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SUPERMEMO GURU

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This site offers texts on memory, learning, sleep, creativity, problem solving,
brain science, health, and education (2,243 pages, 28,096 edits)


CONTENTS

 * 1 Learning
 * 2 Creativity
 * 3 Intelligence
 * 4 Sleep
 * 5 Education
 * 6 Memory
 * 7 Health
 * 8 Productivity
 * 9 Myths
 * 10 SuperMemo
 * 11 Older texts
 * 12 Translations
 * 13 Q&A
 * 14 Summary
 * 15 Glossary
 * 16 Comments
 * 17 References
 * 18 Color codes


LEARNING

 * Problem of schooling: How schools make for unhappy lives for kids
 * Pleasure of learning: Why pleasure is essential for high quality learning
 * Natural creativity cycle: How cycles of attention, distraction and sleep lead
   to great discoveries
 * Childhood amnesia: Why child's brain is totally different than adult's brain
   and how it affects early education
 * Semantic aspects of childhood amnesia: Infantile amnesia is not entirely
   neurophysiological
 * Speed reading: The trick to fast reading with comprehension is incremental
   reading
 * Learn drive: Brains are equipped with detectors of valuable knowledge
 * Toxic memory: Coercive learning is harmful
 * School damages your brain: Many years of schooling result in maladaptive
   changes to brain architecture
 * Principles of spaced repetition: By computing the optimum time of review, we
   can forget about forgetting
 * 20 rules of knowledge formulation: The way we formulate knowledge may decide
   if we forget or remember for decades
 * Semantic learning: Comprehension affects durability of memories
 * Learning and depression: Learning may be one of the simplest preventive tools
   in a fight against depression
 * Older people learn slower: Older people are hard to convice


CREATIVITY

 * How to solve any problem? Simple tricks that great people use to solve
   problems
 * Sleep and learning: Sleep has a powerful impact on learning (and vice versa)
 * Creativity cycle: Sleep has a powerful impact on creativity (and vice versa)
 * Productivity vs. creativity dilemma: Creativity is wild. It can easily take
   you away from your goals
 * Confusing creativity with ADHD: Creative and unruly kids are often labelled
   as ADHD, esp. in the classroom
 * Knowledge in creative problem solving: New learning must complement expertise
   to ensure lifelong creativity
 * Fidgeting is good: How restless tapping may be a healthy response to rampant
   creativity
 * Are extroverts more creative? One of Big Five traits may appear not to be a
   genetic trait after all


INTELLIGENCE

 * Simple formula for high intelligence: We should never be inhibited by the
   thought that genes underlie genius
 * Artificial intelligence might destroy humanity: Elon Musk and George Hinton
   propose a wrong formula for safe AI
 * Genius checklist: 20+ things needed to maximize the brain power
 * Optimizing the timing of brainwork: There are only two short windows of time
   each day when brain power is at its best
 * IQ is a dismal measure of intelligence: Instead of serving humanity, many
   definitions of intelligence serve vanity
 * Precocity paradox: Many who are first will be last, and the last first
 * School undermines intelligence: It is a widespread false belief that schools
   improve intelligence
 * Concept network: Simple model of how the brain works
 * Conceptual computation: How thoughts flow in a concept network of the brain
 * Abstract knowledge: The properties of knowledge that underlie intelligence
 * Intelligence abhors schooling: Science of intelligence explains the error of
   schooling
 * Bill Gates and his non-incremental reading: Bill Gates is a fantastic reader,
   but he could still improve
 * Computer games will ensure a great leap in human intelligence: Parents and
   teachers wrongly condemn games as mindless


SLEEP

 * Science of sleep: Good sleep, good learning, good life
 * Neural optimization in sleep: Sleep is like disk defragmentation that boosts
   fast thinking, problem solving, and more
 * Sleep control system: Dozens of brain systems involved in the control of
   sleep
 * Biphasic life: Humans are biphasic. Hence the invention of siesta
 * Best time for napping: Naps should be taken within a 1-2 hour window in the
   middle of the day
 * Power nap: How naps compensate for night sleep
 * Curing DSPS and insomnia: DSPS and insomnia have reached epidemic
   proportions, but there are natural remedies at hand
 * Baby sleep: Parents who understand how babies sleep are more likely to
   nurture healthy brains
 * Sleep deprivation amplifies the harm of schooling: Learning in a sleepy state
   can ruin prior learning
 * How do we fall asleep?: The cascade of events that lead to slumber
 * Two components of sleep: Two components of sleep regulation determine when we
   fall asleep and how effective sleep is


