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MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS

Volume 29, December 2021, 102789




OPTIMIZATION OF ECOFRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF AG NANOPARTICLES BY LINUM USITATISSIMUM
HYDROGEL USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ITS BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Author links open overlay panelMuhammad Imran a, Shah Hussain a, Kashif Mehmood
b, Zohaib Saeed a, Muhammad Parvaiz a, Umer Younas c, Hafiz Amir Nadeem a, Semab
Phool Ghalani a, Seerat Saleem a
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102789Get rights and content




ABSTRACT

In the current study, the silver nanoparticles are green synthesized using
reducing and stabilizing potential of aqueous extract of Linseed. The Response
Surface Methodology (RSM) along with central composite design (CCD) was used to
evaluate the influence of various independent variables like the concentration
of silver nitrate (AgNO3), Linseed Hydrogel (LSH) suspensiot not used to find
out the relative influencn percentage, sonication of LSH suspension, and
exposure of reaction mixture to the sunlight on the response variable. RSM
interpretation revealed that the results of all experiments were best fitted
into a quadratic polynomial model with R2 value 0.9978 with SD 0.0018 for all
responses. The optimized preparation conditions for LSH-Ag nanoparticles were
concentration of AgNO3 (8.68 mM), LSH suspension percentage (0.73%), sonication
time (5.29 min), and exposure to sunlight (69.52 min). The resultant LSH-Ag NPs
were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, BT-90 nano size
analyzer, PXRD, and SEM. These results illustrated that LSH-Ag NPs had a
spherical shape, average size 34.47 nm, maximum absorbance at 423 nm,
polydispersity index 0.063. Afterward, the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm
activity of LSH-Ag NPs was investigated against E. coli and B. subtilis whereas
scavenging activity of 84.2% was shown by NPs with DPPH assay. The result of
biological activities proposed synthesized NPs as apposite material having
capability to be used as biological agent. The biological potential can be
depicted by its phytochemical profile having total phenolic and flavonoid
contents as 84.9 mg GA/g and 45.9 mg RU/g respectively. The thin film of
synthesized NPs possesses tiny cavities that suggested it to use in drug
delivery system.


INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology advances in biological applications has emerged as a dynamic
class. One of its dynamics is to develop a reliable process for the preparation
of nanoparticles that possesses features such as excellent monodispersity,
multiple ranges of size, and good chemical composition. For the last two
decades, in the field of fundamental and applied research, metal-based
nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as fascinated materials and drawn the attention
of material scientists [1]. This is because of the fact that, NPs hold
inimitable electronic [2], optical [3], chemical [4], catalytic [5] features,
and small size that make them a suitable candidate for the application in the
field of drug delivery system [6], [7], bio-conjugation [7], surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS) [8], new generations nano-devices [9], [10], and
bio-sensing [11], [12]. Various metals have been employed to synthesize NPs like
Au, Cu, Fe, Ti, Zn, etc. [11], [12], [13]. Among these metals, Silver
nanoparticles have attained attention owing to its range of applications in the
medical field including microbial prevention, healing of wounds, SERS, metal
enhanced fluorescence used in bio-sensing, bio-conjugation, and drug delivery
system [14], [15], in assembly of the microelectronics [16], lithography [17],
and also applied as semiconductors and super magnets [18]. These vast
applications of Ag NPs result in its huge production of almost 320 tons annually
[1], [2] by chemical and photochemical reduction [19], sonoelectrochemical
method [20], and laser ablation [21]. But these methods accompany reducing
agents that are unfriendly to the environment, make use of toxic solvents,
non-biodegradable and synthetic stabilizing agents that cause serious
environmental and biological damage [23], [24]. The bacteria-mediated
biosynthesis of Ag NPs is becoming popular, several articles employ different
strains of bacteria B. fexus, [17] S. aureus, [18] A. calcoaceticus, [19] B.
megaterium,[20] B. amyloliquefaciens, [21] B. subtilis, [22] K. pneumonia [23]
following extra- as well as intracellular biosynthesis methodology. A
significant research has examined fungi-based biosynthesis of Ag NPs involving
A. flavus, [25] M. phaseolina, [26] T. viride, [27] Fusarium sp., [28], [29] P.
glomerata, [30] Humicola sp. [31] and P. ostreatus, an oyster mushroom [32].
Green synthesis of Ag NPs has drawn great attraction, many reports mentioned
their synthesis using various parts of plants including leaf [3], [4] stem [5],
seeds [6], [7] barks [8], [9], flowers [10], [11], roots [13], [14], and fruits
[15], [16] as their metabolites behave as reducing agents and convert metal
salts into nanoparticles. Ag-NPs possess high surface area to volume ratio that
result in their coagulation and limit their potential applications. Recently,
polysaccharides are being employed in production of Ag NPs where it acts as
green self-capping agent and reducing agent [22]. Few polysaccharides including
chitosan and starch have been utilized for averting the coagulation of NPs
because of their film-forming feature [23]. Nonetheless, the synthesis of Ag-NPs
that are highly concentrated and can have longer shelf life without getting
coagulated is a challenging process. Therefore, a prerequisite was felt to
investigate polysaccharides that have the capacity to synthesize Ag-NPs with the
aforementioned features. The water-based extract of Linseed Hydrogel (LSH)
consists of two chief fractions: arabinoxylan and rhamnogalacturonan, it can be
used as reducing and capping agent in Ag-NPs synthesis. There is a paucity of
research on use of aqueous room temperature extract of Linseed for preparation
of NPs. Only few studies revealed the use of its hot water extract for this
purpose [24].

