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مرکزی صفحہ World Literature Today Egyptian Earth
World Literature Today 1992 Vol. 66; Iss. 1
Egyptian Earth
Cooke, Miriam; al-Sharqawi, Abdel Rahman; Stewart, De...


EGYPTIAN EARTH

Cooke, Miriam, al-Sharqawi, Abdel Rahman, Stewart, Desmond
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جلد:
66
سال:
1992
زبان:
english
رسالہ:
World Literature Today
DOI:
10.2307/40148082
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PDF, 421 KB
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1
Quad et autres pièces pour la télévision...
Evenson, Brian; Beckett, Samuel; Deleuze, Gilles; ...


QUAD ET AUTRES PIÈCES POUR LA TÉLÉVISION; L'ÉPUISÉ

Evenson, Brian, Beckett, Samuel, Deleuze, Gilles, Fournier, Edith

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2
När och fjärran
Wright, Rochelle; Olin, Elisabeth


NÄR OCH FJÄRRAN

Wright, Rochelle, Olin, Elisabeth

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Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Review
Author(s): Miriam Cooke
Review by: Miriam Cooke
Source: World Literature Today, Vol. 66, No. 1 (Winter, 1992), p. 196
Published by: Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40148082
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196 WORLD LITERATURE TODAY

Egypt
Abdel Rahman al-Sharqawi. Egyptian Earth. Desmond

General Area
Modern Literature in the Near and Middle East, 1850-1970.

Stewart, tr. Austin. University of Texas Press. 1990. xii

Robin Ostle, ed. New York. Routledge, Chapman &
Hall. 1991. x + 248 pages. $59.95.

The reprinting of Desmond Stewart's 1962 transla-

Desperately and despairingly, the literature of the
Near and Middle East (especially Muslim countries)
is struggling to achieve recognition in the West. The
Nobel Prize to Naguib Mahfouz in 1988 (see WLT 63:1,
pp. 5-9) has been a small consolation. Arabic, Persian,
and Turkish literature continues to be ignored in Europe
and America. Bias might be a factor; but basically the

+ 252 pages. $24.95 ($12.95 paper).

tion of Abdel Rahman al-Sharqawi' s 1954 novel

Egyptian Earth provides a weather vane indicating the
growing interest on the part of English-speaking readers
in modern Arabic literature. As more and more college; s
and universities introduce courses on Arabic literature
and include Arabic fiction in courses on world and non-

Western literatures, the demand for translated works
has grown dramatically.
Egyptian Earth has entered the canon of modern Arabic literature as an emotionally impassioned yet literarily controlled articulation of sociopolitical criticism.

Like Yahya Haqqi's Good Morning! (see WLT 62:3, p.

503), which also first came out in 1954, this first novel by

the Marxist al-Sharqawi warns readers of the dangers
inherent in the new world order put into place by the

1952 revolution. Both Haqqi and al-Sharqawi imme-

diately saw through the populist posturing of the so-

called revolutionary regime. Each novel discusses the

impact of the introduction of a modern transportation
system into a village that has survived the millennia of

foreign rule more of less untouched by the outside

world. In Egyptian Earth the story revolves around the
construction of a road. In Good Morning! the account is

split between Yesterday, before the train passed

through the village, and Today. Whereas Haqqi chose a
deliberately anonymous allegory to reveal methodically
and almost paradigmatically the problems and possibly

negative outcomes, al-Sharqawi adopted a more stan-

dard strategy for discursive political criticism: historical

fiction writing. Slipping back a couple of decades, he

was able to criticize the new Egyptian tyrants as though
he were criticizing British coercive practices.
As Robin Ostle writes in his helpful foreword, Egyptian Earth is one of the first Egyptian works of literature
to present the narrative from the peasants' perspective.
This is of course also true of Good Morning! However,
Haqqi is less totalizing in his delineation of rural Egyptians. He is more aware of class relations that complicate
the notion of a romanticized, monolithic, and ultimately

classics do not lend themselves to effective translation,

and modern literature, so enamored of Western models,
reads like a pale copy or even a travesty when trans-

lated. There is little hope for recognition, let alone

admiration, unless some new great geniuses emerge to
remove the yawning gap.
Well-intentioned efforts are not lacking. Some universities and their presses, concerned scholars, and loyal

translators keep trying. Without them there would

probably be a gaping void. Modern Literature in the Near
and Middle East is one of those valiant efforts. Edited by
Robin Ostle, Fellow in Modern Arabic at St. John's
College, Oxford, it brings together essays on Arabic,
Hebrew, Persian, and Turkish literature in three very
neatly arranged periods: "The Age of Translation and
Adaptation, 1850-1914," "From Romantic Nationalism
to Social Criticism, 1914-1950," and "The Age of Ideology and Polarization since 1950." The essays evolved out
of papers originally presented at symposia organized by
the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.

They are by specialists, many of them prominent in
their fields. The book's arrangement is highly symmetrical: each part is prefaced by an essay on political and
cultural developments and then divided into four language groups (except in part 3, where the Arab world is

subdivided into "The Mashriq" and "The Maghrib,"

and Iran since 1950 is omitted). The volume contains a
serviceable bibliography.
The contributors are mainly British, with a sprinkling
of scholars and writers from the region. Together they

present a coherent and enlightening panorama of

twelve decades of literary Westernization. The volume
is expensive, but hardly expansive. It packs a substan-

tial amount of information: all the major names and

helpless peasantry in revolt against modernity, variously allegorized. Still, I suspect that al-Sharqawi would

titles and the most important developments and movements are included. Sketchy as the treatments are, they

tions both Muhammad Husayn Haykal's Zaynab and

Despite its constructive intentions, however, the volume cannot avoid doing a disservice. Virtually the only

not have thought of his characters as romanticized. The
boy narrator, a native son and Cairo-educated, is fully
aware of literary precursors to his experience; he men-

Taha Husayn' s book The Days. He situates his story in
this tradition and makes a case for its greater realism
and poignancy. Certainly we do read of multiple rela-

tionships and of individuals' - including women's -

revolts against authority figures. However, the overall
tone is uncomplicatedly binary. On the very last page,
as the narrator is driven through the streets of Cairo
after his return from spending the summer in the country, he hears the driver swear "in a way which I had not
heard throughout the summer."
Miriam Cooke

Duke University

add up to a sort of prolegomena, a useful bird's-eye
view, a readable summary.

conclusion that the reader can draw is that Near Eastern

literature since the middle of the nineteenth century has

accomplished little other than aping the West. The

image that emerges is one of servility. Perhaps worse
than that, one gets an impression of these literatures as
underachieving, inferior, at best mediocre. The editor
and the contributors, I am sure, do not mean it, but
their collection constitutes a denigration of the region's
literature as unoriginal, lacking in any authentic personality, even incapable of forging a synthesis.
Whatever hope there might be for the literature of the
Muslim countries for recognition in the world is dashed

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