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BROOKLYN

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Borough in New York City and county in New York, United States
This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see Brooklyn
(disambiguation).

Borough and county in New York, United States
Brooklyn
Kings County, New York
Borough and county
Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and
Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island
Flag
Seal
Motto(s):
Eendraght Maeckt Maght
("Unity makes strength")

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map outlining Brooklyn
Location within the state of New York
Brooklyn
Interactive map outlining Brooklyn
Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278;
-73.99028Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W /
40.69278; -73.99028CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyKings
(coterminous)CityNew York CitySettled1634Named forBreukelen,
NetherlandsGovernment

• TypeBorough • Borough PresidentAntonio Reynoso (D)
— (Borough of Brooklyn) • District AttorneyEric Gonzalez (D)
— (Kings County)Area

• Total97 sq mi (250 km2) • Land70.82 sq mi (183.4 km2) • Water26 sq mi
(67 km2)Highest elevation
[2]
220 ft (67 m)Population
(2020)
• Total2,736,074[1] • Density38,634/sq mi (14,917/km2) • Demonym

Brooklynite[3]ZIP Code prefix
112
Area codes718/347/929, 917GDP (2018)US$91.6 billion[4]Websitewww.brooklyn-usa
.org

Brooklyn (/ˈbrʊklɪn/) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings
County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county
in New York State, as well as the second-most densely populated county in the
United States (after New York County).[6] It is also New York City's most
populous borough,[7] with 2,736,074 residents in 2020.[1] If each borough were
ranked as a city, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U.S.,
after Los Angeles and Chicago.

Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it is located on the western end of
Long Island and shares a land border with the borough of Queens. Brooklyn has
several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the
East River and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island.
With a land area of 70.82 square miles (183.4 km2) and a water area of 26 square
miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York state's fourth-smallest county by land
area and third-smallest by total area.

Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized
village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until
January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations
battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New
York", Brooklyn was consolidated with other cities, towns, and counties, to form
the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five
constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct
culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official
motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which
translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength."

In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance
as a destination for hipsters,[8] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic
house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.[9] Some new
developments are required to include affordable housing units. Since the 2010s,
Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship, high technology
start-up firms,[10][11] postmodern art[12] and design.[11]

CONTENTS

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Colonial era
* 2.1.1 New Netherland
* 2.1.2 Province of New York
* 2.1.3 Revolutionary War
* 2.2 Post-independence era
* 2.2.1 Urbanization
* 2.2.2 Civil War
* 2.2.3 Twin city
* 2.2.3.1 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
* 2.3 New York City borough
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Climate
* 3.2 Boroughscape
* 4 Neighborhoods
* 4.1 Community diversity
* 4.1.1 Jewish American
* 4.1.2 Chinese American
* 4.1.3 Caribbean and African American
* 4.1.4 Latino American
* 4.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American
* 4.1.6 Polish American
* 4.1.7 Italian American
* 4.1.8 Arab/Muslim American
* 4.1.9 Irish American
* 4.1.10 Greek American
* 4.1.11 LGBTQ community
* 4.1.12 Artists-in-residence
* 5 Demographics
* 5.1 Ethnic groups
* 5.2 Languages
* 6 Culture
* 6.1 Cultural venues
* 6.2 Media
* 6.2.1 Local periodicals
* 6.2.2 Ethnic press
* 6.2.3 Television
* 6.3 Events
* 7 Economy
* 8 Parks and other attractions
* 8.1 Sports
* 9 Government and politics
* 9.1 Federal representation
* 10 Education
* 10.1 Higher education
* 10.1.1 Public colleges
* 10.1.2 Private colleges
* 10.1.3 Community colleges
* 11 Brooklyn Public Library
* 12 Transportation
* 12.1 Public transport
* 12.2 Roadways
* 12.3 Waterways
* 13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
* 14 Hospitals and healthcare
* 15 See also
* 15.1 General links
* 15.2 History of neighborhoods
* 15.3 General history
* 16 Notes
* 17 References
* 18 Further reading
* 18.1 Published before 1950
* 18.2 Published 1950–present
* 19 External links
* 19.1 History

ETYMOLOGY[EDIT]

The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch town of Breukelen. The
oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands, is in a charter of 953 of
Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, namely Broecklede.[13] This is a composition of the
two words broeck, meaning bog or marshland and lede, meaning small (dug) water
stream specifically in peat areas.[14] Breuckelen in the American continent was
established in 1646, and the name first appeared in print in 1663.[15][16][17]

Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been
Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen,
Breuckelen, and finally Breukelen.[18] The New Amsterdam settlement of
Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn,
Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and
Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its
origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."[19]
The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its
meaning.[20][21]

HISTORY[EDIT]

See also: Timeline of Brooklyn

Part of a series onLong Island Topics
* Geography
* History
* Economy
* Education
* Transportation
* Politics
* People
* Tallest buildings
* Recreation
* Law enforcement
* Viticulture

Regions
* Brooklyn
* Queens

* Nassau County
* Suffolk County

* Municipalities

* North Shore
* South Shore

* North Fork
* South Fork

* Long Island Sound
* Barrier islands

* v
* t
* e

showNew Netherland series Exploration Fortifications:
* Fort Amsterdam
* Fort Nassau (North)
* Fort Orange
* Fort Nassau (South)
* Fort Goede Hoop
* De Wal
* Fort Casimir
* Fort Altena
* Fort Wilhelmus
* Fort Beversreede
* Fort Nya Korsholm
* De Rondout

Settlements:
* Noten Eylandt
* Nieuw Amsterdam
* Rensselaerswijck
* Nieuw Haarlem
* Beverwijck
* Wiltwijk
* Bergen
* Pavonia
* Vriessendael
* Achter Col
* Vlissingen
* Oude Dorpe
* Colen Donck
* Greenwich
* Heemstede
* Rustdorp
* Gravesende
* Breuckelen
* Nieuw Amersfoort
* Midwout
* Nieuw Utrecht
* Boswijk
* Swaanendael
* Nieuw Amstel
* Nieuw Dorp

The Patroon System
* Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions

* Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620–25)
* Willem Verhulst (1625–26)
* Peter Minuit (1626–32)
* Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632–33)
* Wouter van Twiller (1633–38)
* Willem Kieft (1638–47)
* Peter Stuyvesant (1647–64)

People of New Netherland
* New Netherlander
* Twelve Men
* Eight Men
* Nine Men

Flushing Remonstrance

* v
* t
* e

The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The
settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of
"Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city
in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then
confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County,
and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City
of New York.

COLONIAL ERA[EDIT]

NEW NETHERLAND[EDIT]

The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which
was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian
tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name
"Canarsie". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought
their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named
after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch
West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes
(listed here by their later English town names):[22] Gravesend: in 1645, settled
under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for
's-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England; Brooklyn Heights: as
Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands.
Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and
Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover
Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816; Flatlands: as Nieuw
Amersfoort in 1647; Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652; Nieuw Utrecht in 1652, after
the city of Utrecht, Netherlands; and Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661.

A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, in The Brooklyn
Museum

The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its
charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's
first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen
today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and
documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.[23]

PROVINCE OF NEW YORK[EDIT]

Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766

What is now Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the English captured the New
Netherland colony in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New
Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture
for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King
Charles II and future king himself as King James II. Brooklyn became a part of
the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York, one of the Middle
Colonies of nascent British America.

On November 1, 1683, Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York
Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island,[24] as
one of the "original twelve counties". This tract of land was recognized as a
political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a
later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity.

Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River
Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest
percentages of slaves among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies"
along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.[25]

REVOLUTIONARY WAR[EDIT]

Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign

The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County.

On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the
'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American
Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire
conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington
off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and
Grand Army Plaza.[26]

Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old
Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue,
was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day
lose!".[26]

The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became
untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of
New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts
on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and
supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as
one of his most brilliant triumphs.[26]

The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as
New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of
operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British
generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings
County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the
fledgling—and largely successful—Patriot intelligence network, headed by
Washington himself.

The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in
Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died there than in combat on all the
battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result
of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York
City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century.

POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA[EDIT]

URBANIZATION[EDIT]

Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819–20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum)

The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban
areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the
adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard
operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Fort Greene and Williamsburgh) during
the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.

The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly
across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of
Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton
Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry
Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village
were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in
1834.

In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the
incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the
Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh
in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding
and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two
cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and
purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.

However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant
City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was
subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854.

By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat
published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from
Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.[27] It later became the
most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher
changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,[28] and the paper was renamed The
Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.[29] On May 14,
1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[30] on September 5,
1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.[31] The establishment of the
paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the
next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the
Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in
the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale
following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in
a realignment of major league baseball in 1957.

Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New
York,[32] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union
cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built
downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at
what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is
now called Grand Army Plaza.