To optimize synthesis process through conservative methods is challenging,
expensive, time consuming, and has incompetence to govern reciprocated
interactive properties of varied factors. The response surface methodology (RSM)
is a statistical and mathematical technique to evaluate the influence of
multiple variable on response variables simultaneously, in order to get
optimized conditions of process or product [25]. RSM provides complete
representation of linear, curvilinear, and pairwise co-effect of independent
variables on the response. Hence, in our work, we have used RSM to optimize the
preparation of Ag-NPs.

To the best of author’s knowledge, this study is the first report on the use of
aqueous room temperature extract of Linum usitatissimum for green and
eco-friendly synthesis of pure silver NPs (LSH-Ag NPs) where LSH extract as a
green bio-reducing agent. In this regard, the RSM was used to get optimized
conditions for the synthesis of LSH-Ag NPs such as the concentration of silver
nitrate, percentage of hydrogel solution, sonication time of hydrogel solution,
and exposure time to sunlight in order to get maximum yield of product. The
performance of green synthesized LSH-Ag NPs was tested in anti-bacterial,
anti-biofilm, anti-oxidant, and thin-film formation applications.


SECTION SNIPPETS


MATERIALS

Linseeds were collected from center of Pakistan (Lahore, Punjab province) at the
beginning of July 2020 and were used after approval by the herbarium expert of
the Botanical Garden of Government College University. AgNO3, sodium chloride
(NaCl), ascorbic acid and n-Hexane were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt,
Germany). glacial acetic acid (> 99%), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), anhydrous AlCl3
(99.99%), NaOH solution (50% in water), methanol (99%), and sodium carbonate
were purchased from Sigma


FITTING THE MODEL

To optimize the level of independent variables to build a model for an
experiment, response surface methodology (RSM) is a theoretical, statistical,
and mathematical technique [27]. The effect of independent variables on
absorbance is given in Table 2. Regression equation for the response variable,
obtained from RSM is mentioned below (5).Absorbance = 0.240513 + 0.00271557 * L
+ −0.0215887 * M + 0.00194083 * N + 0.00255959 * O + −0.0101387 * LM +
−0.00197625 * LN + 0.00175125 * LO + 0.00876375


UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY

The visual transformation of the reaction mixture for the formation of Ag-NPs
was observed as the color changes, from transparent to light yellow, orange,
brown, and finally dark brown that is attributed to the reduction of Ag1+ to Ag.
The final dark brown solution was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min and
air-dried for further analysis [31], [32]. The surface plasmon resonance band
(SPRB) is influenced by the size and shape of Ag-NPs [32] which are estimated
from optical absorption spectra


