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MOBILE COMPUTING MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS (MANETS)

3. Mai 2021•
0 gefällt mir•70 views
Durch KI verbesserte Beschreibung

Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science KarimnagarFolgen

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks without any fixed
infrastructure. Nodes in a MANET can act as both hosts and routers to forward
packets between nodes. MANETs have dynamic topologies that change unpredictably
as nodes move. Common routing protocols for MANETs operate in an on-demand
fashion, discovering routes only when needed to reduce overhead from periodic
updates. Some examples are dynamic source routing (DSR) and
destination-sequenced distance-vector (DSDV) routing. Security poses unique
challenges in MANETs due to the lack of centralized administration and shared
wireless medium.Weniger lesen

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EMPFOHLEN

Mane ts von nunnaswathi

Mane ts

Nunna Swathi
103 views•27 Folien
This document provides an overview of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It
defines MANETs as wireless networks without fixed infrastructure where nodes are
free to move and dynamically self-organize. Key points: - MANETs are formed
spontaneously as nodes connect via wireless links without centralized
administration. - Each node acts as a router, forwarding data for other nodes.
Network topology changes frequently as nodes move. - Examples of MANET
applications include military operations, emergency response, classroom
environments, and home/office networks. - Challenges for MANET routing protocols
include dynamic topology, limited resources, and network security. Common
routing approaches include proactive, reactive, and geographic routing.

Applications of ad hoc and wireless sensor networks von paruvathavardhinipra

Applications of ad hoc and wireless sensor networks

paruvathavardhinipra
655 views•25 Folien
This document discusses ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It describes
several applications of ad hoc networks including military operations,
collaborative work, emergency response, and wireless mesh networks. It also
discusses wireless sensor networks and their use in fields like healthcare,
environmental monitoring, and more. Finally, it outlines some of the major
challenges in designing routing protocols for ad hoc networks such as mobility,
bandwidth constraints, and resource limitations.

Ad hoc wireless networks-Overview von paruvathavardhinipra

Ad hoc wireless networks-Overview

paruvathavardhinipra
210 views•31 Folien
The document discusses key concepts related to ad hoc and wireless sensor
networks. It defines ad hoc networks as infrastructureless, decentralized
wireless networks where nodes can act as both senders and receivers and
dynamically route data through other nodes. It covers routing algorithms, single
vs multi-hop communication, unicast vs broadcast vs multicast transmission, and
compares ad hoc networks to cellular networks and WANETs/MANETs. Application
areas like military, emergency response, and wireless sensor networks are also
mentioned.

Improvement Of DSR Protocol von karumanchirk

Improvement Of DSR Protocol

Rajesh Karumanchi
4K views•33 Folien
Interim Report on thesis we've worked... "Reactive Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc
Networks : Improvement of DSR Protocol"

Manet von pushkardutt3

Manet

Pushkar Dutt
13.2K views•12 Folien
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) has become an exciting and important technology
in recent years because of the rapid proliferation of wireless devices. A mobile
adhoc network consists of mobile nodes that can move freely in an open
environment. Communicating nodes in a Mobile Adhoc Network usually seek the help
of other intermediate nodes to establish communication channels. In such an
environment, malicious intermediate nodes can be a threat to the security of
conversation between mobile nodes. The security experience from the Wired
Network world is of little use in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc networks, due to some
basic di_erences between the two Networks. Therefore, some novel solutions are
required to make Mobile Adhoc Network secure.

CHAPTER-1234 von BilalAnjum3

CHAPTER-1234

Bilal Anjum
412 views•88 Folien
The document discusses WiFi-based mobility detection in mobile ad hoc networks.
It introduces mobile ad hoc networks and describes their key characteristics,
including being infrastructureless, multi-hop routing, dynamic topology, and
energy constraints. It also discusses some example application scenarios for
MANETs and different routing protocols used in MANETs, categorizing them as
proactive, reactive, or hybrid and describing Destination-Sequenced
Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing as one proactive protocol.

Adhoc wireless networks and its issues von Menagakarthick

Adhoc wireless networks and its issues

Menaga Selvaraj
1.3K views•52 Folien
This PPt will elaborate unit -1 in the subject of EC8702- Adhoc and Wireless
Sensor Network for Engineering students.

Manet von ankurtrip123

Manet

Ankur Tripathi
1.3K views•13 Folien
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and outlines some key
challenges related to routing and security in these networks. It provides
background on MANETs, explaining that they are infrastructure-less wireless
networks where nodes can freely and dynamically self-organize. It then
summarizes some of the main challenges like frequently changing topologies,
limited resources of mobile nodes, and security issues like denial of service
attacks. The document also gives an overview of different routing protocols for
MANETs and requirements for these protocols to address challenges like frequent
path breaks and bandwidth constraints. It concludes that comprehensive security
solutions are still needed to address both routing and cooperation enforcement
issues in these challenging ad hoc network environments.

Mobility management in adhoc network von AmanSaurabh1

Mobility management in adhoc network

Aman Saurabh
2.4K views•8 Folien
This document discusses mobility management in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).
It begins by introducing MANETs and explaining that they are temporary networks
formed spontaneously via wireless communication between mobile nodes without
centralized administration. It then discusses the need for mobility management,
including location management and handoff management routing protocols. It also
discusses different types of node mobility and mobility models for predicting
node movement patterns over time in MANETs. The document categorizes mobility
models as trace-based (using real movement data) or synthetic-based (simulating
realistic movement), and lists examples of models within each category like the
random waypoint and reference point group mobility models.

Adhoc technologies von shashi712

Adhoc technologies

shashi712
1.2K views•12 Folien
The document discusses different types of wireless networks including Mobile Ad
Hoc Networks (MANETs), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks (VANETs). It provides an overview of the key characteristics of each
network type, such as their topology, communication paradigms, and constraints.
MANETs allow nodes to connect and communicate in a decentralized manner without
infrastructure support. WSNs consist of dense deployments of low-cost sensor
nodes that collect and transmit data. VANETs are similar to MANETs but involve
vehicle-to-vehicle communication and have more predictable mobility patterns.

Lecture 3 4. prnet von cprakash2011

Lecture 3 4. prnet

Chandra Meena
6.1K views•51 Folien
This document discusses the origins and development of ad hoc networks. It
describes how packet radio networks (PRNETs) in the 1970s, developed by DARPA,
were the first generation of ad hoc networks. PRNETs used multi-hop routing
between mobile radio terminals and packet radios to communicate without fixed
infrastructure. The document outlines the key components and routing techniques
of PRNETs, including point-to-point and broadcast routing. It also discusses how
subsequent generations in the 1980s-1990s focused on improving performance,
scalability, and developing commercial applications like Bluetooth.

MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET) von MonodipSinghaRoy

MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET)

Monodip Singha Roy
5.5K views•26 Folien
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines MANETs as
collections of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically form a network without
any centralized administration. The document outlines the characteristics,
mechanisms, transmission standards, routing protocols, applications, and future
aspects of MANETs. It explains that MANETs are self-configuring,
infrastructureless networks suitable for situations where fixed networks are not
available or are too expensive to deploy.

EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece von GOWTHAMMS6

EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece

GOWTHAMMS6
3.7K views•109 Folien
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Adhoc and Wireless Sensor
Networks. It covers five units: (1) Introduction to Adhoc Networks and routing
protocols, (2) Introduction to sensor networks and architectures, (3) Networking
concepts and protocols for sensor networks, (4) Security issues in sensor
networks, and (5) Sensor network platforms and tools. Some key topics discussed
include characteristics of adhoc networks, challenges in routing, components and
applications of wireless sensor networks, and medium access schemes. The
objectives are for students to learn the fundamentals and apply their knowledge
to identify suitable protocols based on network requirements and understand
security and transport layer issues in these networks.

Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan von ragavan1989

Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan

Ragavan K
251 views•96 Folien
This document outlines the course objectives, syllabus, and outcomes for the
course EC8702 Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks. The course aims to teach
students about ad hoc network and sensor network fundamentals, routing
protocols, sensor network architecture and design issues, transport layer and
security issues, and sensor network platforms and tools. The syllabus covers
topics like ad hoc network routing protocols, sensor network introductions and
architectures, networking concepts and protocols, security issues, and sensor
network platforms. Upon completing the course, students will gain knowledge of
ad hoc and sensor networks and be able to apply this to identify suitable
protocols and address issues in these networks.

207088 633815660985047486 von SathishPilla

207088 633815660985047486

Sathish Pilla
491 views•36 Folien
This document provides an overview of mobile ad-hoc networks, including a brief
history and introduction. It discusses the key differences between
infrastructure-based networks and infrastructure-less networks. It also covers
routing protocols, setting up a simple ad-hoc network, pros and cons of ad-hoc
networks, wireless ad-hoc sensor networks, differences between cellular and
ad-hoc networks, and future research directions.

Introduction to mobile ad hoc network von prajapatashish009

Introduction to mobile ad hoc network

Ashish Prajapat
295 views•15 Folien
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines MANETs as
self-configuring networks composed of mobile routers that connect via wireless
links to form a temporary, random topology. MANETs are suitable for situations
where infrastructure is not available or practical, such as emergency response.
The document outlines the characteristics of MANETs, including that they are
decentralized and nodes participate in routing by forwarding data. It also lists
some applications of MANETs like military operations and disaster relief.
Finally, it discusses challenges in MANETs like medium access, routing, security
and energy management.

Introduction to AWSN von PeriyanayagiS

Introduction to AWSN

PeriyanayagiS
139 views•17 Folien
The document discusses the syllabus for the course EC8702 Adhoc and Wireless
Sensor Networks. The syllabus covers topics like adhoc network routing
protocols, sensor network architecture and design issues, transport layer and
security protocols for adhoc and sensor networks, and programming platforms and
tools. The course objectives are to learn the fundamentals of adhoc and sensor
networks, apply routing algorithms, identify physical and MAC layer protocols,
and describe transport layer and security issues. Upon completing the course,
students will be able to explain adhoc and sensor network basics, apply routing
algorithms, identify protocols, describe transport and security issues, and
program sensor nodes.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET von telecomsutra

Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET

telecomsutra
1.9K views•16 Folien
A Session on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and other emerging Telecom Trends Visit
www.telecomSutra.com for more on Telecom concepts and trends.

Unit 7 von poonampkc

Unit 7

Assistant Professor
6.5K views•23 Folien
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks without a fixed
infrastructure. Each node acts as both a host and a router, forwarding packets
for other nodes. MANETs have dynamic topologies as nodes can move freely. They
are used in applications like military operations, emergency response, and
conferences. Routing in MANETs is challenging due to the dynamic topology.
Common routing protocols for MANETs include DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. DSDV adds
sequence numbers to distance vector routing to avoid loops from topology
changes. DSR is an on-demand routing protocol where the source determines the
complete path to the destination.

Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol von ijceronline

Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol

ijceronline
19 views•6 Folien
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing a centralized system
in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using the Gathering based Routing Protocol
(GRP). It begins by introducing MANETs and their characteristics like dynamic
topology. It then describes centralized systems and how they differ from
decentralized networks like MANETs. Next, it discusses vulnerabilities of MANETs
and challenges in routing. The GRP protocol is explained along with its
advantages and disadvantages. The document outlines a simulation setup comparing
network performance between a MANET and one with a centralized system using GRP
with hello packet exchanges. Results showed the centralized system had better
performance. The conclusion is that GRP protocol performs better in MANETs with
a centralized system.

Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture von PeriyanayagiS

Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture

PeriyanayagiS
1.3K views•100 Folien
This document provides an overview of sensor networks and wireless sensor
network architectures. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor
networks and their components. It then discusses the topics, challenges, and
enabling technologies for WSNs. The document outlines the architecture of a
sensor node and its goals. It provides examples of WSN applications and
discusses sensor network deployment considerations. Finally, it addresses the
design challenges, operational challenges, and required mechanisms for WSNs to
meet their requirements.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications von kushwaha_sushant

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications

Sushant Kushwaha
3.2K views•15 Folien
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) allow for content distribution, information
dissemination, and file sharing between Bluetooth and WiFi devices in an
enterprise network. MANETs form multicast tree topologies to disseminate data
packets between nodes, with clusters of nodes creating a multicast tree
structure. Mesh networks provide robust data services for mobile networks
through dynamic autonomous topology segments as an inexpensive alternative to
infrastructure-based cellular networks. Protocols like PUMA create mesh networks
connecting MANET nodes with multiple paths between senders and receivers to
improve packet delivery in mobile environments. MANETs also enable applications
like remote imaging, messaging, and file transfers between devices like cameras
and smartphones.

Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction von cprakash2011

Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction

Chandra Meena
18.4K views•52 Folien
This document provides an overview of a course on mobile and ad hoc networks. It
lists two textbooks that will be used and states that the goal is to cover
fundamental design issues and solutions for network architecture and protocols.
It also lists some related websites and outlines the objectives of chapters that
will introduce wireless communication technologies, network standards, and
multiple access techniques for ad hoc networks.

MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications von ArunChokkalingam

MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications

ArunChokkalingam
502 views•25 Folien
Introduction about routing Issues in designing a routing protocol
Characteristics of an ideal routing protocol Classifications of routing
protocols

Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit) von vivekmaurya32

Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit)

Vivek Maurya
5K views•75 Folien
This document provides notes on ad hoc networks from R N S Institute of
Technology. It begins with an introduction comparing cellular and ad hoc
wireless networks. Ad hoc networks are infrastructureless networks that use
multi-hop radio relaying. The document then discusses applications of ad hoc
networks such as military operations, emergency response, wireless mesh
networks, and wireless sensor networks. It also covers key issues in ad hoc
networks including medium access, routing, multicasting, and energy management.
The first unit focuses on these introductory concepts and applications of ad hoc
networks.

Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar von AshokPanwar3

Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar

Ashok Panwar
176 views•89 Folien
The document discusses ad hoc networks and routing protocols. It begins with an
introduction to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), including their characteristics
and applications. Several categories of routing protocols are described,
including table-driven protocols like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
Routing (DSDV) and Cluster-head Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR), as well as
source-initiated on-demand protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The
document provides examples and explanations of how these different protocols
perform routing in MANETs.

Ad-Hoc Networks von ENGMSHARI

Ad-Hoc Networks

Mshari Alabdulkarim
109.5K views•55 Folien
The document discusses ad-hoc networks and their key characteristics. It
describes several challenges in ad-hoc networks including limited battery power,
dynamic network topology, and scalability issues. It also summarizes several
ad-hoc network routing protocols (e.g. DSDV, AODV, DSR), addressing both
table-driven and on-demand approaches. Additionally, it outlines some ad-hoc MAC
protocols like MACA and PAMAS that aim to manage shared wireless medium access.

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET von IOSR

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET

IOSR Journals
346 views•9 Folien
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic
topology without any network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access
points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes are free to move about
and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently.
The main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A
Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless
ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides a
scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the
idea that each node tries to reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets
whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV are reactive route discovery
algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance
metrics. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV von pkaviya

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV

pkaviya
445 views•80 Folien
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring networks formed by mobile
devices without any fixed infrastructure. Routing in MANETs is complex due to
frequent topology changes from node movement and failures. The document
discusses characteristics of MANETs such as dynamic topology and limited
bandwidth. It also covers routing challenges, different routing protocol types
(proactive, reactive, hybrid), and examples like Destination-Sequenced
Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) which is a proactive table-driven protocol that
uses sequence numbers to avoid routing loops.

WMN Chapter5.pptx von damayanti68

WMN Chapter5.pptx

damayanti68
111 views•9 Folien
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are formed spontaneously by wireless devices
without any preexisting infrastructure. Nodes in a MANET are free to move
randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily, so the network topology can change
unpredictably. MANETs have advantages like decentralized administration and
self-configuration, but also challenges like limited bandwidth, dynamic
topology, and security threats. Applications of MANETs include personal devices
like cell phones communicating directly, military environments, emergency
response situations, and more.

WEITERE ÄHNLICHE INHALTE

WAS IST ANGESAGT?

Mobility management in adhoc network von AmanSaurabh1

Mobility management in adhoc network

Adhoc technologies von shashi712

Adhoc technologies

Lecture 3 4. prnet von cprakash2011

Lecture 3 4. prnet

MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET) von MonodipSinghaRoy

MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET)

EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece von GOWTHAMMS6

EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece

Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan von ragavan1989

Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan

207088 633815660985047486 von SathishPilla

207088 633815660985047486

Introduction to mobile ad hoc network von prajapatashish009

Introduction to mobile ad hoc network

Introduction to AWSN von PeriyanayagiS

Introduction to AWSN

Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET von telecomsutra

Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET

telecomsutra
1.9K views•16 Folien
A Session on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and other emerging Telecom Trends Visit
www.telecomSutra.com for more on Telecom concepts and trends.

Unit 7 von poonampkc

Unit 7

Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol von ijceronline

Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol

Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture von PeriyanayagiS

Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications von kushwaha_sushant

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications

Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction von cprakash2011

Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction

MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications von ArunChokkalingam

MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications

ArunChokkalingam
502 views•25 Folien
Introduction about routing Issues in designing a routing protocol
Characteristics of an ideal routing protocol Classifications of routing
protocols

Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit) von vivekmaurya32

Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit)

Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar von AshokPanwar3

Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar

Ad-Hoc Networks von ENGMSHARI

Ad-Hoc Networks

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET von IOSR

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET

WAS IST ANGESAGT? (20)

Mobility management in adhoc network von AmanSaurabh1

Mobility management in adhoc network
Aman Saurabh•2.4K views
Adhoc technologies von shashi712

Adhoc technologies
shashi712•1.2K views
Lecture 3 4. prnet von cprakash2011

Lecture 3 4. prnet
Chandra Meena•6.1K views
MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET) von MonodipSinghaRoy

MOBILE Ad-Hoc NETWORK (MANET)
Monodip Singha Roy•5.5K views
EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece von GOWTHAMMS6

EC8702 adhoc and wireless sensor networks iv ece
GOWTHAMMS6•3.7K views
Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan von ragavan1989

Adhoc & WSN-Unit-I-Ragavan
Ragavan K•251 views
207088 633815660985047486 von SathishPilla

207088 633815660985047486
Sathish Pilla•491 views
Introduction to mobile ad hoc network von prajapatashish009

Introduction to mobile ad hoc network
Ashish Prajapat•295 views
Introduction to AWSN von PeriyanayagiS

Introduction to AWSN
PeriyanayagiS•139 views
Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET von telecomsutra

Mobile Ad Hoc Network or MANNET
telecomsutra•1.9K views
Unit 7 von poonampkc

Unit 7
Assistant Professor•6.5K views
Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol von ijceronline

Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocol
ijceronline•19 views
Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture von PeriyanayagiS

Sensor Networks Introduction and Architecture
PeriyanayagiS•1.3K views
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications von kushwaha_sushant

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Applications
Sushant Kushwaha•3.2K views
Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction von cprakash2011

Lecture 1 mobile and adhoc network- introduction
Chandra Meena•18.4K views
MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications von ArunChokkalingam

MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications
ArunChokkalingam•502 views
Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit) von vivekmaurya32

Adhoc networks notes by divya (rnsit)
Vivek Maurya•5K views
Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar von AshokPanwar3

Ad-hoc Networks by Ashok Panwar
Ashok Panwar•176 views
Ad-Hoc Networks von ENGMSHARI

Ad-Hoc Networks
Mshari Alabdulkarim•109.5K views
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET von IOSR

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET
IOSR Journals•346 views

ÄHNLICH WIE MOBILE COMPUTING MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS (MANETS)

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV von pkaviya

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV

WMN Chapter5.pptx von damayanti68

WMN Chapter5.pptx

Mobile Computing UNIT-7 von asistithod

Mobile Computing UNIT-7

Ramesh Babu
8.5K views•46 Folien
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor
networks. It describes how MANETs are self-configuring networks formed by mobile
nodes connected wirelessly without any fixed infrastructure. Each node acts as a
router to forward packets. Wireless sensor networks are similar but use smart
sensor nodes that can sense environmental data and disseminate it through the
network. Examples of MANET and sensor network applications include content
sharing between devices, industrial plant monitoring, and traffic monitoring.
Security challenges in these networks are also discussed.

An Overview of Mobile Ad hoc Network: Application, Challenges and Comparison ...
von IOSR

An Overview of Mobile Ad hoc Network: Application, Challenges and Comparison ...

IOSR Journals
624 views•5 Folien
This document provides an overview of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), including
their applications, challenges, and comparisons of routing protocols. It
discusses how MANETs are self-configuring networks of mobile nodes that
communicate wirelessly without centralized administration. The document outlines
several applications of MANETs, technological challenges in areas like routing,
security, and power consumption. It also classifies and compares several popular
routing protocols for MANETs like DSDV, AODV, DSR, evaluating them based on
parameters like route selection method, topology structure, and ability to avoid
loops.

MANET.pptx von ssuser476e50

MANET.pptx

ssuser476e50
72 views•12 Folien
Mobile ad hoc network - A simple introduction, advantages and disadvantages,
types , characteristics and future scope

Manet ppt von PoojaRawat74

Manet ppt

PoojaRawat74
47 views•13 Folien
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an
introduction to MANETs, describing their characteristics as peer-to-peer,
self-forming, and self-healing wireless networks without a fixed infrastructure.
The document then outlines the main types of MANETs: SPANs for smartphone
networks, iMANETs that use internet protocols, and VANETs for vehicle
communication networks. It provides examples of each type and their
applications. In closing, the document briefly covers the merits and demerits of
MANETs and potential future developments, such as improved security and testing
under different conditions.

