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Scaling Agile @ Spotify with Tribes, Squads, Chapters & Guilds

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SCALING AGILE @ SPOTIFY WITH TRIBES, SQUADS, CHAPTERS & GUILDS

Posted on 2012-11-14 – 13:04 by Henrik Kniberg
Facebook
Twitter
Linkedin

(UPDATE: see Spotify Engineering Culture, two short animated videos showing how
we work)

Dealing with multiple teams in a product development organization is always a
challenge!

One of the most impressive examples I’ve seen so far is Spotify. I’ve had the
pleasure of working with Spotify on and off ever since the company was founded,
and it’s one of the few companies I’ve seen with a truly agile culture. Spotify
has grown a lot lately and now has hundreds of developers divided into 30 agile
teams spread over 4 cities in 3 timezones. So how is this managed?

Check out the article: Scaling Agile @ Spotify with Tribes, Squads, Chapters and
Guilds. I wrote it together with Anders Ivarsson, one of the agile coaches that
I’m working with (Spotify has a truly awesome group of coaches!).





Translations:

 * Chinese
 * French
 * Italian
 * Japanese
 * Persian
 * Portuguese
 * Russian
 * Spanish
 * Thai
 * Turkish

Posted on 2012-11-14 – 13:04 by Henrik Kniberg
agile kanban scaling Scrum spotify xp
Subscribe to Henrik's RSS feed

149 RESPONSES ON “SCALING AGILE @ SPOTIFY WITH TRIBES, SQUADS, CHAPTERS &
GUILDS”

 1.   Luca says:
      2012-11-14 at 15:33
      
      Very interesting reading. Thanks Henrik and Anders for publishing it .
      
      How that snapshot of Spottify way of working emerged in the time, what
      forces where at work and who contributed ?
      
      Are there differences in practices, way of working, organization among
      different squads or different tribes ? What caused them ?
      
      Luca
      
      Reply
      
 2.   Pingback: Hackernytt | Om startups och allt som hör till. På svenska. |
      Hur Spotify jobbar agilt
      
 3.   bart vermijlen says:
      2012-11-17 at 17:07
      
      great article. especially the idea of “a guild” as a crossteam entity. a
      cool name for a cool idea.
      
      Reply
      
 4.   Pingback: Scaling Agile at Spotify | My Daily Feeds
      
 5.   Johan Jacobs says:
      2012-11-18 at 22:26
      
      Very interesting reading…
      I face similar challenges being responsible for the development of direct
      channels in a major Belgian Bank.
      One question I’m still left with: how do you deal with maintainance on
      delivered software especially if this adds up to about 30% of all work.
      Separate it in a separate squad?
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2012-11-19 at 08:46
         
         Squads do their own maintainance. There’s no handoff to another squad,
         that’s just expensive and breaks the learning loop. Programmers need to
         live with the consequences of their design decisions.
         
         Reply
         1. Swapna says:
            2020-02-14 at 02:51
            
            Hi Henrik,
            
            I work with an Indian start up and we are looking at creating an
            efficient Org structure. I’ve been reading your articles and wanted
            to reach out to you in this connection. Do let me know if we can
            catch up over mail or a call.
            
            Thank you
            Swapna
            
            Reply
            
         
      
 6.   Konstantin Razumovsky says:
      2012-11-19 at 22:58
      
      Great post! One thing I was surprised with is the “operation” squad which
      seems to be not a feature team. Also aren’t the members of this squad
      disappointed being a “servant” team and not producing the external
      features?
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2012-11-19 at 23:15
         
         The people in ops do ops stuff because it is their job, because that is
         what they love doing, and that is why they came to Spotify to do it.
         The ops folks are heros, they enable everyone else to put stuff into
         production, and keep the systems running 24/7.
         
         Reply
         
      
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 11.  Fabrice Aimetti says:
      2012-11-26 at 01:06
      
      Hello Henrik,
      It is a very interesting article. I have translated it into french :
      Agilité à grande échelle chez Spotify
      Regards,
      Fabrice
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2012-11-26 at 13:06
         
         Wow, thanks! I added a link to your translation.
         