EDUCATION

 * Problem of schooling: We need a Grand Reform in education to prevent further
   harm to children
 * Why kids hate school? Kids hate school almost unanimously
 * 100 bad habits learned at school: School gives you some knowledge and a long
   list of bad habits
 * Dangers of being a Straight A student: Good grades are a delight for parents,
   but they can also spell a threat
 * School damages your brain: Many years of schooling result in maladaptive
   changes to brain architecture
 * School Reform: Evolution or Revolution?: without a student strike, the school
   system is likely to retain its coercive nature for years
 * Mythology of schooling: the school system is a self-perpetuating moloch: its
   pawns have received the best schooling in obedient conformity
 * Education counteracts evolution: Education systems around the world are
   designed in opposition to biologically natural ways of learning
 * 10 mortal sins of schooling: Problem of schooling in a capsule
 * Freedom of education: Freedom of education is as precious as freedom of
   speech
 * Schools are useless in teaching English!: Years of foreign language learning
   at school bring little effect
 * Learning history: school vs. self-directed learning: Most kids leave high
   school with negligible understanding of history
 * How baby brain does not work: The myth of "perfect learning machines"
 * Daycare misery: Most of praise for benefits of daycare comes from exculpatory
   needs of busy moms
 * Ban on homeschooling: Those who ban homeschooling block the best options for
   free learning
 * Learning to navigate uncertainty and complexity: Schools focus on
   deterministic learning. Minimization of uncertainty undermines future problem
   solving skills
 * The grind is the glory: Why loving parents often ruin the pleasure of
   learning for their own kids
 * Videogames are better than teachers: Videogames are not mindless. They are
   one of the best learning tools
 * Adults are incapable of empathy in education: School system survives on adult
   ignorance
 * Can coercion cause dyslexia?: Dyslexia is not just about the brain and
   neurology
 * Finnish school paradox: Wonderful Finnish school system may be a wolf in
   sheep's clothing
 * Bill Gates is wrong about education: Bill is great. Bill is good. Bill is
   wrong
 * How schools can contribute to Alzheimer's disease: Knowledge prevents
   Alzheimer's, but schooling can also contribute to senile dementia
 * PISA fuels the education arms race: PISA tests are interesting, but they are
   also harmful
 * Do children need boundaries to feel safe?: Children are often disciplined
   under the guise of making them feel "secure"
 * Experts do not understand Khan Academy: why one man's revolution is another
   man's blasphemy
 * Problems with special-needs education: Early academic instruction is harmful.
   How about kids with learning disabilities?


MEMORY

 * Forgetting curve: How fast we forget after learning
 * Mechanism of forgetting: How forgetting contributes to intelligence
 * History of spaced repetition: How we dramatically advanced the science of
   learning in the last three decades
 * Learn drive: The power behind curiosity and learning
 * Grandmother cells: How a joke idea turns out to underlie human intelligence
 * Two component model of memory: How long-term memory works
 * Two component model of memory stability: What factors keep memories stable
   for decades
 * Spaced repetition: How to eliminate the problem of forgetting
 * Conceptualization theory of childhood amnesia: Why children have plastic
   brains and still learn slowly
 * Error of Ebbinghaus forgetting curve: How SuperMemo added to Hermann
   Ebbinghaus reputation
 * How are false memories born?: How faulty memory contributes to human
   intelligence
 * On the superiority of a rat over a schooled human: Why rats learn smarter
   than kids in a classroom
 * Neurostatistical Model of Memory: New model that attempts to describe the
   properties of memory


HEALTH

 * Optimum diet: Dieting is harmful. Mental health is the best prevention of
   obesity
 * Stress resilience: Chronic stress is a brain destroyer in early childhood
 * Using stress valves to prevent chronic stress: Natural anti-stress weapons
 * Baby management: Instead of providing room for growth, we try to push kids
   into a box of directed development
 * Daycare infections: Daycare centers are germ factories that steal from
   valuable learning time
 * Preventing infections: It is possible to build resistance to cold and flu
   viruses
 * Reward diversity in preventing addictions: Parents and schools drive kids to
   addictions
 * I have ADHD and I love it: One man's creativity is another man's mental
   health issue
 * ADHD: ADHD is subject to over-diagnosis
 * Trading genius for Asperger: A psychiatric disorder which may indicate a
   potential for genius
 * War of the networks: Defying human nature is a root cause of the whole host
   of human problems
 * You cannot catch a cold from cold: One of the most popular and highly
   detrimental myths about health
 * Schools are the primary source of obesity epidemic: if there was no
   compulsory schooling, obesity levels would plummet
 * Reinterpretation of stoicism: How creative elaboration assists a resilient
   stoic mind


PRODUCTIVITY

 * Planning productive days: The power of the habit in maximizing productivity
 * Micro-rules of productivity: Hard work can be immensely pleasurable
 * Productivity vs. creativity dilemma: The quest for productivity does not need
   to kill the creative spirit
 * Scott Galloway does not understand talent: The best life is the one that is
   driven by passions