Mobile adhoc von shivakrishnashekar

Mobile adhoc

Shiva Krishna Chandra Shekar
1.7K views•12 Folien
This document provides a summary of routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It
then discusses why traditional routing protocols are not suitable for MANETs and
describes some common MANET routing protocols, classifying them as proactive
(table-driven) or reactive (on-demand). Specifically, it provides detailed
descriptions of the reactive protocols DSR and AODV, covering topics like route
discovery, maintenance, and deletion. Finally, it compares these protocols and
discusses which may be better suited under different network conditions.

Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...
von DrUmangSingh

Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...

Umang Singh
406 views•69 Folien
This document discusses ad hoc networks and related research directions. It
begins with an introduction to computer networks and wireless networks. It then
covers classifications of wireless networks including cellular networks,
wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). The document discusses MANETs in detail including paradigms,
applications, and research issues related to routing, mobility, and resource
constraints. It also discusses vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and related
challenges. Finally, it introduces flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) for
communication between unmanned aerial vehicles and associated research issues
like routing and coordination challenges.

[IJET-V1I6P19] Authors : Kirti von IJETJOURNAL

[IJET-V1I6P19] Authors : Kirti

IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
171 views•11 Folien
A MANET is an autonomous group of mobile users that communicate over reasonably
slow wireless links. The network topology may vary rapidly and unpredictably
over time, because the nodes are mobile. The network is decentralized, where all
network activity, including discovering the topology and delivering messages
must be executed by the nodes themselves. Hence routing functionality will have
to be incorporated into the mobile nodes. MANET is a kind of wireless ad-hoc
network and it is a self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated
hosts) connected by wireless links – the union of which forms an arbitrary
topology. Such a network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be
connected to the larger Internet Problems in Ad Hoc Networks.

Comparison of Various Unicast-Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc N...
von ijmter

Comparison of Various Unicast-Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc N...

Editor IJMTER
735 views•11 Folien
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring network which consists of
mobile nodes with no permanent infrastructure. In a MANETs, there is no
difference between a host node and a router so that all nodes can be source plus
forwarders of traffic. The task of finding routes in Mobile Ad-hoc Network
(MANET) is an important factor in determining the efficiency of any MANET
routing protocols. This paper describes about the basic idea of different
routing protocols and its efficient use in MANET. There are several routing
protocols based on UNICAST and MULTICAST. This paper will conclude the main
characteristics of these protocols with comparison and suggest the best suited
protocol for particular topology or network.

MOBILE COMPUTING MANETS,ROUTING ALGORITHMS von srivaniadudodla

MOBILE COMPUTING MANETS,ROUTING ALGORITHMS

Pallepati Vasavi
7.7K views•112 Folien
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) allow devices to connect spontaneously without
infrastructure by acting as both hosts and routers, forwarding traffic in a
multi-hop fashion. They face challenges from dynamic topology, limited bandwidth
and security, and use reactive routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR) that discover routes on demand through flooding route requests. MANETs
have applications in military operations, disaster relief, vehicular networks,
and personal area networks.

A0110104 von IJRES

A0110104

IJRES Journal
363 views•4 Folien
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access
peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish
quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or
experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are
selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.

adhoc wireless networks and its issues.pdf von paruvathavardhinij

adhoc wireless networks and its issues.pdf

paruvathavardhinij
11 views•52 Folien
This document provides an overview of ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. It
begins by defining ad-hoc networks as temporary networks composed of mobile
nodes that communicate without any fixed infrastructure. The key elements of
ad-hoc networks include self-organization, distributed operation, and multi-hop
routing. Several issues for ad-hoc networks are then discussed, including medium
access, routing protocols, multicasting, transport layer protocols, pricing
schemes, and quality of service provisioning. Specific challenges for each of
these areas are outlined, such as mobility, bandwidth constraints, and
error-prone wireless channels.

Manet - The Art of Networking without a Network von smart26

Manet - The Art of Networking without a Network

Tarun Varshney
4K views•31 Folien
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), or simply ad hoc network, comprises nodes that
freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary network
topology without any infrastructure support.

Mobile ad hoc networks (manet) von VinishAlikkal

Mobile ad hoc networks (manet)

Vinish Alikkal
235 views•47 Folien
MANET stands for mobile ad hoc network. It is a type of wireless network that
can change locations and configure itself without a centralized administration.
Nodes in a MANET can connect to each other to form a temporary network without
any existing network infrastructure. Routing in MANETs is challenging due to the
dynamic network topology, asymmetric links, and interference. Common routing
algorithms for MANETs include distance vector, link state, and various protocols
designed specifically for MANETs to handle mobility.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) for KTU von VinishAlikkal

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) for KTU

Vinish Alikkal
341 views•47 Folien
MANET stands for mobile ad hoc network. It is a type of wireless network that
can change locations and configure itself without a centralized administration.
Nodes in a MANET can connect to each other to form a temporary network without
any existing network infrastructure. Routing in MANETs is challenging due to the
dynamic network topology, asymmetric links, and interference. Common routing
algorithms for MANETs include distance vector, link state, and various protocols
designed specifically for MANETs to handle mobility.

adhoc applications.pptx von paruvathavardhinij

adhoc applications.pptx

paruvathavardhinij
4 views•25 Folien
This document discusses ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It describes
several applications of ad hoc networks including military operations,
collaborative work, emergency response, and wireless mesh networks. It also
discusses wireless sensor networks and their use in fields like healthcare,
environmental monitoring, and more. Finally, it outlines some of the major
challenges in designing routing protocols for ad hoc networks such as mobility,
bandwidth constraints, and resource limitations.

Ioe module 4 von nikshaikh786

Ioe module 4

nikshaikh786
491 views•90 Folien
Wireless sensor networks use large numbers of small, low-cost sensors that
communicate wirelessly to monitor conditions like temperature, sound, pollution
levels, pressure, etc. Sensors collect data and pass it to a base station, which
can be accessed through the internet. Wireless sensor networks can be used for
applications like environmental monitoring, smart grids, healthcare,
agriculture, and more. They face challenges related to power efficiency,
security, scalability and operating in different environments.

Computer Network Introduction full von aneebkmct

Computer Network Introduction full

aneebkmct
158 views•84 Folien
The document discusses different types of computer networks: - Local Area
Network (LAN) connects devices within a home or office building and allows
sharing of resources. - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a larger area like
a city and provides high-speed connectivity. - Wide Area Network (WAN) connects
multiple LANs over long distances using technologies like telephone lines. -
Personal Area Network (PAN) enables communication among devices near an
individual's body within a few meters. The document also describes different
network topologies like star, bus, ring and mesh, and the OSI and TCP/IP network
models.

Unit 7 von vamsitricks

Unit 7

vamsitricks
759 views•23 Folien
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks without a fixed
infrastructure. Each node acts as both a host and a router, forwarding packets
for other nodes. Routing in MANETs is challenging due to the dynamic topology
from node mobility. Common routing protocols for MANETs include proactive
(table-driven) protocols that maintain up-to-date routing tables and reactive
(on-demand) protocols that find routes only when needed to limit overhead.
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is a reactive routing protocol that uses source
routing, where the data packet carries the complete hop-by-hop route to the
destination.

ÄHNLICH WIE MOBILE COMPUTING MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS (MANETS) (20)

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV von pkaviya

IT6601 Mobile Computing Unit IV
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damayanti68•111 views
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von IOSR

An Overview of Mobile Ad hoc Network: Application, Challenges and Comparison ...
IOSR Journals•624 views
MANET.pptx von ssuser476e50

MANET.pptx
ssuser476e50•72 views
Manet ppt von PoojaRawat74

Manet ppt
PoojaRawat74•47 views
Mobile adhoc von shivakrishnashekar

Mobile adhoc
Shiva Krishna Chandra Shekar•1.7K views
Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...
von DrUmangSingh

Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...
Umang Singh•406 views
[IJET-V1I6P19] Authors : Kirti von IJETJOURNAL

[IJET-V1I6P19] Authors : Kirti
IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques•171 views
Comparison of Various Unicast-Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc N...
von ijmter

Comparison of Various Unicast-Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc N...
Editor IJMTER•735 views
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Pallepati Vasavi•7.7K views
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A0110104
IJRES Journal•363 views
adhoc wireless networks and its issues.pdf von paruvathavardhinij

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paruvathavardhinij•11 views
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Vinish Alikkal•235 views
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) for KTU von VinishAlikkal

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Vinish Alikkal•341 views
adhoc applications.pptx von paruvathavardhinij

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paruvathavardhinij•4 views
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nikshaikh786•491 views
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vamsitricks•759 views

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JAVA PROGRAMMING- GUI Programming with Swing - The Swing Buttons von
jegadeesanram5

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
568 views•96 Folien
GUI Programming with Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture,
components, containers. Understanding Layout Managers, Flow Layout, Border
Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout, Grid Bag Layout. Event Handling- The
Delegation event model- Events, Event sources, Event Listeners, Event classes,
Handling mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, Inner classes, Anonymous
Inner classes. A Simple Swing Application, Applets – Applets and HTML, Security
Issues, Applets and Applications, passing parameters to applets. Creating a
Swing Applet, Painting in Swing, A Paint example, Exploring Swing Controls-
JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field, The Swing Buttons-JButton, JToggle Button,
JCheck Box, JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList, JCombo Box, Swing
Menus, Dialogs.

JAVA PROGRAMMING - The Collections Framework von jegadeesanram5

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
187 views•27 Folien
The Collections Framework (java.util)- Collections overview, Collection
Interfaces, The Collection classes- Array List, Linked List, Hash Set, Tree Set,
Priority Queue, Array Deque. Accessing a Collection via an Iterator, Using an
Iterator, The For-Each alternative, Map Interfaces and Classes, Comparators,
Collection algorithms, Arrays, The Legacy Classes and Interfaces- Dictionary,
Hashtable ,Properties, Stack, Vector More Utility classes, String Tokenizer, Bit
Set, Date, Calendar, Random, Formatter, Scanner

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
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multithreading. It covers exception types, try/catch/throw/throws/finally
clauses, creating custom exceptions, and the Java thread model for creating and
synchronizing threads. The document also provides example code and discusses
checked and unchecked exceptions, nested try blocks, and inter-thread
communication in Java.