The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century.
There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830.[33] The city's
population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men
on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of
burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in
1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of
inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged
the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.[34]

CIVIL WAR[EDIT]

Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in
supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known
regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged
Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the
only regiment named after a city. President Abraham Lincoln called them into
service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April
1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a
uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick
assaults.

As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to
contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two
combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.

TWIN CITY[EDIT]

Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New
Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of
Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities
frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that
was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival.
During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of Fort Greene and
Clinton Hill (then characterized collectively as The Hill) were home to such
notable figures as Astral Oil Works founder Charles Pratt and his children,
including local civic leader Charles Millard Pratt; Theosophical Society
co-founder William Quan Judge; and Pfizer co-founders Charles Pfizer and Charles
F. Erhart. Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area's
most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of
such figures as abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher, educator-politician
Seth Low, attorney William Cary Sanger (who served for two years as United
States Assistant Secretary of War under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore
Roosevelt) and publisher Alfred Smith Barnes.

Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and
Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of
the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus to Greenpoint was developed with
piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the
Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous
product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After
the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond
Prospect Park (completed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1873 and
widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier Central Park) into the center
of the county, as evinced by gradual settlement in comparatively rustic Windsor
Terrace and Kensington. By century's end, Dean Alvord's Prospect Park South
development in nearby Flatbush would serve as the template for contemporaneous
"Victorian Flatbush" micro-neighborhoods and the post-consolidation emergence of
outlying districts, such as Midwood and Marine Park. Along with Oak Park,
Illinois, it also presaged the automobile and commuter rail-driven vogue for
more remote prewar suburban communities, such as Garden City, New York and
Montclair, New Jersey.

Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives

The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized
waterworks, including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department,
however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also
New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD)
also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.

Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan
and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only
municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of
Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the
Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.

Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional
baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and
elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers,
they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks,
amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and
elsewhere in the southern part of the county.

Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886

Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final,
explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern
summit soon emerging as the City's third "Gold Coast" district alongside
Brooklyn Heights and The Hill. East of The Hill, Bedford-Stuyvesant coalesced as
an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German
and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate
and close friend of President Grover Cleveland), with nearby Crown Heights
gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the City's Jewish population as
development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German
district) established a considerable brewery industry; the so-called "Brewer's
Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the
southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread
to Sunset Park (then coterminous with the City's sprawling, sparsely populated
Eighth Ward) and adjacent Bay Ridge (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the
Town of New Utrecht). Within a decade, the City had annexed the Town of New Lots
in 1886; the Towns of Flatbush, Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town
of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at
the ends of Kings County.

MAYORS OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN[EDIT]

See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents

Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of
Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor
of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate
mayor, elected a Borough President.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[35] Mayor Party Start year End year George Hall
Democratic-Republican 1834 1834 Jonathan Trotter Democratic 1835 1836 Jeremiah
Johnson Whig 1837 1838 Cyrus P. Smith Whig 1839 1841 Henry C. Murphy Democratic
1842 1842 Joseph Sprague Democratic 1843 1844 Thomas G. Talmage Democratic 1845
1845 Francis B. Stryker Whig 1846 1848 Edward Copland Whig 1849 1849 Samuel
Smith Democratic 1850 1850 Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852 Edward A. Lambert
Democratic 1853 1854 George Hall Know Nothing 1855 1856 Samuel S. Powell
Democratic 1857 1860 Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1861 1863 Alfred M. Wood
Republican 1864 1865 Samuel Booth Republican 1866 1867 Martin Kalbfleisch
Democratic 1868 1871 Samuel S. Powell Democratic 1872 1873 John W. Hunter
Democratic 1874 1875 Frederick A. Schroeder Republican 1876 1877 James Howell
Democratic 1878 1881 Seth Low Republican 1882 1885 Daniel D. Whitney Democratic
1886 1887 Alfred C. Chapin Democratic 1888 1891 David A. Boody Democratic 1892
1893 Charles A. Schieren Republican 1894 1895 Frederick W. Wurster Republican
1896 1897

NEW YORK CITY BOROUGH[EDIT]

Further information: History of New York City (1898–1945)

Brooklyn in 1897

In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no
longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York
were strengthened.

The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander
process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join
with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of
Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew
Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed
against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of
Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective
in 1898.[36]

Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the
loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by
some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the
"Great Mistake of 1898", and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among
old-time Brooklynites.[37]

GEOGRAPHY[EDIT]

Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder yellow)

Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles
(180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the
borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs.
However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's
fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.[7]
Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western
border constitutes the island's western tip.

Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the
Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten
Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New
York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of
New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of
Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the
Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous
routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of
Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's
Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn's East
New York neighborhood.

CLIMATE[EDIT]

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month
(January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[38]
with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences
from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year
round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at
least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually,
accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.[39] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b
plant hardiness zone.[40]

showClimate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[41] extremes
1948–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record
high °F (°C) 71
(22) 71
(22) 85
(29) 90
(32) 99
(37) 99
(37) 104
(40) 101
(38) 98
(37) 90
(32) 77
(25) 75
(24) 104
(40) Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.8
(13.8) 57.9
(14.4) 68.5
(20.3) 78.1
(25.6) 84.9
(29.4) 92.1
(33.4) 94.5
(34.7) 92.7
(33.7) 87.4
(30.8) 78.0
(25.6) 69.1
(20.6) 60.1
(15.6) 96.6
(35.9) Average high °F (°C) 39.1
(3.9) 41.8
(5.4) 49.0
(9.4) 59.0
(15.0) 68.5
(20.3) 78.0
(25.6) 83.2
(28.4) 81.9
(27.7) 75.3
(24.1) 64.5
(18.1) 54.3
(12.4) 44.0
(6.7) 61.6
(16.4) Average low °F (°C) 26.3
(−3.2) 28.1
(−2.2) 34.2
(1.2) 43.5
(6.4) 52.8
(11.6) 62.8
(17.1) 68.5
(20.3) 67.8
(19.9) 60.8
(16.0) 49.6
(9.8) 40.7
(4.8) 31.5
(−0.3) 47.3
(8.5) Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 13.4
(−10.3) 19.1
(−7.2) 32.6
(0.3) 42.6
(5.9) 52.7
(11.5) 60.7
(15.9) 58.6
(14.8) 49.2
(9.6) 37.6
(3.1) 27.4
(−2.6) 16.3
(−8.7) 7.5
(−13.6) Record low °F (°C) −2
(−19) −2
(−19) 4
(−16) 20
(−7) 34
(1) 45
(7) 55
(13) 46
(8) 40
(4) 30
(−1) 19
(−7) 2
(−17) −2
(−19) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.16
(80) 2.59
(66) 3.78
(96) 3.87
(98) 3.94
(100) 3.86
(98) 4.08
(104) 3.68
(93) 3.50
(89) 3.62
(92) 3.30
(84) 3.39
(86) 42.77
(1,086) Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.3
(16) 8.3
(21) 3.5
(8.9) 0.8
(2.0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.51) 4.7
(12) 23.8
(60) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.5 9.6 11.0 11.4 11.5 10.7 9.4
8.7 8.1 8.5 9.4 10.6 119.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 4.6 3.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.2 2.8 13.6 Average relative humidity (%) 64.9 64.4 63.4 64.1 69.5 71.5
71.4 71.7 71.9 69.1 67.9 66.3 68.0 Source: NOAA (relative humidity
1961–1990)[42][43][44]

showClimate data for Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °F (°C) 39.7
(4.3) 42.4
(5.8) 49.7
(9.8) 60.5
(15.8) 70.5
(21.4) 79.3
(26.3) 84.8
(29.3) 83.3
(28.5) 76.5
(24.7) 65.0
(18.3) 54.3
(12.4) 44.5
(6.9) 62.5
(16.9) Average low °F (°C) 27.5
(−2.5) 29.1
(−1.6) 35.2
(1.8) 44.8
(7.1) 54.4
(12.4) 64.0
(17.8) 70.3
(21.3) 68.9
(20.5) 62.4
(16.9) 51.2
(10.7) 41.4
(5.2) 33.2
(0.7) 48.5
(9.2) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90) 2.97
(75) 4.37
(111) 3.85
(98) 4.03
(102) 4.44
(113) 4.85
(123) 3.92
(100) 3.92
(100) 4.02
(102) 3.23
(82) 4.00
(102) 47.13
(1,197) Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.5
(17) 8.5
(22) 4.4
(11) 0.6
(1.5) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.51) 4.3
(11) 24.5
(62) Source: NOAA[45]

BOROUGHSCAPE[EDIT]

The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn
Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset
in 2013.