LSH-AG NANOPARTICLE AS A THIN FILM

The LSH-Ag nanoparticles were prepared through the optimized conditions of
independent variables and NPs were spread over a petri dish and the resultant
dry thin film was stored in dark. The absorption spectrum of the thin film was
obtained by dissolving it in deionized water after six months. The results
revealed no noteworthy variation in the wavelength and intensity of absorption.
Hence, it can be concluded that LSH-Ag NPs did not agglomerate even after
long-time storage in the form of a


CONCLUSION

The current study investigated the phytochemical profile of linseed aqueous
extract where total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated to be 84.9 mg
GA/g and 45.9 mg RU/g respectively. The phytochemical results suggest it to be
used for generation of eco-friendly NPs having antioxidant and other biological
applications. To prepare its Ag NPs, the optimum conditions for independent
variables including concentration of AgNO3 (8.68 mM), LSH suspension percentage
(0.73%), sonication time


DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or
personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported
in this paper.




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CITED BY (11)


 * ROLE OF ALKYL CHAIN PRESENT IN THE CATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS ON STABILIZATION
   OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE: DFT AND TD-DFT STUDIES
   
   2023, Journal of Molecular Liquids
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   Understanding the preparation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in
   ionic liquids is still needed to investigate. Various groups have reported
   the synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in ionic
   liquids (ILs) on varying the cation and anion. There is a need to understand
   the impact of alkyl chain present in the cation to understand the new
   interactions between the ILs with Ag NPs. Herein, the authors have designed
   the imidazolium ring based ionic liquids having tetrafluoroborate (TFB) as
   anion and the alkyl chain present on the cation is varied. The interactions
   have been studied through the DFT and TD-DFT calculations performed by
   Gaussian. Herein, free energy and other thermodynamic parameters of ILs with
   and without Ag are calculated. It came to know that the change in free energy
   for 3-Ag is least among all designed. 1-Ag is least stable as the change in
   free energy is positive at 298 K. On varying the alkyl chain, different types
   of interactions are observed. The same can be seen by localization of
   nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in the HOMO and LUMO of the ILs with and
   without Ag. Further, their dipole moments are also determined to understand
   the polarity of ILs with and without Ag and herein, no regular pattern is
   observed.


 * UV ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF FOLIC ACID FUNCTIONALIZED ZNO–AG HEXAGONAL
   NANOPRISMS FOR EFFICIENT CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF CR<SUP>+6</SUP> AND
   4-NITROPHENOL
   
   2023, Chemosphere
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   Chemical-based syntheses of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) has become a major
   topic of research exploration in the field of nanotechnology. The utilization
   of folic acid (FA) as stabilizing and capping agent has been reported as a
   novel route for the synthesis of bimetallic nanomaterials. The present study
   includes novel research and brief discussion about preparation of UV light
   assisted ZnO–Ag nanobars (NBs) using FA as stabilizing agent and its
   catalytic applications on the reduction of organic pollutants (4-NP and Cr+6)
   using NBs as a catalyst alongwith ascorbic acid (AA). Analytical techniques
   including UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX and FT-IR were used for the
   characterizing synthesized ZnO–Ag NBs. Hexagonal structure of ZnO–Ag NBs were
   found having crystallite size 5.6 nm and SEM studies revealed the nanobar
   width 33.2 nm and length 133.5 nm. The prepared ZnO–Ag NBs were tested for
   their catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and Cr+6.
   In the presence of ZnO–Ag NBs and AA, an effective reduction of 4-nitrophenol
   (4-NP) and Cr+6 was achieved up to 93% and 90% in 17 and 26 min with
   respectively. The successful and efficient catalytic activity of NBs may be
   attributed to the size of NBs or the concentration of FA employed for
   synthesis.


 * BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAX SEED MUCILAGE
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   2023, Materials Today Communications
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   The current study is focused on the fabrication of polysaccharide mucilage
   collagen aerogels for tissue engineering and bio-integrative applications.
   The fabricated aerogels were analysed for structural, physicochemical,
   mechanical, and biological properties. The incorporation of flax seed
   mucilage into collagen stabilized the collagen aerogels by improving the 3D
   structural topography, thermal stability, better wettability, excellent water
   retention capacity, high hemo and cytocompatibility. The MTT results showed
   100 % cell viability on the as-synthesized aerogels. The percentage
   degradation of the flax seed mucilage reinforced collagen aerogels was
   observed to be 10 % and 25 % less than that of native collagen which
   indicated the stability of reinforced aerogels towards proteases in a
   concentration dependent manner. Chick aortic arch assay revealed 3-fold and
   5-fold increase in total tubule length in aortic rings treated with 2 mg/ml
   flax seed mucilage (FSM) and 4 mg/ml FSM reinforced collagen biomatrix when
   compared to native collagen biomatrix. The results indicated the
   pro-angiogenic potential of as-synthesised biomatrix that would aid in its
   proper biomaterial integration into host tissue. The reinforced aerogels
   showed only a negligible ROS generation which further confirmed the
   anti-oxidative ability of fabricated biomatrix. The study paves a way forward
   in the development of mucilage and collagen cross-linked multi-functional 3D
   construct as an alternative to traditional collagen-based biomaterials for
   soft tissue engineering applications.


 * ATTACHED MICROALGAE CONVERTING SPENT COFFEE GROUND INTO LIPID FOR BIODIESEL
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   2022, Algal Research
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   The F-value attained for the Prob>F in this model was 2.45 with p-value of
   0.2031, surpassing the permissible limit of 0.05, corroborating the
   insignificance of lack of fit; thereby, confirming the validity of the model
   [9]. Furthermore, the adequate precision in terms of signal-to-noise ratio
   obtained for the microalgal density model was 5.8813, satiating the rule of
   thumb to be larger than 4, implying the reliability of developed model to
   navigate the design space within the ranges as determined for independent
   variables [18]. Meanwhile, the ANOVA analysis for the model of lipid content
   revealed that the experimental data could be as well fitted adequately into
   the quadratic model with the R2 value of 0.9419, deducing that the model was
   94.19 % reliable in predicting the response.
   
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   The impacts of simultaneous exposures of arbitrary light intensities and
   photoperiods on attached Chlorella vulgaris microalgal growth onto spent
   coffee ground (SCG) were studied, and subsequently optimized using Response
   Surface Methodology (RSM) tool. The statistical analysis revealed the optimum
   light intensity and photoperiod were achieved at 100 μmol/m2s and 20:4
   dark:light hours/cycle, respectively, producing microalgal density of
   0.358 g/g and lipid productivity of 16.8 mg/Lday. The biodiesel yielded from
   the optimum condition possessed high cetane number and oxidative stability
   due to the high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content of 63.7 %.
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   favourable for quality biodiesel production. Furthermore, the viability of
   SCG to serve as a carbon source was also evidenced by the high productivities
   of microalgal protein and carbohydrate at 94 and 168 mg/L day, respectively.
   The capability of attached microalgal cultivation in sequestering atmospheric
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 * OPTIMIZATION OF MAGNETIZATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FE-NI-BASED ALLOYS
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   2022, Materials Today Communications
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   In this paper, the effects of multi alloying elements on the Rm and Js of
   Fe-Ni-based alloys were studied by introducing Response Surface Methodology
   (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) [11]. RSM is a statistical method for
   improving and optimizing design processes and has been widely used for the
   improvement of bio-extraction processes and materials chemistry, such as the
   purification of papain [12], the optimization of synthetic natural gas
   processes [13], the Ag nanoparticles [14], the processing of metal matrix
   composites [15] and the nano adsorbents developed from rice husk [16].
   Typically, BBD is carried out using three to seven input process parameters
   to reduce the number of experiments.
   
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   Fe-Ni-based alloy can have both excellent soft magnetic properties and low
   Curie temperature. In this paper, 46 groups of Fe-Ni-based alloys are
   designed by Response Surface Methodology and prepared by arc melting and
   annealing, and their saturated magnetic polarization intensity (Js) and
   tensile strength (Rm) are analyzed. The results show that Js and Rm can be
   fitted with quartic and cubic models to predict the response values. The
   simultaneous addition of Ni and Cu to the Fe-based alloy has the greatest
   effect on the Js and Rm. Fe-32Ni-2.7Cr-1.45Cu-1.5Si-2Mn alloy has a Js of
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 * REDUCING AND CAPING AGENT POTENTIAL OF SUN-MEDIATED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THYMUS
   LINEARIS FOR GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON
   PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
   
   2023, Nano
   
   

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 * Research article
   
   
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