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
43 views•14 Folien
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in Java. It defines a package, discusses access protection and importing
packages. Interfaces are introduced as a way to achieve multiple inheritance in
Java. Key characteristics of interfaces like not allowing implementation and
only containing abstract methods are described. The relationship between
interfaces and abstract classes is compared. Common interfaces like Comparable
are explained. Finally, stream-based I/O concepts like character streams,
reading/writing files and serialization are listed as topics to be covered.
Universities questions on these topics are also provided.

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
385 views•70 Folien
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messages and methods, Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class
Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and Exceptions, Summary of
Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types,
Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing
classes, Methods and Classes, String handling. Inheritance– Inheritance concept,
Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating Multilevel hierarchy,
super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure
polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of
inheritance specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation,
combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
289 views•40 Folien
JavaScript Introduction to JavaScript: JavaScript language - declaring
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
260 views•23 Folien
JSP The Anatomy of a JSP Page, JSP Processing, Declarations, Directives,
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
325 views•29 Folien
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parameters, Handling Http Request & Responses, Using Cookies and Sessions,
connecting to a database using JDBC.

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
132 views•28 Folien
Introduction to XML, Defining XML tags, their attributes and values, Document
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
207 views•22 Folien
Introduction to PHP: Declaring variables, data types, arrays, strings,
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
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the Design of a Code Generator, The Target Language, Addresses in the Target
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
974 views•61 Folien
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
117 views•21 Folien
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discusses context-free grammars, top-down parsing including recursive descent
and LL(1) parsing, and bottom-up parsing including LR parsing. It describes the
key concepts of context-free grammars, ambiguous and unambiguous grammars. It
explains top-down parsing as constructing a parse tree from the root node down
and bottom-up parsing as building the tree from the leaf nodes up. It discusses
the closure and goto operations used in LR parsing and describes the differences
between LR(0), SLR, CLR, and LALR parsing techniques.

COMPILER DESIGN- Introduction & Lexical Analysis: von jegadeesanram5

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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
192 views•15 Folien
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Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
654 views•65 Folien
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electronic payment system used by General Bank of India to transfer funds
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Improvements are needed to add encryption, digital signatures for
non-repudiation, and a public key infrastructure to securely distribute keys.
Cryptographic toolkits and smart cards could also be incorporated into the
system to enhance security of financial transactions transmitted over the
private network.

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- Transport-level Security von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- Transport-level Security

Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
354 views•66 Folien
Transport-level Security: Web security considerations, Secure Socket Layer and
Transport Layer Security, HTTPS, Secure Shell (SSH) Wireless Network Security:
Wireless Security, Mobile Device Security, IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN, IEEE
802.11i Wireless LAN Security

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY- Cryptographic Hash Functions von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY- Cryptographic Hash Functions

Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
110 views•28 Folien
Cryptographic Hash Functions: Message Authentication, Secure Hash Algorithm
(SHA-512), Message authentication codes: Authentication requirements, HMAC,
CMAC, Digital signatures, Elgamal Digital Signature Scheme. Key Management and
Distribution: Symmetric Key Distribution Using Symmetric & Asymmetric
Encryption, Distribution of Public Keys, Kerberos, X.509 Authentication Service,
Public – Key Infrastructure

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWOK SECURITY- Symmetric key Ciphers von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWOK SECURITY- Symmetric key Ciphers

Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
121 views•25 Folien
Symmetric key Ciphers: Block Cipher principles, DES, AES, Blowfish, RC5, IDEA,
Block cipher operation, Stream ciphers, RC4. Asymmetric key Ciphers: Principles
of public key cryptosystems, RSA algorithm, Elgamal Cryptography, Diffie-Hellman
Key Exchange, Knapsack Algorithm

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY

Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar
1.2K views•26 Folien
This document provides an overview of a university course on Cryptography and
Network Security. It begins with the course syllabus, which outlines topics like
security concepts, cryptography concepts and techniques, and types of security
attacks. It then discusses key security concepts such as security services,
security mechanisms, security attacks, and models for network and access
security. It provides examples of security services like authentication, access
control, and data confidentiality. It also describes security mechanisms and
different classes of security attacks. The document concludes by listing
reference books, online videos, related courses, tutorials, and sample multiple
choice and problems related to cryptography and network security.

MEHR VON JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE KARIMNAGAR (20)

JAVA PROGRAMMING- GUI Programming with Swing - The Swing Buttons von
jegadeesanram5

JAVA PROGRAMMING- GUI Programming with Swing - The Swing Buttons
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•568 views
JAVA PROGRAMMING - The Collections Framework von jegadeesanram5

JAVA PROGRAMMING - The Collections Framework
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JAVA PROGRAMMING- Exception handling - Multithreading
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Compiler Design- Machine Independent Optimizations
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COMPILER DESIGN Run-Time Environments
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COMPILER DESIGN- Syntax Directed Translation von jegadeesanram5

COMPILER DESIGN- Syntax Directed Translation
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•974 views
COMPILER DESIGN- Syntax Analysis von jegadeesanram5

COMPILER DESIGN- Syntax Analysis
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•117 views
COMPILER DESIGN- Introduction & Lexical Analysis: von jegadeesanram5

COMPILER DESIGN- Introduction & Lexical Analysis:
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CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- E-Mail Security von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- E-Mail Security
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•654 views
CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- Transport-level Security von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY- Transport-level Security
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•354 views
CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY- Cryptographic Hash Functions von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY- Cryptographic Hash Functions
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•110 views
CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWOK SECURITY- Symmetric key Ciphers von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWOK SECURITY- Symmetric key Ciphers
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science Karimnagar•121 views
CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY von jegadeesanram5

CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY
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KÜRZLICH HOCHGELADEN

GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy von TomazBratanic

GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy

Tomaz Bratanic
26 views•15 Folien
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from
biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance
of generated answers

"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota von fwdays

"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota

Fwdays
13 views•27 Folien
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and
production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and
performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB,
and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze
scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.

June Patch Tuesday von GoIvanti

June Patch Tuesday

Ivanti
58 views•35 Folien
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and
brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus
your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join
industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do
a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated
with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.

Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe von
Syncsort

Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe

Precisely
17 views•12 Folien
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer
expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was
attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its
core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy
utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels,
like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating
costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market. Ever-changing
customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank
needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer
channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how
Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer
channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.

“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
von embeddedvision

“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...

Edge AI and Vision Alliance
15 views•25 Folien
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the
Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit. The expansion of
AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices.
Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a
novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional
proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating
advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and
language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based
continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes
and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of
up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing
methodologies like transformers. Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic
hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of
highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation
delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world
benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to
revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.

zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
von AlexPruden

zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...

Alex Pruden
15 views•32 Folien
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several
elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova,
Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively
homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not
post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first
lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding
protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an
efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as
R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to
construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme.
The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many
rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to
ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of
folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is
as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security. Paper Link:
https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257

WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques von GetPostman

WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques

Postman
88 views•70 Folien
Postman's AI and Automation Techniques

GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph von neo4j

GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph

Neo4j
20 views•15 Folien
Tomaz Bratanic Graph ML and GenAI Expert - Neo4j

HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU von panagenda

HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU

panagenda
74 views•48 Folien
Webinar Recording:
https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der
HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde
haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu
kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung
funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie
sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das
verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen! Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie
häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr
Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte
Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch
einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein
Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird.
Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir
Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell. Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem
HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt
näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick
zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte
Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten. Diese
Themen werden behandelt - Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und
Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten - Wie funktionieren
CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich? - Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am
besten nutzt - Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer,
Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw. - Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen
Umsetzen

Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus von
chloewilliams62

Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus

Zilliz
34 views•28 Folien
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to
serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector
database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured
data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector
database for search serving.

GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024) von JavierJunqueraSnchez

GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024)

Javier Junquera
57 views•32 Folien
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical
shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these
techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This
proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses,
significantly enhancing system security. This presentation delves into the
development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using
software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational
overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies
of digital signal processing. The presentation culminates in a live
demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot
signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This
practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of
unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security
practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.

Serial Arm Control in Real Time Presentation von tolgahangng

Serial Arm Control in Real Time Presentation

tolgahangng
23 views•19 Folien
Serial Arm Control in Real Time

5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides von DanBrown980551

5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides

DanBrown980551
49 views•94 Folien
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an
invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024.
This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either
through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den
Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in
engineering science & technology. Power Grid Model The global energy transition
is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators
(DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization,
capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for
delivering reliable services. Power Grid Model is an open source project from
Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly
essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time
power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated
what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the
electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model
incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical
losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability. Power Grid Model is
currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning,
expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing
the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of
disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and
optimization. What to expect For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have
an exciting lineup of activities planned: -Insightful presentations covering two
practical applications of the Power Grid Model. -An update on the latest
advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second
quarters of 2024. -An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose
new feature requests. -An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model
enthusiasts and users.

Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
von SafeSoftware

Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story

Safe Software
228 views•62 Folien
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where
we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI
technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google
Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through: Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah
Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah,
the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team
generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating
diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers,
like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show
you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama
within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols.
This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in
AI-driven processes. Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build
personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with
local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME
facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI. We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A
session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and
learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI. This webinar is ideal
for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data
management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security.
Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to
elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how
you work with data!

FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3 von DataHops

FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3

Data Hops
13 views•12 Folien
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and
security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace.
Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com

Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances von
christian.timmerer

Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances

Alpen-Adria-Universität
31 views•26 Folien
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances

Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians von neo4j

Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians

Neo4j
22 views•44 Folien
Dmitrii Kamaev, PhD Senior Product Owner - QIAGEN

Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024 von JasonPacker

Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024

Jason Packer
65 views•31 Folien
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays, June 2024 with Maria Copot 20

Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
von DianaGray10

Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors

DianaGray10
42 views•13 Folien
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt
connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open
GenAI, and more. The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom
workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs.
By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your
workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular
applications. We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors
including: Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the
limitations of APIs. Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and
effort Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations,
for seamless data management. Speakers: Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA
at qBotic and UiPath MVP Charlie Greenberg, host

Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany von
innovationoecd

Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany

innovationoecd
2.4K views•24 Folien
Consult the full report at
https://www.oecd.org/digital/oecd-artificial-intelligence-review-of-germany-609808d6-en.htm

KÜRZLICH HOCHGELADEN (20)

GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy von TomazBratanic

GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
Tomaz Bratanic•26 views
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota von fwdays

"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota
Fwdays•13 views
June Patch Tuesday von GoIvanti

June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti•58 views
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe von
Syncsort

Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Precisely•17 views
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
von embeddedvision

“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
Edge AI and Vision Alliance•15 views
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
von AlexPruden

zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Alex Pruden•15 views
WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques von GetPostman

WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques
Postman•88 views
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph von neo4j

GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
Neo4j•20 views
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU von panagenda

HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
panagenda•74 views
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus von
chloewilliams62

Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Zilliz •34 views
GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024) von JavierJunqueraSnchez

GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024)
Javier Junquera•57 views
Serial Arm Control in Real Time Presentation von tolgahangng

Serial Arm Control in Real Time Presentation
tolgahangng•23 views
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides von DanBrown980551

5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides
DanBrown980551•49 views
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
von SafeSoftware

Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Safe Software•228 views
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3 von DataHops

FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
Data Hops•13 views
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances von
christian.timmerer

Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Alpen-Adria-Universität•31 views
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians von neo4j

Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Neo4j•22 views
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024 von JasonPacker

Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024
Jason Packer•65 views
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
von DianaGray10

Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
DianaGray10•42 views
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany von
innovationoecd

Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
innovationoecd•2.4K views

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Kostenlos mit einem 30-tägigen Test von EverandAlle anzeigen
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MOBILE COMPUTING MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS (MANETS)