         Reply
         
      
 12.  Russ Zumwalt says:
      2012-11-26 at 22:35
      
      Your article mentioned that user experience decisions were left to the
      squad, and I was curious how you’ve gone about staffing that need for each
      squad. That’s something that my organization has grappled with since
      adopting Scrum in 2004. We’ve waffled back-and-forth between putting user
      experience/design members on the teams and creating a central team
      composed entirely of functional design and user experience. Does every
      squad have a dedicated member for these functions? If not, how many squads
      do they typically get split across? Have any of your squad members taken
      on UX/design responsibilities with little or no prior experience? Do you
      encourage that?
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2012-11-27 at 09:16
         
         We’re still waffling around with this, will have to get back on this
         topic later :o)
         
         Reply
         1. Russ Zumwalt says:
            2012-11-27 at 15:28
            
            Oh, good, it’s not just us
            
            Reply
            
         2. Adrienne Francis says:
            2014-10-23 at 15:14
            
            Do you have any updated insights on how Spotify incorporates UX into
            the squads? Currently, I manage a UX team and have UX functional
            members working within each scrum team and am curious how Spotify
            handles functional UX and ensures a cohesive user experience across
            all of the separate squads/tribes.
            
            Reply
            1. Harry Finocchiaro says:
               2015-02-11 at 16:39
               
               It’s been a while since you posted a response to this, Henrik.
               Any updates?
               
               Reply
               
            2. Jessica says:
               2018-04-11 at 19:25
               
               I would love to have an update to this as well, it’s been a
               while!
               
               Reply
               
            
         
      
 13.  Pingback: Scaling Agile at Spotify « Agile Rescue
      
 14.  Christer Åkesson says:
      2012-11-27 at 22:49
      
      Great post! I really like the clearity both in the vertical(Sqaud, tribes)
      and horizontal(Guild, Chapter). Have some what the same type of setup in
      my organization but not that clear…
      I really like the idea of “quarterly survey with each squad” a good tool
      help the team to be high performing.
      
      Now to my question:
      How is the process for a squad to take a new feature from customer
      requirement to production?
      At what sync points do sqaud and stakeholders meet up?
      
      Regards,
      Christer
      
      Reply
      
 15.  Shawn says:
      2012-11-28 at 23:07
      
      Great post and article, thanks for posting!! Could you share some
      information about any tooling is used to help facilitate/manage Spotify’s
      process(s)?
      
      Reply
      
 16.  Manuel Palacio says:
      2012-11-30 at 18:24
      
      Great article. I translated it to Spanish:
      Agilidad en Spotify
      
      Reply
      
 17.  Pingback: Agile Spotify « No sólo software
      
 18.  Aaron says:
      2012-12-07 at 15:00
      
      I like this article!
      
      I notice that the idea of “guilds” is spreading. Maybe you want to have a
      look at Jurgen’s post about that:
      http://www.noop.nl/2012/11/business-guilds.html
      
      I practice this idea having cross-team (knowledge-) “domains” with
      experienced “domain owners” guiding and leading it.
      
      Reply
      
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 20.  Askhat Urazbaev says:
      2012-12-25 at 13:06
      
      Hi, Henrik!
      
      This is link to Russian translation:
      
      Масштабирование Agile в Spotify
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2012-12-27 at 00:32
         
         Thanks Askhat! I added it to the list of translations above.
         
         Reply
         
      
 21.  Carmen Morrison says:
      2013-01-01 at 00:02
      
      Great article thanks you. I love being a Scrum Master/Iteration Manager
      and I want to work for a company that has a true Agile Culture. Can you
      get my resume in front of them.
      
      Cheers,
      Carmen
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2013-01-02 at 12:42
         
         Try http://www.spotify.com/jobs/
         
         Reply
         
      
 22.  Carmen Morrison says:
      2013-01-01 at 00:02
      
      P.S. Happy New Year!
      
