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Exam Info
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Definition
Constitutional Provisions
Comparison
Conclusion
MCQs


PARDONING POWER OF GOVERNOR – INDIAN POLITY NOTES

Updated On -

Jul 6, 2022

Patil Amruta




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A pardon is an act of mercy, forgiveness, and clemency. The President and
Governors of India are empowered by the Indian Constitution to grant mercy or
pardon to anyone. The President is granted the power of clemency with the
understanding that there should be provisions in the legislation to save the
person from the consequences of punishment adjudged against that person by the
judiciary due to carelessness and error. As a result, the provision for mercy is
included in the Indian Constitution.



In this article, we will discuss more the Pardoning Power of the Governor.

Table of Contents

 1. Definition
 2. Pardoning Powers of Governors
 3. Constitutional Provisions
 4. Comparison
 5. Conclusion
 6. FAQs
 7. MCQs

Definition


DEFINITION - PARDONING POWER

 * Pardon can be defined as "clemency," "grace," or "mercy" and it is mentioned
   in the written constitution of many nations.
 * The President's clemency power is concerned with providing justice to the
   people, which is primarily the responsibility of the judiciary.
 * The goal of pardoning power is to correct judicial errors because no human
   system of judicial administration is perfect.
 * A pardon is a tool of mercy and a means of correcting grave injustices,
   either on the basis of facts or through the anticipated operation of criminal
   laws that must simply be reminded.
 * As a result, even the most perfect legal system requires clemency power.

Other Relevant Links Veto Powers of President and Governor Appointment of
Governor Powers And Functions Of Governor Discretionary Powers of Governor
Comparing Pardoning Powers of President and Governor Ordinance-Making Power of
President and Governor Constitutional Discretion of Governor Situational
Discretion of Governor


PARDONING POWERS OF GOVERNORS

 * He has the authority to pardon, reprieve, respite, remit, suspend, or commute
   the punishment or sentence of anyone who has been convicted of an offense
   against state law.
 * He is unable to pardon a death sentence. Even if a state law calls for the
   death penalty, the President, not the governor, has the authority to grant a
   pardon.
 * However, the governor has the authority to suspend, remit, or commute a death
   sentence.
 * He doesn't have the authority to grant pardon, reprieve, respite, suspension,
   remission, or commutation of punishment or sentence imposed by a
   court-martial (military court).

Powers Meaning Pardon It rescinds both the sentence and the conviction and
absolves the offender from all sentences, punishment, and disqualification.
Reprieve It means a temporary suspension of execution of sentence (especially
that of death) pending a proceeding for pardon or commutation from the
President. Remission The power of remission reduces the number of sentences
without changing its character. For example, a sentence of imprisonment for one
year may be remitted for six months. Respite The power to grant respite means
awarding a lesser sentence instead of the prescribed penalty in view of some
special facts. For example, a pregnant woman offender is provided with respite.
The difference between remission and respite is that the former when granted is
permanent and the latter when granted is temporary. Commutation It merely
substitutes one form of punishment for another of a lighter character – death by
transportation, transportation by rigorous imprisonment, rigorous imprisonment
by simple imprisonment, simple imprisonment by fine, and so on.

Constitutional Provisions


CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

 * Article 161 addresses the Governor's authority to grant pardons, etc., as
   well as suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain circumstances.
 * The Governor of a State shall have the authority to grant pardons, reprieves,
   respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute the
   sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a
   matter to which the State's executive power extends.
 * Pardoning Power Overrides Section 433A
   * As per a recent Supreme Court ruling, the Governor of a state has the
     authority to pardon prisoners even before they have served a minimum of 14
     years in prison.
   * Section 433-A has no bearing on the constitutional authority granted to the
     President/Governor to grant pardons under Articles 72 or 161 of the
     Constitution.

Comparison


COMPARISON WITH PARDONING POWERS OF PRESIDENT

The scope of the President's pardoning power under Article 72 is broader than
the scope of the Governor's pardoning power under Article 161, which differs in
two ways:

 * The President has the authority to pardon sentences imposed by court-martial
   (military courts), whereas the governor does not.
 * The President has the authority to pardon a death sentence, whereas the
   governor does not.
   * Even if state law mandates the death penalty, the President, not the
     governor, has the authority to grant a pardon.
   * The governor, on the other hand, has the authority to suspend, remit, or
     commute a death sentence.
   * In other words, the governor and the President both have concurrent
     authority over the suspension, remission, and commutation of death
     sentences.

Conclusion


CONCLUSION

It should be noted that the Governor's sovereign power to pardon a prisoner
under Article 161 is exercised by the State government and not the Governor
alone.

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FAQS

Question: What do you mean by the Pardoning Power of Governor?

Answer:

The President's pardon power is concerned with ensuring that the people be
treated fairly, which is essentially the role of the judiciary. Because no human
system of judicial administration is perfect, the objective of pardoning
authority is to repair judicial errors. The pardon is an instrument of mercy and
a means of redressing terrible injustices, whether based on facts or the
anticipated application of criminal laws that just needs to be recalled. As a
result, even the best legal system requires the power of clemency.



Question: What do you mean by Reprieve?

Answer:

It refers to a temporary stay of execution of a sentence (particularly a death
sentence) pending a presidential pardon or commutation application.

Question: What is Article 161?

Answer:

Power of the Governor to grant pardons and others

UPSC Mains Practice Question:
 1. In India, though the Governor is the constitutional head of a state just as
    the President of the country, the former may be enjoying more powers than
    the latter. Do you agree? Give reasons. [UPSC 1994]

MCQs


MCQS

Question: The correct statements regarding the difference between the pardoning
powers of President and Governor are:

 1. The Governor can pardon sentences inflicted by court-martial while
    the President cannot.
 2. The President can pardon the death sentence while the Governor cannot.
 3. The Governor can pardon the death sentence while the President cannot.
 4. The President can pardon sentences inflicted by court-martial while the

Governor cannot.

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 4

(c) 1 and 3

(d) 3 and 4

Answer: (b) See the Explanation

Governor can not grant pardon, reprieve, respite, suspension, remission or
commutation in respect to punishment or sentence by a court-martial (military
court ), hence statement 1 is incorrect.

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The President can pardon, reprieve, respite, remit, suspend or commute a death
sentence. He is the only authority to pardon a death sentence. hence statement 3
is incorrect.

Question: Consider the following statements

 1. The power of remission reduces the number of sentences without changing
    their character.
 2. The power to grant respite means awarding a lesser sentence.

Which of the above statements is/ are correct

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 ‘

Answer: (c) See the Explanation

The power of remission reduces the number of sentences without changing their
character.

The power to grant respite means awarding a lesser sentence instead of the
prescribed penalty in view of some special facts. For example, a pregnant woman
offender is provided with respite.

Hence both statements are correct.

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*The article might have information for the previous academic years, please
refer the official website of the exam.

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