* 1. UNIT-V Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) Dr R Jegadeesan Prof-CSE
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science, karimnagar
* 2. Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) • Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are
wireless networks which are characterized by dynamic topologies and no fixed
infrastructure. • Each node in a MANET is a computer that may be required to
act as both a host and a router and, as much, may be required to forward
packets between nodes which cannot directly communicate with one another. •
Each MANET node has much smaller frequency spectrum requirements that that
for a node in a fixed infrastructure network. • A MANET is an autonomous
collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth
constrained wireless links. • Since the nodes are mobile, the network
topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. • The network is
decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology
and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes themselves, i.e.,
routing functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes.
* 3. A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can
dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime without using any pre- existing
fixed network infrastructure.
* 4. MANET- Characteristics • Dynamic network topology • Bandwidth constraints
and variable link capacity • Energy constrained nodes • Multi-hop
communications • Limited security • Autonomous terminal • Distributed
operation • Light-weight terminals
* 5. Need for Ad Hoc Networks • Setting up of fixed access points and backbone
infrastructure is not always viable – Infrastructure may not be present in a
disaster area or war zone – Infrastructure may not be practical for
short-range radios; Bluetooth (range ~ 10m) • Ad hoc networks: – Do not need
backbone infrastructure support – Are easy to deploy – Useful when
infrastructure is absent, destroyed or impractical
* 6. Properties of MANETs • MANET enables fast establishment of networks. When
anew network is to be established, the only requirement is to provide a new
set of nodeswith limited wireless communication range. A node has limited
capability, that is, it can connect only to the nodes which are nearby. Hence
it consumes limited power. • A MANET node has the ability to discover a
neighboring node and service. Using a service discovery protocol, a node
discovers the serviceof a nearby node and communicates to a remote node in
theMANET. • MANET nodes have peer-to-peer connectivity among themselves. •
MANET nodes have independent computational, switching (or routing), and
communication capabilities. • The wireless connectivity range in MANETs
includes only nearest node connectivity. • The failure of an intermediate
node results in greater latency in communicating with the remote server.
* 7. • Limited bandwidth available between two intermediate nodes becomes a
constraint for the MANET. The node may have limited power and thus
computations need to be energy-efficient. • There is no access-point
requirement in MANET. Only selected access points are provided for connection
to other networks or other MANETs. • MANET nodes can be the iPods, Palm
handheld computers, Smartphones, PCs, smart labels, smart sensors, and
automobile- embedded systems • MANET nodes can use different protocols, for
example, IrDA, Bluetooth, ZigBee, 802.11, GSM, and TCP/IP.MANET node performs
data caching, saving, and aggregation. • MANET mobile device nodes interact
seamlessly when they move with the nearby wireless nodes, sensor nodes, and
embedded devices in automobiles so that the seamless connectivity is
maintained between the devices.
* 8. MANET challenges • To design a good wireless ad hoc network, various
challenges have to be taken into account: • Dynamic Topology: Nodes are free
to move in an arbitrary fashion resulting in the topology changing
arbitrarily. This characteristic demands dynamic configuration of the
network. • Limited security: Wireless networks are vulnerable to attack.
Mobile ad hoc networks are more vulnerable as by design any node should be
able to join or leave the network at any time. This requires flexibility and
higher openness. • Limited Bandwidth: Wireless networks in general are
bandwidth limited. In an ad hoc network, it is all the more so because there
is no backbone to handle or multiplex higher bandwidth • Routing: Routing in
a mobile ad hoc network is complex. This depends on many factors, including
finding the routing path, selection of routers, topology, protocol etc.
* 9. Applications of MANETS • The set of applications for MANETs is diverse,
ranging from small, static networks that are constrained by power sources, to
large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. • The design of network
protocols for these networks is a complex issue. Regardless of the
application, MANETs need efficient distributed algorithms to determine
network organization, link scheduling, and routing. Some of the main
application areas of MANET‘s are:
* 10.
* 11. Applications of MANETS • Military battlefield– soldiers, tanks, planes.
Ad- hoc networking would allow the military to take advantage of commonplace
network technology to maintain an information network between the soldiers,
vehicles, and military information headquarters. • Sensor networks – to
monitor environmental conditions over a large area • Local level – Ad hoc
networks can autonomously link an instant and temporary multimedia network
using notebook computers or palmtop computers to spread and share information
among participants at e.g. conference or classroom. Another appropriate local
level application might be in home networks where devices can communicate
directly to exchange information.
* 12. • Personal Area Network (PAN) – pervasive computing i.e. to provide
flexible connectivity between personal electronic devices or home appliances.
Short-range MANET can simplify the intercommunication between various mobile
devices (such as a PDA, a laptop, and a cellular phone). Tedious wired cables
are replaced with wireless connections. Such an ad hoc network can also
extend the access to the Internet or other networks by mechanisms e.g.
Wireless LAN (WLAN), GPRS, and UMTS. • Vehicular Ad hoc Networks –
intelligent transportation i.e. to enable real time vehicle monitoring and
adaptive traffic control
* 13. • Civilian environments – taxi cab network, meeting rooms, sports
stadiums, boats, small aircraft • Emergency operations – search and rescue,
policing and fire fighting and to provide connectivity between distant
devices where the network infrastructure is unavailable. Ad hoc can be used
in emergency/rescue operations for disaster relief efforts, e.g. in fire,
flood, or earthquake. Emergency rescue operations must take place where
non-existing or damaged communications infrastructure and rapid deployment of
a communication network is needed. Information is relayed from one rescue
team member to another over a small hand held.
* 14. Routing in MANET‘s • Routing in Mobile Ad hoc networks is an important
issue as these networks do not have fixed infrastructure and routing requires
distributed and cooperative actions from all nodes in the network. MANET‘s
provide pointto point routing similar to Internet routing. • The major
difference between routing in MANET and regular internet is the route
discovery mechanism. Internet routing protocols suchas RIP or OSPF have
relatively long converge times, which is acceptable for a wired network that
has infrequent topology changes. However, a MANET has a rapid topology
changes due to node mobility making the traditional internet routing
protocols inappropriate. • MANET-specific routing protocols have been
proposed, that handle topology changes well, but they have large control
overhead and arenot scalable for large networks. • Another major difference
in the routing is the network address. In internet routing, the network
address (IP address) is hierarchical containing a network ID and a computer
ID on that network. In contrast, for most MANET‘s the network address is
simply an ID of the node in the network and is not hierarchical. The routing
protocol must use the entire address to decide the next hop.
* 15. Some of the fundamental differences between wired networks & ad-hoc
networks are: • Asymmetric links: - Routing information collected for one
direction is of no use for the other direction. Many routing algorithms for
wired networks rely on a symmetric scenario. • Redundant links: - In wired
networks, some redundancy is present to survive link failures and this
redundancy is controlled by a network administrator. In ad-hoc networks,
nobody controls redundancy resulting in many redundant links up to the
extreme of a complete meshed topology. • Interference: - In wired networks,
links exist only where a wire exists, and connectionsare planned by network
administrators. But, in ad-hoc networks links come and go depending on
transmission characteristics, one transmission might interfere with another
and nodes might overhear the transmission of other nodes. • Dynamic topology:
- The mobile nodes might move in an arbitrary manner or medium
characteristics might change. This result in frequent changes in topology, so
snapshots are valid only for a very short period of time. So, in ad-hoc
networks, routing tables must somehow reflect these frequent changes in
topology and routing algorithms have to be adopted.
* 16. Summary of the difficulties faced for routing in ad-hoc networks •
Traditional routing algorithms known from wired networks will not work
efficiently or fail completely. These algorithms have not been designed with
a highly dynamic topology, asymmetric links, or interference in mind. •
Routing in wireless ad-hoc networks cannot rely on layer three knowledge
alone. Information from lower layers concerning connectivity or interference
can help routing algorithms to find a good path. • Centralized approaches
will not really work, because it takes too long to collect the current status
and disseminate it again. Within this time the topology has already changed.
* 17. Summary of the difficulties faced for routing in ad-hoc networks • Many
nodes need routing capabilities. While there might be some without, at least
one router has to be within the range of each node. Algorithms have to
consider the limited battery power of these nodes. • The notion of a
connection with certain characteristics cannot work properly. Ad-hoc networks
will be connectionless, because it is not possible to maintain a connection
in a fast changing environment and to forward data following this connection.
Nodes have to make local decisions for forwarding and send packets roughly
toward the final destination. • A last alternative to forward a packet across
an unknown topology is flooding. This approach always works if the load is
low, but it is very inefficient. A hop counter is needed in each packet to
avoid looping, and the diameter of the ad-hoc network.
* 18. Routing Algorithms – Always maintain routes:- Little or no delay for
route determination – Consume bandwidth to keep routes up-to- date – Maintain
routes which may never be used – Advantages: low route latency, State
information, QoS guarantee related to connection set-up or other real-time
requirements – Disadvantages: high overhead (periodic updates) and route
repair depends on update
* 19. – only obtain route information when needed – Advantages: no overhead
from periodic update, scalability as long as there is only light traffic and
low mobility. – Disadvantages: high route latency, route caching can reduce
latency • Hybrid algorithms: maintain routes to nearby nodes even if they are
not needed and maintain routes to far away nodes only when needed. Example is
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP).
* 20. Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) • Destination sequence
distance vector (DSDV) routing is an example of proactive algorithms and an
enhancement to distance vector routing for ad-hoc networks. • Distance vector
routing is used as routing information protocol (RIP) in wired networks. It
performs extremely poorly with certain network changes due to the
count-to-infinity problem. • Each node exchanges its neighbor table
periodically with its neighbors. Changes at one node in the network propagate
slowly through the network. • The strategies to avoid this problem which are
used in fixed networks do not help in the case of wireless ad-hoc networks,
due to the rapidly changing topology. This might create loops or unreachable
regions within the network.
* 21. • DSDV adds the concept of sequence numbers to the distance vector
algorithm. • Each routing advertisement comes with a sequence number. •
Within ad-hoc networks, advertisementsmay propagate along many paths.
Sequence numbers help to apply the advertisements in correct order. • This
avoids the loops that are likely with the unchanged distance vector
algorithm.
* 22. • Each node maintains a routing table which stores next hop, cost metric
towards each destination and a sequence number that is created by the
destination itself. • Each node periodically forwards routing table to
neighbors. Each node increments and appends its sequence number when sending
its local routing table. • Each route is tagged with a sequence number;
routes with greater sequence numbers are preferred. • Each node advertises a
monotonically increasing even sequence number for itself. • When a node
decides that a route is broken, it increments the sequence number of the
route and advertises it with infinite metric. Destination advertises new
sequence number.
* 23. Security in MANET’s • Securing wireless ad-hoc networks is a highly
challenging issue. • Understanding possible form of attacks is always the
first step towards developing good security solutions. • Security of
communication in MANET is important for secure transmission of information. •
Absence of any central co-ordination mechanism and shared wireless medium
makes MANETmore vulnerable to digital/cyber attacks than wired network there
are a number of attacks that affect MANET.
* 24. These attacks can be classified into two types: • 1. External Attack: –
External attacks are carried out by nodes that do not belong to the network.
– It causes congestion sends false routing information or causes
unavailability of services. • 2. Internal Attack: – Internal attacks are from
compromised nodes that are part of the network. In an internal attack the
malicious node from the network gains unauthorized access and impersonates as
a genuine node. – It can analyze traffic between other nodes and may
participate in other network activities.
* 25. • Denial of Service attack: This attack aims to attack the availability
of a node or the entire network. If the attack is successful the services
will notbe available. The attacker generally uses radio signal jamming and
the battery exhaustion method. • Impersonation: If the authentication
mechanism is not properly implemented a malicious node can act as a genuine
node and monitorthe network traffic. It can also send fake routing packets,
and gain access to some confidential information. • Eavesdropping: This is a
passive attack. The node simply observes the confidential information. This
information can be later used by themalicious node. The secret information
like location, public key, private key,password etc. can be fetched by
eavesdropper. • Routing Attacks: The malicious node makes routing services a
target because it‘s an important service in MANETs. There are two flavors to
this routing attack. One is attack on routing protocol and another is attack
on packet forwarding or delivery mechanism.
* 26. • Black hole Attack: In this attack, an attacker advertises a zero metric
for all destinations causing all nodes around it to route packets towards
it.[9] A malicious node sends fake routing information, claiming that it has
an optimum route and causes other good nodes to route data packetsthrough the
malicious one. A malicious node drops all packets that it receives instead of
normally forwarding those packets. An attacker listen the requests in a
flooding based protocol. • Wormhole Attack: In a wormhole attack, an attacker
receives packets at one point in the network, ―tunnels‖ them to another point
in the network, and then replays them into the network from that point.
Routing can be disrupted when routing control message are tunnelled. This
tunnel between two colluding attacks is known as a wormhole. • Replay Attack:
An attacker that performs a replay attack are retransmitted the valid data
repeatedly to inject the network routing traffic that has been captured
previously. This attack usually targets the freshness of routes,but can also
be used to undermine poorly designed securitysolutions.
* 27. • Jamming: In jamming, attacker initially keep monitoring wireless medium
in order to determine frequency at which destination node is receiving signal
from sender. It then transmit signal on that frequency so that error free
receptor is hindered. • Man- in- the- middle attack: An attacker sites
between the sender and receiver and sniffs any information being sent between
two nodes. In some cases, attacker may impersonate the sender to communicate
with receiver or impersonate the receiver to reply to the sender. • Gray-hole
attack: This attack is also known as routing misbehavior attack which leads
to dropping of messages. Gray-hole attack has two phases. In the first phase
the node advertise itself as having a valid route to destination while in
second phase, nodes drops intercepted packets with a certain probability.
* 28. Dynamic Source Routing • The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a
simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-
hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. • DSR allows the network to be
completely self-organizing and self-configuring, without the need for any
existing network infrastructure or administration. • The protocol is composed
of the two main mechanisms of "Route Discovery" and "Route Maintenance",
which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain routes to
arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc network. • All aspects of the protocol
operate entirely on-demand, allowing the routing packet overhead of DSR to
scale automatically to only that needed to react to changes in the routes
currently in use.
* 29. • Route discovery. If the source does not have a route to the destination
in its route cache, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) message specifying
the destination node for which the route is requested. • The RREQ message
includes a route record which specifies the sequence of nodes traversed by
the message. When an intermediate node receives a RREQ, it checks to see if
it is already in the route record. If it is, it drops the message. • This is
done to prevent routing loops. If the intermediate node had received the RREQ
before, then it also drops the message. The intermediate node forwards the
RREQ to the next hop according to the route specified in the header. • When
the destination receives the RREQ, it sends back a route reply message. If
the destination has a route to the source in its route cache, then it can
send a route response (RREP) message along this route. Otherwise, the RREP
message can be sent along the reverse route back to thesource. • Intermediate
nodes may also use their route cache to reply to RREQs. If an intermediate
node has a route to the destination in its cache, then it can append the
route to the route record in the RREQ, and send an RREP back to the source
containing this route. This can help limit flooding of the RREQ. However, if
the cached route is out-of-date, it can result in the source receiving
staleroutes.
* 30. • Route maintenance. When a node detects a broken link while trying to
forward a packet tothe next hop, it sends a route error (RERR) message back
to the source containing the link in error. When an RERR message is received,
all routes containing the link in error are deleted at that node. • As an
example, consider the following MANET, where a node S wants to send a packet
to D, but does not know the route to D. So, it initiates a route discovery.
Source node S floods Route Request (RREQ). Each node appends its own
identifier when forwarding RREQ as shown below.
* 31.
* 32.
* 33.
* 34. • Destination D on receiving the first RREQ, sends a Route Reply (RREP).
• RREP is sent on a route obtained by reversing the route appended to
received RREQ. • RREP includes the route from S to D on which RREQ was
received by node D.
* 35. • Route Reply can be sent by reversing the route in Route Request (RREQ)
only if links are guaranteed to be bi-directional. • If Unidirectional
(asymmetric) links are allowed, then RREP may need a route discovery from S
to D. • Node S on receiving RREP, caches the route included in the RREP. When
node S sends a data packet to D, the entire route is included in the packet
header {hence the name source routing}. • Intermediate nodes use the source
route included in a packet to determine to whom a packet should be forwarded.
* 36.
* 37. • Route Reply can be sent by reversing the routein Route Request (RREQ)
only if links are guaranteed to be bi-directional. If Unidirectional
(asymmetric) links are allowed, then RREP may need a route discovery from S
to D. Node S on receiving RREP, caches the route included in the RREP. When
node S sends a data packet to D, the entire route is included in the
packetheader {hence the name source routing}. Intermediate nodes use the
source route included in a packetto determine to whom a packet should be
forwarded.
* 38.
* 39. • J sends a route error to S along route J-F- E-S when its attempt to
forward the data packet S (with route SEFJD) on J-D fails. Nodes hearing RERR
update their route cache to remove link J-D
* 40.
* 41. • Advantages of DSR: • Routes maintained only between nodes who need to
communicate-- reduces overheadof route maintenance • Route caching can
further reduce route discovery overhead • A single route discovery may yield
many routes to the destination, due to intermediate nodes replying from local
caches • Disadvantages of DSR: • Packet header size grows with route length
due to source routing • Flood of route requests may potentially reach all
nodes in the network • Care must be taken to avoid collisions between route
requests propagated by neighboring nodes -- insertion of random delays before
forwardingRREQ • Increased contention if too many route replies come back due
to nodes replying using their local cache-- Route Reply Storm problem. Reply
storm may be eased by preventing a node from sending RREP if it hears another
RREP with a shorter route • An intermediate node may send Route Reply using a
stale cached route, thus polluting other caches
* 42. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) • AODV is another
reactive protocol as it reacts to changes and maintains only the active
routes in the caches or tables for a pre-specified expiration time. Distance
vector means a set of distant nodes, which defines thepath to destination. •
AODV can be considered as a descendant of DSR and DSDV algorithms. • It uses
the same route discovery mechanism used by DSR. DSR includes source routes in
packet headers and resulting large headers cansometimes degrade performance,
particularly when data contents of a packet aresmall. • AODV attempts to
improve on DSR by maintaining routing tables atthe nodes, so that data
packets do not have to containroutes. • AODV retains the desirable feature of
DSR that routes are maintained only between nodes which need to communicate.
• However, as opposed to DSR, which uses source routing, AODV uses hop-
by-hop routing by maintaining routing table entries at intermediatenodes.
* 43. • Route Discovery. The route discovery process is initiated when a source
needs a route to a destination and it does not have a route in its routing
table. • To initiate route discovery, the source floods the network with a
RREQ packet specifying the destination for which the route is requested. When
a node receives an RREQ packet, it checks to see whether it is the
destination or whether it has a route to the destination. • If either case is
true, the node generates an RREP packet, which is sent back to the source
along the reversepath. • Each node along the reverse path sets up a forward
pointer to the node it received the RREP from. This sets up a forward path
from the source to the destination. • If the node is not the destination and
does not have a route to the destination, it rebroadcasts the RREQ packet. •
At intermediate nodes duplicate RREQ packets are discarded. When the source
node receives the first RREP, it can begin sending data to the destination. •
To determine the relative degree out-of-datedness of routes, each entry in
the node routing table and all RREQ and RREP packets are tagged with a
destination sequence number.
* 44. • A larger destination sequence number indicates a more current (or more
recent) route. Upon receiving an RREQ or RREP packet, a node updates its
routing information to set up the reverse or forward path, respectively, only
if the route contained in the RREQ or RREP packet is more current than its
own route. • Route Maintenance. When a node detects a broken link while
attempting to forward a packet to the next hop, it generates a RERR packet
that is sent to all sources using the broken link. The RERR packet erases all
routes using the link along the way. If a source receives a RERR packet and a
route to the destination is still required, it initiates a new route
discovery process. Routes are also deleted from the routing table if they are
unused for a certain amount of time.
* 45.
* 46.
* 47.
* 48.
* 49.
* 50.
* 51. • An intermediate node (not the destination) may also send a Route Reply
(RREP) provided that it knows a more recent path than the one previously
known to sender S. • To determine whether the path known to an intermediate
node is more recent, destination sequence numbers are used. • The likelihood
that an intermediate node will send a Route Reply when using AODV is not as
high as DSR. A new Route Request by node S for a destination is assigned a
higher destination sequence number. • An intermediate node which knows a
route, but with a smaller sequence number, cannot send Route Reply
* 52.
* 53.
* 54. • When node X is unable to forward packet P (from node S to node D) on
link (X,Y), it generates a RERR message Node X increments the destination
sequence number for D cached at node X. • The incremented sequence number N
is included in the RERR. When node S receives the RERR, it initiates a new
route discovery for D using destination sequence number at least as large as
N. • When node D receives the route request with destination sequence number
N, node D will set its sequence number to N, unless it is already larger than
N.
* 55. • Sequence numbers are used in AODV to avoid using old/broken routes and
to determine which route is newer. Also, it prevents formation of loA s os pu
m se .t h a t A does not know about failur of link C-D because RERR sent by C
is lost. Now C performs a route discovery for D. Node A receives the RREQ
(say, viapath C-E-A) NodeA will reply since A knows a route to D via node B
resulting in a loop (for instance, C-E-A-B-C )
* 56. • Neighboring nodes periodically exchange hello message and absence of
hello message indicates a link failure. When node X is unable to forward
packet P (from node S to node D) on link (X,Y), it generates a RERR message.
Node X increments the destination sequence number for D cached at node X. •
The incremented sequence number N is included in the RERR. When node S
receives the RERR, it initiates a new route discovery for D using destination
sequence number at least as large as N. • When node D receives the route
request with destination sequence number N, node D will set its sequence
number to N, unless it is already larger than N.
* 57. • Protocols and Tools: – Wireless Application Protocol-WAP •
(Introduction Protocol architecture, and treatment of protocols of all
layers), – Bluetooth (User scenarios, physical layer, MAC layer, networking,
security, link management) – J2ME.
* 58. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) • The Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) is an open, global specification that empowers mobile users
with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and
services instantly.
* 59. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
* 60. • WAP is a global standard and is not controlled by any single company. •
Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, and Unwired Planet founded the WAP Forum in the
summer of 1997 with the initial purpose of defining an industry-wide
specification for developing applications over wireless communications
networks. • The WAP specifications define a set of protocols in application,
session, transaction, security, and transport layers, which enable operators,
manufacturers, and applications providers to meet the challenges in advanced
wireless service differentiation and fast/flexible service creation. The
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
* 61. All solutions must be: • interoperable, i.e., allowing terminals and
software from different vendors to communicate with networks from different
providers • scaleable, i.e., protocols and services should scale with
customer needs and number of customers • efficient, i.e., provision of QoS
suited to the characteristics of the wireless and mobile networks • reliable,
i.e., provision of a consistent and predictable platform for deploying
services; and • secure, i.e., preservation of the integrity of user data,
protection of devices and services from security problems.
* 62. of wireless transports. Why Choose WAP? • In the past, wireless Internet
access has been limited by the capabilities of handheld devices and wireless
networks. • WAP utilizes Internet standards such as XML, user datagram
protocol (UDP), and Internet protocol (IP). Many of the protocols are based
on Internet standards such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and TLS but
have been optimized for the unique constraints of the wireless environment:
low bandwidth, high latency, and less connection stability. • Internet
standards such as hypertext markup language (HTML), HTTP, TLS and
transmission control protocol (TCP) are inefficient over mobile networks,
requiring large amounts of mainly text-based data to be sent. Standard HTML
content cannot be effectively displayed on the small-size screens of
pocket-sized mobile phones and pagers. • WAP utilizes binary transmission for
greater compression of data and is optimized for long latency and low
bandwidth. WAP sessions cope with intermittent coverage and can operate over
a wide variety
* 63. WAP Architecture • The following figure gives an overview of the WAP
architecture, its protocols and components, and compares this architecture
with the typical internet architecture when using the World Wide Web. • The
basis for transmission of data is formed by different bearer services. • WAP
does not specify bearer services, but uses existing data services and will
integrate further services. • Examples are message services, such as short
message service (SMS) of GSM, circuit-switched data, such as high-speed
circuit switched data (HSCSD) in GSM, or packet switched data, such as
general packet radio service (GPRS) in GSM. Many other bearers are supported,
such as CDPD, IS-136, PHS.
* 64. WAP Architecture
* 65. WAP Architecture • WDP: – The WAP datagram protocol (WDP) and the
additional Wireless control message protocol (WCMP) is the transport layer
that sends and receives messages via any available bearer network, including
SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS–136 packet data, and GPRS. – The transport layer
service access point (T- SAP) is the common interface to be used by higher
layers independent of the underlying network.
* 66. WAP Architecture • WTLS: – The next higher layer, the security layer with
its wireless transport layer security protocol WTLS offers its service at the
security SAP (SEC-SAP). – WTLS is based on transport layer security (TLS,
formerly SSL, secure sockets layer). WTLS has been optimized for use in
wireless networks with narrow-band channels. It can offer data integrity,
privacy, authentication, and (some) denial-of-service protection.
* 67. WAP Architecture • WTP: – The WAP transaction protocol (WTP) layer
provides transaction support, adding reliability to the datagram service
provided by WDP at the transaction SAP (TR-SAP). • WSP: – The session layer
with the wireless session protocol (WSP) currently offers two services at the
session-SAP (S-SAP), one connection-oriented and one connectionless if used
directly on top of WDP. A special service for browsing the web (WSP/B) has
been defined that offers HTTP/1.1 functionality, long-lived session state,
session suspend and resume, session migration and other features needed for
wireless mobile access to the web. • WAE: – The application layer with the
wireless application environment (WAE) offers a framework for the integration
of different www and mobile telephony applications.
* 68. Working of WAP • WAP does not always force all applications to use the
whole protocol architecture. • Applications can use only a part of the
architecture. • For example, if an application does not require security but
needs the reliable transport of data, it can directly use a service of the
transaction layer. Simple applications can directly use WDP.
* 69. Working of WAP
* 70. Working of WAP • Different scenarios are possible for the integration of
WAP components into existing wireless and fixed networks. • On the left side,
different fixed networks, such as the traditional internet and the public
switched telephone network (PSTN), are shown. • One cannot change protocols
and services of these existing networks so several new elements will be
implemented between these networks and the WAP-enabled wireless, mobile
devices in a wireless network on the right-hand side.
* 71. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) • Wireless Datagram Protocol defines the
movement of information from receiver to the sender and resembles the User
Datagram Protocol in the Internet protocol suite.
* 72. WDP
* 73. WDP • WDP offers a consistent service at the Transport Service Access
Point to the upper layer protocol of WAP. • This consistency of service
allows for applications to operate transparently over different available
bearer services. • WDP can be mapped onto different bearers, with different
characteristics. In order to optimize the protocol with respect to memory
usage and radio transmission efficiency, the protocol performance over each
bearer may vary.
* 74. WDP • WDP offers source and destination port numbers used for
multiplexing and demultiplexing of data respectively. • The service primitive
to send a datagram is TDUnitdata. req with the destination address (DA),
destination port (DP), Source address (SA), source port (SP), and user data
(UD) as mandatory parameters. • Destination and source address are unique
addresses for the receiver and sender of the user data. • These could be
MSISDNs (i.e., a telephone number), IP addresses, or any other unique
identifiers. • The T-DUnitdata.ind service primitive indicates the reception
of data. Here destination address and port are only optional parameters.
* 75. WDP WDP serviceprimitives
* 76. WDP • If a higher layer requests a service the WDP cannot fulfil, this