      Reply
      
 23.  Omar Bermudez says:
      2013-01-04 at 02:12
      
      Interesting article. My question is how you support this process
      electronically? I like JIRA + green-hopper, but I am not sure it is the
      right one to support the full process.
      Thanks,
      Omar
      
      Reply
      
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 25.  Theron says:
      2013-01-19 at 04:17
      
      Completely love it! This is the type of org I am constantly guiding
      companies toward but not always with success. Thanks for providing a case
      study I can use to fuel my efforts.
      
      Question: Can you share a sketch of a typical squad area floor plan? How
      is the desk area, lounge area, and a personal “huddle” room configured?
      
      Thanks!
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2013-01-19 at 04:31
         
         Here’s a sketch of a typical squad floorplan:
         https://dl.dropbox.com/u/1018963/Articles/Spotify-TypicalSquadWorkspace.png
         
         Reply
         1. Theron says:
            2013-02-20 at 21:28
            
            Thanks! That’s great. We have something similar. We have tables
            instead of desks and the tables face each other in an type of
            island.
            
            One other question:
            The quarterly survey – do you have an Excel template for that or do
            you just hand make all the arrow selection each quarter?
            
            Thanks again!
            
            Reply
            
         
      
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 31.  Max Lincoln says:
      2013-03-19 at 18:16
      
      There’s a Portuguese version at
      http://www.infoq.com/br/articles/spotify-escalando-agile but the link
      doesn’t seem to be here yet.
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2013-03-21 at 18:34
         
         Thanks, I added the link now.
         
         Reply
         
      
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 37.  Pete says:
      2013-05-22 at 21:19
      
      Awesome! That’s a fantastic approach, Henrik! Thanks so much for sharing.
      
      I’m curious how the rest of the company (Management, Sales, Marketing,..)
      is organized?
      Are they structured in Squads and tribes as well or are they organized in
      a classic way?
      
      A further point that interests me: Is the a kind of PO lead who
      coordinates or even leads the POs? (Deciding on the high level road map)
      Or are the POs organizing themselves collaborately?
      
      And a last one:
      Has the tribe lead any influence or saying on the road map or is she
      “only” responsible for the squads container?
      
      Happy about your answers.
      
      Reply
      
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 41.  Jason Skidis says:
      2013-06-28 at 06:58
      
      Henrik,
      I am an Agile Coach in a large IT department of an even larger
      organization. I have read this article with great interest. Our
      organization started a full department transformation to Scrum last winter
      and we continue to look for ways to improve this ongoing transformation to
      make our organization more Agile. I’ve discussed this article with a
      number of people in my organization and I get 2 consistent pieces of
      feedback on the topic of Chapters Leads as line managers (I also get lots
      of feedback on other pieces of the article, but that’s another story)
      
      1. Many in our organization still have a higher affinity for their
      functional role relationships than team membership, re: still lots of
      functional silo thinking. Having Chapter Leads could entrench that
      behavior further.
      2. If a person’s line manager is on a different team, then they aren’t
      involved in the day to day with that person. The concern is around the
      ability of the Chapter Lead to evaluate the individual’s performance
      and/or know them well enough to help them with personal/career
      development.
      
      My response to this feedback has generally followed these concepts…
      1. Leadership and Agile Coaches need to a better job of breaking down
      functional silos whether we try something like this or not. If we do a
      great job of it, then this becomes much less of an issue (or a non issue).
      2. If we change our focus from “evaluate and develop individuals” to
      “evaluate teams and develop the individual” then this concept might
      actually be a strength. Since the person developing an individual still
      has the same type of responsibilities as the individual, as opposed to
      someone that used to (maybe) have that same job in the past.
      
      I believe that are a number of benefits to this approach that outweigh
      these concerns. However, I was wondering if you (or any of your readers)
      have additional feedback on ways to minimize these concerns.
      
      Thank you,
      Jason Skidis
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2013-06-28 at 13:54
         
         Hi Jason, thanks for the detailed and insightful feedback. The short
         answer is that we sometimes see the problems that you mention, but so
         far the advantages of this model seem to outweigh the disadvantages. We
         also compensate for the disadvantages by making sure that the chapter
         lead is physically close to his chapter members, although they are
         spread across different squads, and that each chapter is quite small.
         The chapter lead does not oversee or judge the day-to-day work of the
         chapter members, instead he focuses on things like craftmanship,
         personal development and motivation.
         