NEIGHBORHOODS[EDIT]

See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves

Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic
District

Park Slope

150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style
houses in Brooklyn Heights

Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the
early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since
the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th
century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for
nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most
populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.[46]

The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United
States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington,
D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and
Seattle.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53]

COMMUNITY DIVERSITY[EDIT]

Imatra Society, consisting of Finnish immigrants, celebrating its summer
festival in Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn in 1894.

Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the
world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own,
demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with
respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary
partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of
religious congregations.[54] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in
Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.[55] Brooklyn contains
dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally
identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are
listed below:

JEWISH AMERICAN[EDIT]

Main article: Jews in New York City

Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become
concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as Borough Park, Williamsburg,
and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants,
as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Jewish
neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include Kensington, Canarsie,
Sea Gate, and Crown Heights, home to the Chabad world headquarters.
Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations
include Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and
Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn
were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough
Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.[56][57]

The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison
Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for
decades until the ascendancy of Meade Esposito's rival, Canarsie-based Thomas
Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in
the rise of such figures as Speaker of the New York State Assembly Irwin
Steingut; his son, fellow Speaker Stanley Steingut; New York City Mayor Abraham
Beame; real estate developer Fred Trump; Democratic district leader Beadie
Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum.

Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations
to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and
Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn
Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.

CHINESE AMERICAN[EDIT]

Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City

Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn,
primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend and Homecrest. The
largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known
for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket
in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area. It is called "Brooklyn's
Chinatown" and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with Cantonese speakers
being the main Chinese population during the late 1980s and 1990s, but since the
2000s, the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority
Fuzhounese Americans, which immensely contributed to expanding this Chinatown
very dramatically rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames "Fuzhou Town
(福州埠), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou (小福州)" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese
restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular
Chinese New Year celebration. Since the 2000s going forward, the growing
concentration of the Cantonese speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically
shifted to Bensonhurst/Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of
Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as "Brooklyn's Little
Hong Kong/Guangdong" due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly
Cantonese populated.[58][59]

CARIBBEAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN[EDIT]

Main article: Caribbeans in New York City

Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much
of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown
Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in
central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians
outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn
are Jamaicans, Guyanese, and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from
nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many
of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual,
celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the
islands.[60] Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor
Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy
of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street
vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of
Africa.[61][62] Since the opening of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936,
Bedford-Stuyvesant has been home to one of the most famous African American
communities in the United States. Working-class communities remain prevalent in
Brownsville, East New York and Coney Island, while remnants of similar
communities in Prospect Heights, Fort Greene and Clinton Hill have endured amid
widespread gentrification.

LATINO AMERICAN[EDIT]

Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican

Many Puerto Rican migrants settled in Brooklyn after World War Two, especially
in waterfront neighborhoods like Sunset Park, Red Hook, and Gowanus, near the
shipyards where they worked. The borough's Latino population diversified after
the Hart-Cellar Act loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin
America. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Latino American community.
Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established
Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans,
Central Americans, and Mexicans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is
Latino, its residents have created many businesses to support their various
national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's
population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's
main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Ecuadorians;
they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are
predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg's South Side and East New York. Mexicans
(especially from the state of Puebla) now predominate alongside Chinese
immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's
once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to
reside below 39th Street. Save for Red Hook (which remained roughly one-fifth
Latino American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar
postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods (including western Park
Slope, the north end of Greenpoint[63] and Boerum Hill) largely disappeared by
the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization,
ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and
Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights.

RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN AMERICAN[EDIT]

Main article: Russian Americans in New York City

Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly
concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach
features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little
Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. In the 1970s, Soviet Jews won the right
to immigrate, and many ended up in Brighton Beach. In recent years, the
non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and
the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the
former USSR. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are
scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst,
Homecrest, Coney Island and Mill Basin. A growing community of Uzbek Americans
have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak
Russian.[64][65]

POLISH AMERICAN[EDIT]

Brooklyn's Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little
Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have
endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern
parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities.

ITALIAN AMERICAN[EDIT]

Main article: Italians in New York City

Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in
metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of
Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker
Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older
communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes
of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent
upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the
retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house
cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian
restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs.

ARAB/MUSLIM AMERICAN[EDIT]

In the early 20th century, many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around
Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area
has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly Muslim
Arab immigrants, especially Egyptians and Lebanese, have moved into the
southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where many Middle
Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques line
the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street.
Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community, while Midwood
is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently renamed Muhammad
Ali Jinnah way. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades
and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New
York's several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves.