error is indicated with the T-DError.ind service primitive. • An error code
(EC) is returned indicating the reason for the error to the higher layer. WDP
is not allowed to use this primitive to indicate problems with the bearer
service. • It is only allowed to use the primitive to indicate local
problems, such as a user data size that is too large. • If any errors happen
when WDP datagrams are sent from one WDP entity to another, the wireless
control message protocol (WCMP) provides error handling mechanisms for WDP
and should therefore be implemented. • WCMP contains control messages that
resemble the internet control message protocol messages and can also be used
for diagnostic and informational purposes. • WCMP can be used by WDP nodes
and gateways to report errors.
* 77. WDP • Typical WCMP messages are destination unreachable (route, port,
address unreachable), parameter problem (errors in the packet header),
message too big, reassembly failure, or echo request/reply. • An additional
WDP management entity supports WDP and provides information about changes in
the environment, which may influence the correct operation of WDP.
* 78. BLUETOOTH • Device synchronization: Seamless connectivity among
PDAs,computers, and mobile phones allows applications to update information
on multiple devices automatically when data on any one devicechanges. •
Peripheral connectivity. • Car kits: Hands-free packages enable users to
access phones andother devices without taking their hands off the steering
wheel • Mobile payments: Your Bluetooth-enabled phone can communicate with a
Bluetooth-enabled vending machine to buy a can of Diet Pepsi, and put the
charge on your phone bill. • The 802.11b protocol is designed to connect
relatively large devices with lots of power and speed, such as desktops and
laptops, where devices communicate at up to 11 Mbit/sec, at greater distances
(up to 300 feet, or 100 meters). By contrast, Bluetooth is designed to
connect small devices like PDAs, mobile phones, and peripherals at slower
speeds (1 Mbit/sec), within a shorter range (30 feet, or 10 meters), which
reduces power requirements. Another major difference is that 802.11b wasn't
designedfor voice communications, while any Bluetooth connection can support
both data and voice communications. • User scenarios
* 79. • Networking in Bluetooth • Bluetooth operates on 79 channels in the 2.4
GHz band with 1 MHz carrier spacing. Each device performs frequency hopping
with 1,600 hops/s in a pseudo random fashion. A piconet is a collection of
Bluetooth devices which are synchronized to the same hopping sequence. One
device in the piconet can act as master (M), all other devices connected to
the master must act as slaves (S). The master determines the hopping pattern
in the piconet and the slaves have to synchronize to this pattern. Each
piconet has a unique hopping pattern. If a device wants to participate it has
to synchronize to this. A typical piconet is shown below:
* 80.
* 81. • Parked devices (P) can not actively participate in the piconet (i.e.,
they do not have a connection), but are known and can be reactivated within
some milliseconds. Devices in stand-by (SB) do not participate in the
piconet. Each piconet has exactly one master and up to seven simultaneous
slaves. More than 200 devices can be parked. The first step in forming a
piconet involves a master sending its clock and device ID. All the Bluetooth
devices have the same capability to become a master or a slave and two or
three devices are sufficient to form a piconet. The unit establishing the
piconet automatically becomes the master, all other devices will be slaves.
The hopping pattern is determined by the device ID, a 48-bit worldwide unique
identifier. • The phase in the hopping pattern is determined by the master‘s
clock. After adjusting the internal clock according to the master a device
may participate in the piconet. All active devices are assigned a 3-bit
active member address (AMA). All parked devices use an 8-bit parked member
address (PMA). Devices in stand-by do not need an address.
* 82. • A device in one piconet can communicate to another device in another
piconet, forming a scatternet. A master in one piconet may be a slave in
another piconet. Both piconets use a different hopping sequence, always
determined by the master of the piconet. Bluetooth applies FH-CDMA for
separation of piconets.
* 83.
* 84. • A collision occurs if two or more piconets use the same carrier
frequency at the same time. This will probably happen as the hopping
sequences are not coordinated. If a device wants to participate in more than
one piconet, it has to synchronize to the hopping sequence of the piconet it
wants to take part in. If a device acts as slave in one piconet, it simply
starts to synchronize with the hopping sequence of the piconet it wants to
join. After synchronization, it acts as a slave in this piconet and no longer
participates in its former piconet. To enable synchronization, a slave has to
know the identity of the master that determines the hopping sequence of a
piconet. Before leaving one piconet, a slave informs the current master that
it will be unavailable for a certain amount of time. The remaining devices in
the piconet continue to communicate as usual.
* 85. Bluetooth Protocol Stack • The Bluetooth protocol stack can be divided
into a core specification, which describes the protocols from physical layer
to the data link control together with management functions, and profile
specifications describing many protocols and functions needed to adapt the
wireless Bluetooth technology to legacy and new applications. • A high-level
view of the architecture is shown. The responsibilities of the layers in this
stack are as follows: • The radio layer is the physical wireless connection.
To avoid interference with other devices that communicate in the ISM band,
the modulation is based on fast frequency hopping. Bluetooth divides the 2.4
GHz frequency band into 79 channels 1 MHz apart (from 2.402 to 2.480 GHz),
and uses this spread spectrum to hop from one channel to another, up to 1600
• times a second. The standard wavelength range is 10 cm to 10 m, and can be
extended to 100 m by increasing transmission power.
* 86.
* 87. • The baseband layer is responsible for controlling and sending data
packets over the radio link. It provides transmission channels for both data
and voice. The baseband layer maintains Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO)
links for voice and Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) links for data. SCO
packets are never retransmitted but ACL packets are, to ensure data
integrity. SCO links are point-to-point symmetric connections, where time
slots are reserved to guarantee timely transmission. A slave device is
allowed to respond during the time slot immediately following an SCO
transmission from the master. A master can support up to three SCO links to a
single slave or to multiple slaves, and a single slave can support up to two
SCO links to different slaves. Data transmissions on ACL links, on the other
hand, are established on a per-slot basis (using slots not reserved for SCO
links). ACL links support point-to-multipoint transmissions. After an ACL
transmission from the master, only a slave addressed specificallymay respond
during the next time slot; if no device is addressed, the messageis treated
as a broadcast.
* 88. • by the application, or through certain support protocols provided to
ease the burden on application programmers. • The Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) receives application data and adapts it to the
Bluetooth format. Quality of Service (QoS) parameters are exchanged at this
layer.
* 89. • Link Manager Protocol • The link manager protocol (LMP) manages various
aspects of the radio link between a master and a slave and the current
parameter setting of the devices. LMP enhances baseband functionality, but
higher layers can still directly access the baseband. The following groups of
functions are covered by the LMP: • Authentication, pairing, and encryption:
Although basic authentication is handled in the baseband, LMP has to control
the exchange of random numbers and signed responses. LMP is not directly
involved in the encryption process, but sets the encryption mode (no
encryption, point-to-point, or broadcast), key size, and random speed. •
Synchronization: Precise synchronization is of major importance within a
Bluetooth network. The clock offset is updated each time a packet is received
from the master. • Capability negotiation: Not only the version of the LMP
can be exchanged but also information about the supported features. Not all
Bluetooth devices will support all features that are described in the
standard, so devices have to agree the usage of, e.g., multi-slot packets,
encryption, SCO links, voice encoding, park/sniff/hold mode, HV2/HV3 packets
etc. • Quality of service negotiation: Different parameters control the QoS
of a Bluetooth device at these lower layers. The poll interval, i.e., the
maximum time between transmissions from a master to a particular slave,
controls the latency and transfer capacity. A master can also limit the
number of slots available for slaves’ answers to increase its own bandwidth.
• Power control: A Bluetooth device can measure the received signal strength.
Depending on this signal level the device can direct the sender of the
measured signal to increase or decrease its transmit power. • Link
supervision: LMP has to control the activity of a link, it may set up new SCO
links, or it may declare the failure of a link. • State and transmission mode
change: Devices might switch the master/slave role, detach themselves from a
connection, or change the operating mode
* 90. • Bluetooth defines several low-power states for a device. The following
figure shows the major states of a Bluetooth device and typical transitions.
Every device, which is currently not participating in a piconet (and not
switched off), is in standby mode. This is a low-power mode where only the
native clock is running. The next step towards the inquiry mode can happen in
two different ways. Either a device wants to establish a piconet or a device
just wants to listen to see if something is going on.
* 91.
* 92. • A device wants to establish a piconet: A user of the device wants to
scan for other devices in the radio range. The device starts the inquiry
procedure by sending an inquiry access code (IAC) that is common to all
Bluetooth devices. The IAC is broadcast over 32 so- called wake-up carriers
in turn. • Devices in standby that listen periodically: Devices in standby
may enter the inquiry mode periodically to search for IAC messages on the
wake-up carriers. As soon as a device detects an inquiry it returns a packet
containing its device address and timing information required by the master
to initiate a connection. From that moment on, the device acts as slave.
* 93.
* 94. • During the page state two different roles are defined. After finding
all required devices the master is able to set up connections to each device,
i.e., setting up a piconet. As soon as a device synchronizes to the hopping
pattern of the piconet it also enters the connection state. The connection
state comprises the active state and the low power states: park, sniff, and
hold. In the active state the slave participates in the piconet by listening,
transmitting, and receiving. ACL and SCO links can be used. A master
periodically synchronizes with all slaves. All devices being active must have
the 3-bit active member address (AMA). To save battery power, a Bluetooth
device can go into one of three low power states:
* 95. • L2CAP • The logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) is a
data link control protocol on top of the baseband layer offering logical
channels between Bluetooth devices with QoS properties. L2CAP is available
for ACLs only. • L2CAP provides three different types of logical channels
that are transported via the ACL between master and slave: • Connectionless:
These unidirectional channels are typically used for broadcasts from a master
to its slave(s). • Connection-oriented: Each channel of this type is bi-
directional and supports QoS flow specifications for each direction. These
flow specs follow RFC 1363 and define average/peak data rate, maximum burst
size, latency, and jitter.
* 96. • Signaling: This third type of logical channel is used to exchanging
signaling messages between L2CAP entities. • Each channel can be identified
by its channel identifier (CID). Signaling channels always use a CID value of
1, a CID value of 2 is reserved for connectionless channels. For
connection-oriented channels a unique CID (>= 64) is dynamically assigned at
each end of the channel to identify the connection. • The following figure
shows the three packet types belonging to the three logical channel types.
* 97. • The length field indicates the length of the payload (plus PSM for
connectionless PDUs). The CID has the multiplexing/demultiplexing function.
For connectionless PDUs a protocol/service multiplexor (PSM) field is needed
to identify the higher layer recipient for the payload. For
connection-oriented PDUs the CID already fulfills this function. Several PSM
values have been defined, e.g., 1 (SDP), 3 (RFCOMM), 5 (TCS-BIN). Values
above 4096 can be assigned dynamically. The payload of the signaling PDU
contains one or more commands. Each command has its own code (e.g., for
command reject, connection request, disconnection response etc.) and an ID
that matches a request with its reply. The length field indicates the length
of the data field for this command.
* 98. • The first step, called pairing, is necessary if two Bluetooth devices
have never met before. To set up trust between the two devices a user can
enter a secret PIN into both devices. This PIN can have a length of up to 16
byte. Based on the PIN, the device address, and random numbers, several keys
can be computed which can be used as link key for authentication. The
authentication is a challenge-response process based on the link key, a
random number generated by a verifier (the device that requests
authentication), and the device address of the claimat (the device that is
authenticated).
* 99. • Based on the link key, and again a random number an encryption key is
generated during the encryption stage of the security architecture. This key
has a maximum size of 128 bits and can be individually generated for each
transmission. Based on the encryption key, the device address and the current
clock a payload key is generated for ciphering user data. The payload key is
a stream of pseudo-random bits. The ciphering process is a simple XOR of the
user data and the payload key. • All Bluetooth-enabled devices must implement
the Generic Access Profile, which contains all the Bluetooth protocols and
possible devices. This profile defines a security model that includes three
security modes.
* 100. Bluetooth Profiles • Bluetooth profiles are intended to ensure
interoperability among Bluetooth-enabled devices and applications from
different manufacturers and vendors. A profile defines the roles and
capabilities for specific types of applications. Profiles represent default
solutions for a certain usage model. They use a selection of protocols and
parameter set to form a basis for interoperability. Protocols can be seen as
horizontal layers while profiles are vertical slices as shown below:
* 101. . • The following basic profiles have been specified: generic access,
service discovery, cordless telephony, intercom, serial port, headset, dialup
networking, fax, LAN access, generic object exchange, object push, file
transfer, and synchronization. Additional profiles are: advanced audio
distribution, PAN, audio video remote control, basic printing, basic imaging,
extended service discovery, generic audio video distribution, hands-free, and
hardcopy cable replacement. Some of the profiles are given below: • The
Generic Access Profile defines connection procedures, device discovery, and
link management. It also defines procedures related to use of different
security models and common format requirements for parameters accessible on
the user interface level. At a minimum all Bluetooth devices must support
this profile.
* 102. Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) • Sun Microsystems defines J2ME as "a highly
optimized Java run- time environment targeting a wide range of consumer
products, including pagers, cellular phones, screen-phones, digital set-top
boxes and car navigation systems." J2ME brings the cross-platform
functionality of the Java language to smaller devices, allowing mobile
wireless devices to share applications. Java 2 Micro Edition maintains the
qualities that Java technology has become known for: • built-in consistency
across products in terms of running anywhere, anytime, on any device • the
power of a high-level object-oriented programming language with a large
developer base; • portability of code; • safe network delivery; and • upward
scalability with J2SE and J2EE
* 103. • class libraries that are far more domain- specific than the class
libraries provided in a configuration.
* 104. Configurations • A configuration is a subset of profile. A configuration
defines a Java platform for a ―horizontal‖category or grouping of devices
with similar requirements on total memory budget and other hardware
capabilities. More specifically, a configuration: • specifies the Java
programming language features supported, • specifies the Java virtual machine
features supported, • specifies the basic Java libraries and APIs supported.
• To avoid fragmentation, there will be a very limited number of J2ME
configurations. Currently, the goal is to define two standard J2ME
configurations:
* 105. Thank you

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