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AMAZON ELASTIC COMPUTE CLOUD


USER GUIDE FOR LINUX INSTANCES

 * What is Amazon EC2?
 * Set up
 * Get started tutorial
 * Best practices
 * Tutorials
    * Install LAMP on Amazon Linux 2022
    * Install LAMP on Amazon Linux 2
    * Install LAMP on the Amazon Linux AMI
    * Configure SSL/TLS on Amazon Linux 2022
    * Configure SSL/TLS on Amazon Linux 2
    * Configure SSL/TLS with the Amazon Linux AMI
    * Increase size of Amazon EBS volume
       * Step 1: Launch an instance with added volume
       * Step 2: Make the data volume available for use
       * Step 3: Increase the size of the data volume
       * Step 4: Extend the file system
       * Step 5: Clean up
   
    * Host a WordPress blog on Amazon Linux 2022
    * Host a WordPress blog on Amazon Linux 2

 * Amazon Machine Images
    * AMI types
    * Virtualization types
    * Boot modes
       * Launch an instance
       * AMI boot mode parameter
       * Instance type boot mode
       * Instance boot mode
       * Operating system boot mode
       * Set AMI boot mode
       * UEFI variables
       * UEFI Secure Boot
          * How UEFI Secure Boot works
          * Launch an instance with UEFI Secure Boot support
          * Verify whether an instance is enabled for UEFI Secure Boot
          * Create a Linux AMI to support UEFI Secure Boot
             * Create three key pairs
             * Option A: Add keys to the variable store from within the instance
             * Option B: Create a binary blob containing a pre-filled variable
               store
         
          * How the AWS binary blob is created
   
    * Find a Linux AMI
    * Shared AMIs
       * Find shared AMIs
       * Make an AMI public
       * Share an AMI with organizations or OUs
       * Share an AMI with specific AWS accounts
       * Cancel having an AMI shared with your account
       * Use bookmarks
       * Guidelines for shared Linux AMIs
   
    * Paid AMIs
    * AMI lifecycle
       * Create an AMI
          * Create an Amazon EBS-backed Linux AMI
          * Create an instance store-backed Linux AMI
             * Set up the AMI tools
             * Create an AMI from an instance store-backed instance
             * Convert to an Amazon EBS-Backed AMI
             * AMI tools reference
      
       * Copy an AMI
       * Store and restore an AMI
       * Deprecate an AMI
       * Deregister your AMI
       * Recover AMIs from the Recycle Bin
       * Automate the EBS-backed AMI lifecycle
   
    * Use encryption with EBS-backed AMIs
    * Monitor AMI events
    * Understand AMI billing
       * AMI billing fields
       * Find AMI billing information
       * Verify AMI charges on your bill
   
    * Amazon Linux
       * Run Amazon Linux 2 on premises
       * Kernel Live Patching
   
    * User provided kernels
    * Configure the MATE desktop connection
    * AMI quotas

 * Instances
    * Instances and AMIs
    * Instance types
       * General purpose
          * Burstable performance instances
             * Key concepts
             * Unlimited mode
                * Concepts
                * Examples
            
             * Standard mode
                * Concepts
                * Examples
            
             * Work with burstable performance instances
             * Monitor your CPU credits
      
       * Compute optimized
       * Memory optimized
       * Storage optimized
       * Accelerated computing
          * Install NVIDIA drivers
          * Install AMD drivers
          * Dual 4k on G4ad
          * Activate NVIDIA GRID Virtual Applications
          * Optimize GPU settings
      
       * Find an instance type
       * Get recommendations
       * Change the instance type
          * Compatibility
          * Troubleshoot
          * Instance store-backed instances
   
    * Mac instances
    * Instance purchasing options
       * On-Demand Instances
       * Reserved Instances
          * Regional and zonal Reserved Instances (scope)
          * Types of Reserved Instances (offering classes)
          * How Reserved Instances are applied
          * Use your Reserved Instances
          * How you are billed
          * Buy Reserved Instances
          * Sell in the Reserved Instance Marketplace
          * Modify Reserved Instances
          * Exchange Convertible Reserved Instances
          * Reserved Instance quotas
      
       * Scheduled Instances
       * Spot Instances
          * Best practices
          * How Spot Instances work
          * Spot Instance pricing history
          * Savings
          * Work with Spot Instances
             * Example launch specifications
         
          * Spot request status
          * Rebalance recommendations
          * Spot Instance interruptions
             * Reasons for interruption
             * Interruption behavior
             * Stop
             * Hibernate
             * Terminate
             * Prepare for interruptions
             * Initiate a Spot Instance interruption
             * Spot Instance interruption notices
             * Find interrupted Spot Instances
             * Determine whether Amazon EC2 terminated a Spot Instance
             * Billing
         
          * Spot placement score
          * Spot Instance data feed
          * Spot Instance limits
          * Burstable performance instances
      