IRISH AMERICAN[EDIT]

Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout
Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the
neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and
Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other
waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park.
Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and
suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit,
stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil
service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City
Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were
subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish
American community's distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship
in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and
frequenting Irish American bars).[citation needed]

GREEK AMERICAN[EDIT]

Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough. A historical
concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a
noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural
institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic
Avenue. As in much of the New York metropolitan area, Greek-owned diners are
found throughout the borough.

LGBTQ COMMUNITY[EDIT]

Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex
marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to
take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[66] The Park Slope neighborhood
spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has
an LGBT residential presence.[67] Numerous neighborhoods have since become home
to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights
demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from
Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives,
drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[68][69]

ARTISTS-IN-RESIDENCE[EDIT]

Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work
spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in
Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red
Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence.
However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these
same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive
neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey,
such as Jersey City or Hoboken.[70]

DEMOGRAPHICS[EDIT]

Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn

Historical
populationYearPop.±%17312,150— 17562,707+25.9%17713,623+33.8%17863,966+9.5%17904,549+14.7%18005,740+26.2%18108,303+44.7%182011,187+34.7%183020,535+83.6%184047,613+131.9%1850138,822+191.6%1860279,122+101.1%1870419,921+50.4%1880599,495+42.8%1890838,547+39.9%19001,166,582+39.1%19101,634,351+40.1%19202,018,356+23.5%19302,560,401+26.9%19402,698,285+5.4%19502,738,175+1.5%19602,627,319−4.0%19702,602,012−1.0%19802,230,936−14.3%19902,300,664+3.1%20002,465,326+7.2%20102,504,700+1.6%20202,736,074+9.2%1731–1786[71]
U.S. Decennial Census[72]
1790–1960[73] 1900–1990[74]
1990–2000[75] 2010[76] 2020[1]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[77]

New York City's five boroughs
* v
* t
* e

Jurisdiction Population GDP † Land area Density of population Borough County
Census
(2020) billions
(2012 US$) square
miles square
km persons /
mi2 persons /
km2
The Bronx
Bronx
1,472,654 $ 42.695 42.2 109.3 34,920 13,482
Brooklyn
Kings
2,736,074 '$' 91.559 69.4 179.7 39,438 15,227
Manhattan
New York
1,694,251 $ 600.244 22.7 58.8 74,781 28,872
Queens
Queens
2,405,464 $ 93.310 108.7 281.5 22,125 8,542
Staten Island
Richmond
495,747 $ 14.514 57.5 148.9 8,618 3,327
City of New York
8,804,190 $ 842.343 302.6 783.8 29,095 11,234
State of New York
20,215,751 $ 1,731.910 47,126.4 122,056.8 429 166 † GDP = Gross Domestic
Product Sources:[78][79][80][81] and see individual borough articles

hideRacial composition 2020[82] 2010[83] 1990[46] 1950[46] 1900[46] White 37.6%
42.8% 46.9% 92.2% 98.3% —Non-Hispanic 35.4% 35.7% 40.1% n/a n/a Black or
African American 26.7% 34.3% 37.9% 7.6% 1.6% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
18.9% 19.8% 20.1% n/a n/a Asian 13.6% 10.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1%

At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The United States Census
Bureau had estimated Brooklyn's population increased 2.2% to 2,559,903 between
2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York
City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of
7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209.[84] In 2020,
the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at
2,648,403.[85] The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567
households with an average of 2.66 persons per household.[86] There were
1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing
growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates
program.

ETHNIC GROUPS[EDIT]

Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough (2014-2018)[87][88][89][not specific enough to
verify] Origin percent African American (Does not include West Indian or
African)
16.4% West Indian American (Except Hispanic Groups)
11.5% East Asian American (Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc.)
8.4% English American (*Includes "American" ancestry)
7.6% Puerto Rican American
5.7% Italian American
4.8% Russian and Eastern European (Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union,
etc.)
4.3% Central European (Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc.)
4.2% Mexican American
4.1% Irish American
3.8% Dominican American
3.5% German American
2.8% South Asian American
2.4% South American (Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc.)
2.3% Sub-Saharan African (Includes Ethiopian, Nigerian, etc.)
2% Central American (Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc.)
1.9% Other[a]
14.7%

The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of
Brooklyn was 35.4% non-Hispanic white, 26.7% Black or African American, 0.9%
American Indian or Alaska Native, 13.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other
Pacific Islander, 4.1% two or more races, and 18.9% Hispanic or Latin American
of any race.[90] According to the 2010 United States census, Brooklyn's
population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black,
including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0%
(rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other
races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.[91] In
2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and
religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it
contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and
Hispanic/Latino.[92]

