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4 MIN READ

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REBINDING ATTACKS PERSIST WITH SPOTTY BROWSER DEFENSES

DNS rebinding attacks are not often seen in the wild, which is one reason that
browser makers have taken a slower approach to adopting the web security
standard.
Robert Lemos
Contributing Writer, Dark Reading
May 17, 2023
Source: Aleksey Funtap via Alamy
PDF


Browser companies and network-security vendors have created a variety of
defenses for the three-decades-old attack technique known as DNS rebinding, but
uneven acceptance and updated exploitation techniques, protection remains
spotty.



DNS rebinding — which allows external malicious sites visited by an unsuspecting
victim to access internal servers and services —is similar to cross-site request
forgery, where an attacker can use a JavaScript component or Java applet to
request resources from another site or network. DNS rebinding typically works by
attracting a user to a malicious web site, and using the site's content and a
short time-to-live (TTL) to force the browser to send a new domain name system
(DNS) request, to which the attacker's site responds with an internal network IP
address. The attack essentially allows an attacker to use a victim's browser to
send requests to servers and devices on the internal network.

The attack, however, can be made harder to execute with a variety of defenses,
including enforcing the Same-Origin Policy by pinning the domain name in the
browser, looking for anomalous requests through the targeted user's DNS service,
and adopting Local Network Access, a proposed web security standard. While these
defenses work to make DNS rebinding attacks more difficult, they can be bypassed
under some circumstances, NCC Group said in a recent report.

Because DNS rebinding exposes the attack surfaces of internal web applications
to malicious websites, the attack could be useful against enterprise targets as
a way to get access to credential data and resources hosted on internal
networks, says Zhanhao Chen, a principal researcher for network security at Palo
Alto Networks.




"In the real world, the attacker can build a website with DNS rebinding script
and trick the victim to open it in their browser," he says. "Once the malicious
website is open on an employee's browser, the attacker can manipulate or steal
information from internal Web applications that are vulnerable."


DNS REBINDING ATTACKS FACE DIFFICULT DEFENSES

Every browser does some form of DNS pinning, preventing the assigning of new
network addresses for a specific web site or host name for a certain time
period, such as an hour. DNS-based security services, such as Cisco's Umbrella,
also prevent anomalous changes in DNS data using suspicious response filters,
which identify potential attacks and stop them.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has also created a draft of a security
specification, Local Network Access, that blocks DNS-based attacks. Previously
called "Private Network Access," the approach puts up barriers between global,
local, and internal addresses, such as the loopback address for the local host,
and forces services to gain permission to explicitly access the local network.



In the latest analysis published by NCC Group, however, Roger Meyer, a technical
director at NCC Group, argues that the defenses still are not complete. Using
the 0.0.0.0 address, which can access Linux and Mac OS systems' internal IP
address, for example, bypasses the current Local Network Access protections,
Meyer says.

"Usually, that specific 0.0.0.0 IP address is non-routable and should not work
as an IP address —you should not be able to even use it for accessing anything,
but it just works on Mac OS and Linux devices," he says.

NCC Group opened up a bug report with Google, an early adopter of the Local
Network Access specification, to get the issue fixed in the Chromium codebase,
Meyer says.


BOLSTERING DEFENSES

DNS rebinding attacks are not often seen in the wild, which is one reason that
browser makers have taken a slower approach to mitigating the issue. Another is
that companies do not want to break internal applications, whose developers may
rely on the ability to handle cross-origin requests.

If web application developers adopt the HTTPS encrypted web protocols as a
general rule, they can prevent their application from being used in a DNS
rebinding attack, says Palo Alto Networks' Chen.

"This kind of mitigation depends on the developer of internal services, [so] it
is not scalable," he says. "As third-party web applications populate in both
home and enterprise environments, it's more difficult for the network owners to
identify and fix all potentially vulnerable servers."

While DNS rebinding is not as common as other widely-spread threats such as DNS
tunneling, domain-generation algorithms, DNS amplification denial-of-service
attacks, and DNS hijacking, many web applications remain vulnerable to DNS
rebinding and attackers are actively exploiting it, Chen says. Palo Alto
Networks noted that seven DNS-binding-related CVEs were released in 2021 and
nine in 2022, and the company continues to see attack traffic in the wild.

Companies can help bolster their defenses by using DNS services that detect
attacks and help remote employees protect their at-home environments. Because an
attacker needs to either know information about the victim's environment, or
know they are using common devices or applications, those common services should
be hardened against attack, NCC Group's Meyer says.

"There are ways to discover if there are vulnerable services on the network or
on employee devices, so the company could scan the network to find those
vulnerable services," he says. "There are intrusion detection systems or other
kinds of security software that can look for services listening on developer
machines or any other employees' systems, and any services that are listening on
localhost are potentially vulnerable to DNS rebinding."

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