         Reply
         1. Jason Skidis says:
            2013-06-29 at 00:22
            
            Thank you Henrik for your speedy response. I can definitely see how
            small chapters with squads being adjacently (or at least very close)
            can help minimize these concerns.
            
            As a Scrum Trainer once told me, evaluate teams and have the team
            evaluate the members of the team. With these two points of reference
            you get a more accurate and agile compatible appraisal of an
            individual compared to just a manager judging a team member
            completely outside the team context.
            
            Your comment about chapter leads developing competencies of but not
            judging an individual is another data point in favor of separating
            (to some degree) development from evaluation. Your feedback is
            greatly appreciated.
            
            Reply
            
         
      
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 46.  Dai Fujihara says:
      2013-10-16 at 06:39
      
      I’ve just published “Scaling agile @ spotify” Japanese version.
      http://lean-trenches.com/scaling-agile-at-spotify-ja/ It’s very
      interesting article. Thanks, Henrik.
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2013-10-27 at 02:26
         
         Thanks for translating! I added a link above.
         
         Reply
         
      
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 58.  Bob Jiang says:
      2014-03-01 at 16:22
      
      Hi Henrik,
      Chinese version for scaling agile of Spotify is ready on my blog,
      http://bobjiang.com/2014/02/07/scaling-agile-spotify-with-tribes-squads-chapters-guilds/
      , could you add a link here? Thanks a lot
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2014-04-24 at 14:36
         
         Thanks for translating! I’ve added the link.
         
         Reply
         
      
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 65.  Antonio Lucca says:
      2014-05-07 at 02:04
      
      Italian version here:
      https://www.dropbox.com/s/b9urjkxsgq2zbe8/ScalingSpotifyIta.pdf
      Best Regards!
      
      Tony
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2014-05-20 at 10:42
         
         Thanks, I’ve added a link to your translation!
         
         Reply
         
      
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 79.  https://bestspotifycodes.wordpress.com says:
      2015-01-26 at 19:47
      
      Thanks for every other informative website.
      The place else may just I get that type of info written in such an ideal
      approach?
      I’ve a undertaking that I am simply now running on, and I
      have been at the glance out for such information.
      
      Reply
      
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 83.  Daniel Breston says:
      2015-02-09 at 14:26
      
      So what happens when a major incident occurs? Who does the user call and
      how does whoever responds link back to this structure? How do you address
      data or security audit issues?
      
      Reply
      
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 89.  Adam says:
      2015-04-14 at 04:15
      
      I love the article and the organizational model.
      
      Are the tribe leaders mainly focused on engineering, architecture, and
      organizational health? Or do they also own the tribe’s part of the
      overarching product roadmap?
      
      Thank you!
      
      Reply
      
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 98.  Pingback: Spotify Scaled Agile Case-Study - Lessons For Smaller Teams
      
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      Agile Strides
      
 102. Randy says:
      2015-12-14 at 22:55
      
      Hello Mr. Kniberg,
      
      I have a few questions regarding the Squad Health Check model you used at
      Spotify, specifically; how did you develop the 11 health areas identified
      in model (support, teamwork, pawns or players, mission, health of
      codebase, suitable process, delivering value, learning, speed, easy to
      release, fun)?
      
      Do you have any published literature reviews to validate your mythology?
      I are very interested in utilizing a team health check program and would
      like to implement your model. Please let me know if you can provide any
      further information with your health check model.
      
      Thank you,
      Randy B
      
      Reply
      
 103. Nubia says:
      2015-12-18 at 19:16
      
      Hi, is there any type of online tool you could share that could help to
      visually organize tribes and squads? Thanks!
      