LANGUAGES[EDIT]

Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1%
(1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a
primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese,
5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4%
(31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763)
French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7%
(15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5%
(12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of
Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than
English.[93]

CULTURE[EDIT]

See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City

The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway

Brooklyn Botanic Garden

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza
Main article: Culture of Brooklyn

Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture
including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been
portrayed as the "typical New York accent" in American media, although this
accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out.[94] Brooklyn's official colors
are blue and gold.[95]

CULTURAL VENUES[EDIT]

Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn
Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States,
housed in the Brooklyn Museum.

The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public
art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects,
from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's
Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899.
The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of
Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over
30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.

The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an
874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's
Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district.
Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York
City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.[96]

MEDIA[EDIT]

LOCAL PERIODICALS[EDIT]

Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents
(Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life
Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News
Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served
by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily
News, and the New York Post.

The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as
the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in
Brooklyn.

Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several
others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book
owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers
in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge
Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman),
and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical
for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the
self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").[97]

ETHNIC PRESS[EDIT]

Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and
oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its
corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.[98] Major
ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet,
Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish
weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn.
Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English
language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly
"L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In
addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The
Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[citation needed] Our Time Press
published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of
"The Local paper with the Global-View".

TELEVISION[EDIT]

The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which
features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is
the borough's public access channel.[99] Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media
venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of
the borough.[100]

EVENTS[EDIT]

* The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a
costume-and-float parade.[101]
* Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July
4).[101]
* The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West
Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.
* The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of
June.[102]

ECONOMY[EDIT]

See also: Tourism in New York City

Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Astroland in Coney Island.
* Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha)
botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha)
rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water
lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora
garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery
exhibits.
* Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but
it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from
all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the
National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides
are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has
undergone a renaissance.[113]
* Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and
long-closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of
the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse
habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area
of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains.
* Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont
in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable
New Yorkers.
* Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the
Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area
* New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's
subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former
Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street
Line.
* Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres
(2.37 km2).[114] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert
Vaux, who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long
Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and
a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa,
Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first
urban Audubon Center;[115] Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha);
the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the
summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven
baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.
* Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park
contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners
during the revolutionary war.

SPORTS[EDIT]

Main article: Sports in Brooklyn

Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and
Liberty.

Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. The Nets
moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in
Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in
New Jersey. In April 2020, the New York Liberty of the WNBA were sold to the
Nets' owners and moved their home venue from Madison Square Garden to the
Barclays Center.

Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL's New York Islanders
full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with
Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau
Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the
venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team returned
to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to the UBS Arena in
Elmont, New York in 2021.

Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous
sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy
Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan
was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.

In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new
game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort
Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords
were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were
dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton
Oval.[116] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game:
the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play,
first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known
African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first
gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from
Brooklyn.[117]

Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley
dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.[118] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the
Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the
modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won
the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The
event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the
Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is
still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as
Brooklyn's ball club.

After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001
with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney
Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the
NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.[119]

Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in
1926, who played at Ebbets Field.[120]

In Rugby union, Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019, and
play their home games at MCU Park. In Rugby league, existing USARL club Brooklyn
Kings joined the professional North American Rugby League competition for its
inaugural 2021 season.

Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United
States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a
substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black
Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.[121][122][123]

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS[EDIT]

See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn

Brooklyn Borough Hall

Since its consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed
by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor–council system.
The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education,
correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation,
water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public
Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the
government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the
U.S. federal government, and private donors.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to
balance centralization with the local authority. Each borough president had a
powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City
Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's
budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United
States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the
most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than
Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high
court's 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.[124]

Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at
the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and
corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Antonio Reynoso who
replaced Eric Adams when Adams took office as Mayor of New York City.

Democrats hold most public offices, and the borough leans heavily Democratic. As
of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.[125]
Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic
development. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst,
Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood.

Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own
criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is
directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric
Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in
October 2016.[126] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of
any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts,
each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's
Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who
acts as an interlocutor with city agencies.

FEDERAL REPRESENTATION[EDIT]

As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not
voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge
in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4%
of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012,
Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough,
dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 16.9%.