MYTHS

 * Myths are easy to swallow and hard to kill: how memory models help us tackle
   false beliefs
 * The morbid myth of Digital Dementia: how Dr Manfred Spitzer fooled millions
 * Omnipresent myth of immature frontal lobes: how Dr Victoria Dunckley uses a
   myth to sell a book
 * Executive function is essential for success at school: how brain science is a
   cover for controlling children
 * Myth: Students are naturally lazy and do not like to learn
 * Neuromythology: dozens of dumb myths about the impact of technology on our
   minds
 * Myth: Artificial intelligence will never match human intelligence: many smart
   people claim that computers will never be conscious, emotional, passionate,
   nor even creative
 * Do computers make children illiterate? how computers and smartphones improve
   reading
 * Myth: Early reading is essential for literacy: schools induce dyslexia and
   reading without comprehension
 * Myth: Blacks are less intelligent than whites: neural networks are unaware of
   the skin color

For 100+ myths about memory, learning, sleep, and creativity see Myths


SUPERMEMO

 * History of spaced repetition: all roads lead to SuperMemo
 * How to read a book in an hour?: incremental reading makes it possible to
   devour books faster than ever
 * SuperMemo does not work for kids: pushing SuperMemo on kids can be harmful
 * Speed-reading on steroids: incremental reading makes it possible to read fast
   with high recall
 * How to earn a million dollars with brain power: spaced repetition helped
   Jonas von Essen win "Who wants to be a millionaire"
 * Hating SuperMemo: how to avoid the pitfalls of bad learning
 * Advantages of incremental reading: all the best things about the best reading
   method
 * Advantages of incremental writing: how to effectively combine creative ideas
   in writing
 * Inevitability of incremental reading: why incremental reading had to happen
 * Incremental reading step by step: best reading method explained on a page of
   text
 * Why is incremental reading not popular?: why great technologies may be hard
   to use
 * Harm of incremental reading: how incremental reading impacts the brain
 * SuperMemo for Windows year by year
 * Who is SuperMemo Guru?


OLDER TEXTS

 * Roots of creativity and genius (2001)
 * Incremental reading (2002-2016)
 * Decade of speed reading (incrementally) (2014)
 * Can too much learning cause Alzheimer's? (2002) (better alternative: Bad
   learning contributes to Alzheimer's)
 * Myth collection: memory, learning, creativity and sleep (1999-2012)
 * Good sleep, good learning, good life (2012) (better alternative: Science of
   sleep)
 * How memory works? (1994)
 * Decade of SuperMemo (interview) (1999)
 * Goodness of knowledge (2002)
 * SuperMemo as a tool for a programmer (1993) (see also: SuperMemo as a tool
   for a programmer)


TRANSLATIONS

 * SuperMemo Guru: Translations


Q&A

 * FAQs: your questions


SUMMARY

 * Summary: summary of the most important claims presented on this site


GLOSSARY

 * Glossary


COMMENTS

 * Comments


REFERENCES

 * References


COLOR CODES

Important notes: the most important ideas are marked in yellow. Those are
snippets I want you to remember most from my texts. If you do not have time for
reading, reviewing those notes will tell you roughly what I want to say. If you
disagree, you can dig deeper in the text to figure out my reasoning

> Excerpts: mark the most remarkable or influential words taken from other
> authors. At times, putting things in my own words would not do justice to the
> original

Personal anecdote. Why use anecdotes?
Personal anecdotes: if you have an impression that my opinions about education
are distorted by my own experience, you are right. I have spent all my
professional life on self-directed learning, while my 22 years of formal
schooling remained a distant memory. With each improvement to my own learning, I
recall those early years with less and less respect to the old ways of learning.
My personal notes are marked with this colored template. You can skip them
without losing on the message, or dig into my own recall to see how my opinions
have been shaped or biased
Anecdote. Why use anecdotes?
Anecdotes: some stories from lives of great and/or ordinary people

Motto: some witty idea or quote from a wise man, usually from ages ago. A quote
that sets the theme for a chapter. Those witticisms often help us realize that
we are re-learning history over and over again. The ancients knew things many
people fail to see today

Metaphor. Why use metaphors?

Metaphors: some ideas are best presented in a metaphoric pop-science fashion. If
you fully understand the text, skip metaphors. If you don't or if you are
skeptical, see if metaphoric approach is more convincing. Metaphors help you
build models that facilitate reasoning

SuperMemo insert. What is SuperMemo?
SuperMemo notes: are relevant only to those who care about SuperMemo. You can
skip those inserts without missing main points
FAQ question. What are FAQs?
Frequently asked questions (FAQs): Interesting questions you might have about
memory, learning, creativity, sleep, etc.
Archive warning: Why use literal archives?
Archive: Archive materials are presented for historic reasons. They may
intentionally include wrong hypotheses or models, e.g. to illustrate the
progression of thought
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