      Reply
      
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 106. Pingback: Nomad8 Test Site | Team ground rules and working agreements
      
 107. Pingback: Nomad8 Test Site | 9 Agile steps that injected magic into our
      project.
      
 108. Pingback: Nomad8 Test Site | Spotify’s Scaling Agile with Tribes, Squads,
      Chapters & Guilds at a Glance
      
 109. Pingback: Building a technical career path at Spotify – Puppies, Flowers,
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 111. Pingback: 9 Agile steps that injected magic into our project. – Nomad8
      
 112. Pingback: Spotify’s Scaling Agile with Tribes, Squads, Chapters & Guilds
      at a Glance – Nomad8
      
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 115. Oliver says:
      2017-05-08 at 18:28
      
      We have embarked on the transition to the SAFe framework and introduced
      the tribe concept as well. Tribe lead roles were created, my question is
      what should the main responsibilities be for the tribe leads ?
      
      Reply
      
 116. Bruno Castro says:
      2017-09-04 at 19:00
      
      I don’t can access the article Scaling Agile @ Spotify. I recive a 404
      error from Dropbox. You have another link? I search on google but, dont
      found.
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2017-09-19 at 15:45
         
         Link is fixed now:
         https://blog.crisp.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/SpotifyScaling.pdf
         
         Reply
         
      
 117. Allison Pearce says:
      2017-09-18 at 20:11
      
      The English version has been removed from Dropbox. Where is the file now
      available?
      
      Reply
      1. Henrik Kniberg says:
         2017-09-19 at 15:45
         
         Link is fixed now:
         https://blog.crisp.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/SpotifyScaling.pdf
         
         Reply
         
      
 118. Meenakshi Agarwal says:
      2017-12-25 at 11:02
      
      The tribe-squad concept is fantastic and a kind of evolution in Agile. We
      partially used a similar idea where squads were known as feature teams and
      a solution team comprised of multiple features. Also, the scrum masters
      led the features whereas the managers owned the whole solution.
      
      Reply
      
 119. Shawn Kelly says:
      2018-02-23 at 02:13
      
      Henrik,
      
      What methodology was used to introduce these concepts, gain buy-in from
      component teams, and measure acceptance and buy-in to these concepts? The
      end-state or snap-shot in time is a beautiful thing. But understanding
      what mechanisms were used to influence entrenched personalities and the
      steps and iterations to get there is where the magic happens.
      
      Thank you for the consideration.
      
      Reply
      
 120. Sharad says:
      2018-04-14 at 19:08
      
      Very interesting and informative reading. Thanks, for publishing it.
      
      Reply
      
 121. Mark says:
      2018-09-05 at 10:45
      
      Great article, thanks for sharing! You touched on how Ops teams fit in,
      but is there any more info on how you marry this kind of agile approach
      with a team that is purely Operational?
      
      Reply
      
 122. Amit says:
      2019-03-04 at 05:29
      
      Is there an updated version? I see this says Oct 2012.
      
      Reply
      
 123. Lucy Jin says:
      2019-11-10 at 03:42
      
      Hi Henrik, I have 2 questions, and ask for your advice, Thank you!
      
      1. After you published the Scaling Agile @ Spotify in 2012, is there any
      major differences up to now, 7 years later? Would you still revisit
      Spotify now?
      
      2. We’re Agile consulting company from China. We’ve referred to the
      Spotify model and implemented the tribe/squad in some banks, seems the
      chapter/guild is a bit difficult for local implementation. But we use
      CoP(Community of Practice) to do sharing across tribes/squads, and keep
      the line managers to evaluate the people’s performance. Do you have any
      suggestions on this?
      
      Thank you again, and have a nice day!
      Lucy Jin
      
      Reply
      
 124. instazood says:
      2020-03-01 at 06:06
      
      Very nice article. keep it up Henrik.
      
      Reply
      
 125. anmol says:
      2021-02-25 at 09:34
      
      Thanks for sharing nice Article . It is very valuable information.
      
      Reply
      
 126. Sandeep says:
      2021-03-18 at 15:26
      
      Great learning , Please add some more info on Agile implementaiton
      
      Reply
      
 127. mark says:
      2022-08-21 at 13:26
      
      thank you ..such a great post
      
      Reply
      
 128. Pingback: Scaled Agile Marketing - An Overview - AgileSparks
      


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