In 2020, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United
States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within
the borough.[127]

* Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th
congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn
neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens,
Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus,
Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small
portion of Queens.[127]
* Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th
congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton
Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York,
Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead
Bay, and Spring Creek. The district also covers a small portion of
Queens.[127]
* Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York's 9th congressional
district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of
Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect
Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace.[127]
* Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 10th
congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn
neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park,
Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side
of Manhattan.[127]
* Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York's 11th
congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn
neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker
Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island.[127]

EDUCATION[EDIT]

See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City

Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene

The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph
Evans, now known as "East Quad"

Brooklyn Law School's 1994 new classical "Fell Hall" tower, by architect Robert
A. M. Stern

NYU Tandon Wunsch Building

St. Francis College Administration Building

Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private
institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City
Department of Education, the largest public school system.

Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City
public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science,
mathematics, and technology in the United States.[128] Brooklyn Tech opened in
1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school
was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6 million and is 12 stories
high. It covers about half of a city block.[129] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its
famous alumni[130] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large
number of graduates attending prestigious universities.

HIGHER EDUCATION[EDIT]

PUBLIC COLLEGES[EDIT]

Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was
the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The
college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in
Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its
students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar
Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a
mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented
undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The
college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as
well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents,
corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers
College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.

CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of
New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public
college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological
education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the
Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York
Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute
many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and
vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital
in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The
Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related
Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate
Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F.
Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are
minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of
minority students of any medical school in New York State.

PRIVATE COLLEGES[EDIT]

Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student
body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter
Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn
Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.[131]

Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on
Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate
students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology
programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.

Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with
programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the
school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students,
with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and
information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs
include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual
studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second
oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in
Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment
project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and
colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).[132][133][134][135]

St. Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by
Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts
college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more
diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by
Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.[136][137][138]

Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's
College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES[EDIT]

Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New
York system in Manhattan Beach.

BROOKLYN PUBLIC LIBRARY[EDIT]

The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza.

As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library
systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[139] offers thousands of public programs,
millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers.
It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn,
including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as
well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The
Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.

There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn
resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights,
the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library
(VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and
emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It
will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not
widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of
art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special
archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.

TRANSPORTATION[EDIT]

PUBLIC TRANSPORT[EDIT]

See also: Transportation in New York City

About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without
automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.[140]

Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station

Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn

Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway
services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough.
Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway,
despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly
served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn,
include:

* Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center
* Broadway Junction
* DeKalb Avenue
* Jay Street – MetroTech
* Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[141]

Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or
Utica Avenues to Marine Park,[142] as well as a subway line to Spring
Creek.[143][144]

Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were
replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also
daily express bus service into Manhattan.[145] New York's famous yellow cabs
also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the
borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York,
Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of
the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays
Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would
begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation
to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public
transit.[146][147] The ferry opened in May 2017,[148][149] with the Bay Ridge
ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving
northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the
borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[150]

A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in
February 2016,[151] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin
around 2024.[152]

ROADWAYS[EDIT]

See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues

The Marine Parkway Bridge

Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island
City in background

Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and
southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough's two interstate highways are
located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the
Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while
Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel,
which connects to Manhattan.[153] Other prominent roadways are the Prospect
Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson
Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never
built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[154] and the
Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.[155] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic
Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway,
Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue,
Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.

Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park,
Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered
streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going
approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues
(like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East".
South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West"
designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East
108 Street, and the avenues range from A–Z with names substituted for some of
them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester,
Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by
"North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb",
"Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are
loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that
eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies
of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.

Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan,
and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (also
known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of
Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several
water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue
Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the
Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the
Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.

WATERWAYS[EDIT]

Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army
Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations
have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn
Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise
industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was
designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest
suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the
Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England.[150]
The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents
and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city, and the decline
of the port exacerbated Brooklyn's decline in the second half of the 20th
century.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would
begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved
communities in the city.[146][147] The ferry opened in May 2017,[148][149]
offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via
three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown,
Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South
Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in
lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned.[150] NY Waterway
offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between
the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street
downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail
Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then-new Port
Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease
freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.

Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park

PARTNERSHIPS WITH DISTRICTS OF FOREIGN CITIES[EDIT]

See also: New York City § Sister cities
* Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)
* Huế, Vietnam
* Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[156]
* Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[157]
* Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[158][159][160]
* London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom[161]
* Bnei Brak, Israel[162]
* Konak, İzmir, Turkey (since 2010)[163]
* Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)[164]
* Yiwu, China (since 2014)[164]
* Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)[165]

HOSPITALS AND HEALTHCARE[EDIT]

Main article: List of hospitals in Brooklyn
* Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center[166]
* Kings County Hospital Center
* NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County

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