   * Conversion Functions
   
   * Data Generation Functions
   
   * Date & Time Functions
   
   * Encryption Functions
   
   * Geospatial Functions
   
   * Numeric Functions
   
   * Semi-structured Data Functions
   
   * String Functions (Regular Expressions) — regular expression (search)
     functions
   
   * String & Binary Functions
   
   * Utility & Hash Functions

 * Aggregate Functions — functions that take multiple rows/values as input and
   return a single value.

 * Window Functions — subset of aggregate functions that can operate on a subset
   of rows.

 * Table Functions — functions that return results in tabular format.

 * System Functions — functions that perform control operations or return
   system-level information.


SNOWFLAKE SCRIPTING REFERENCE¶

 * BEGIN … END

 * BREAK

 * CASE

 * CLOSE

 * CONTINUE

 * DECLARE

 * EXCEPTION

 * FETCH

 * FOR

 * IF

 * LET

 * LOOP

 * OPEN

 * RAISE

 * REPEAT

 * RETURN

 * WHILE


API REFERENCE¶

APIs for connecting to Snowflake¶

Connector / Driver / Client API

Resources

Go Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference

JDBC Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * JDBC API Support Reference

.NET Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * Source code in GitHub

Node.js Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * Source code in GitHub

ODBC Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * ODBC Driver API Support Reference

PHP PDO Driver

 * Developer Guide

 * Source code in GitHub

Snowflake Connector for Kafka

 * Developer Guide

 * Source code in GitHub

Snowflake Connector for Python

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference

 * Getting Started With Python

Snowflake Connector for Spark

 * Developer Guide

 * Source code in GitHub

Snowflake SQL API

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference

 * SQL API Playground




APIs for extending Snowflake:¶

Extensibility Feature

Resources

User-Defined Functions (UDFs)

 * Developer Guide

 * Getting Started With User-Defined Functions

Snowpark for Scala

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference

 * Getting Started Using Snowpark

Snowpark for Java

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference

External Functions

 * Developer Guide

Stored Procedures

 * Developer Guide

 * API Reference


APPENDICES¶

 * Notational Conventions
   
   > Notational conventions used in the Snowflake documentation.

 * Reserved & Limited Keywords
   
   > List of words reserved for Snowflake SQL.


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