       * Dedicated Hosts
          * Work with Dedicated Hosts
          * Work with shared Dedicated Hosts
          * Dedicated Hosts on AWS Outposts
          * Host recovery
          * Track configuration changes
      
       * Dedicated Instances
          * Work with Dedicated Instances
      
       * On-Demand Capacity Reservations
          * Capacity Reservation pricing and billing
          * Work with Capacity Reservations
          * Work with Capacity Reservation groups
          * Capacity Reservations in cluster placement groups
          * Capacity Reservations in Local Zones
          * Capacity Reservations in Wavelength Zones
          * Capacity Reservations on AWS Outposts
          * Work with shared Capacity Reservations
          * Capacity Reservation Fleets
             * Capacity Reservation Fleet concepts
             * Work with Capacity Reservation Fleets
             * Example configurations
             * Using Service-Linked Roles
         
          * CloudWatch metrics
   
    * Instance lifecycle
       * Launch
          * Launch using the launch instance wizard
             * Old launch instance wizard
         
          * Launch using a launch template
             * Restrictions
             * Control launching instances
             * Create
             * Modify (manage versions)
             * Delete
             * Launch instances
         
          * Launch an instance from an existing instance
          * Use an AWS Marketplace instance
      
       * Stop and start
       * Hibernate
          * Overview
          * Prerequisites
          * Limitations
          * Configure an AMI to support hibernation
          * Enable hibernation for an instance
          * Disable KASLR on an instance (Ubuntu only)
          * Hibernate an instance
          * Start a hibernated instance
          * Troubleshoot
      
       * Reboot
       * Retire
       * Terminate
       * Recover
   
    * Connect
       * Connect to your instance
          * Set up to connect
          * Connect using SSH
          * Connect using EC2 Instance Connect
             * Set up EC2 Instance Connect
             * Connect using EC2 Instance Connect
             * Uninstall EC2 Instance Connect
         
          * Connect from Windows using OpenSSH (Recommended)
          * Connect from Windows using PuTTY
          * Connect from Windows using WSL
          * Connect using Session Manager
      
       * Connect your instance to a resource
          * Tutorial: Connect an EC2 instance to an RDS database
             * Option 1: Automatically connect – EC2 console
                * Task 1: Create an RDS database – optional
                * Task 2: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
                * Task 3: Automatically connect your EC2 instance to your RDS
                  database
                * Task 4: Verify the connection configuration
            
             * Option 2: Automatically connect – RDS console
                * Task 1: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
                * Task 2: Create an RDS database and automatically connect it to
                  your EC2 instance
                * Task 3: Verify the connection configuration
            
             * Option 3: Manually connect (create security groups)
                * Task 1: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
                * Task 2: Create an RDS database – optional
                * Task 3: Manually connect your EC2 instance to your RDS
                  database
            
             * Clean up
   
    * Configure instances
       * Manage software
          * Update software
          * Add repositories
          * Find software packages
          * Install software
          * Prepare to compile software
      
       * Manage users
       * Processor state control
       * I/O scheduler
       * Set the time
       * Optimize CPU options
          * Rules for specifying CPU options
          * CPU cores and threads per CPU core per instance type
          * Specify CPU options for your instance
          * View the CPU options for your instance
      
       * Change the hostname
       * Set up dynamic DNS
       * Run commands at launch
       * Instance metadata and user data
          * Use IMDSv2
          * Configure the instance metadata options
             * For new instances
             * For existing instances
         
          * Retrieve instance metadata
          * Work with instance user data
          * Retrieve dynamic data
          * Instance metadata categories
          * Example: AMI launch index value
          * Instance identity documents
             * Verify using the PKCS7 signature
             * Verify using the base64-encoded signature
             * Verify using the RSA-2048 signature
   
    * Elastic Inference
    * Identify instances

 * Fleets
    * EC2 Fleet
       * EC2 Fleet request types
          * EC2 Fleet 'instant' type
      
       * EC2 Fleet configuration strategies
          * Plan an EC2 Fleet
          * Allocation strategies for Spot Instances
          * Attribute-based instance type selection
          * On-Demand backup
          * Capacity Rebalancing
          * Maximum price overrides
          * Control spending
          * Instance weighting
      
       * Work with EC2 Fleets
   
    * Spot Fleet
       * Spot Fleet request types
       * Spot Fleet configuration strategies
          * Plan a Spot Fleet request
          * Allocation strategies for Spot Instances
          * Attribute-based instance type selection
          * On-Demand in Spot Fleet
          * Capacity Rebalancing
          * Spot price overrides
          * Control spending
          * Instance weighting
      
       * Work with Spot Fleets
       * CloudWatch metrics for Spot Fleet
       * Automatic scaling for Spot Fleet
          * Target tracking scaling policies
          * Step scaling policies
          * Scheduled scaling
   
    * Monitor fleet events
       * EC2 Fleet event types
       * Spot Fleet event types
       * Create EventBridge rules
          * For EC2 Fleet events
          * For Spot Fleet events
   
    * Tutorials
       * Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with instance weighting
       * Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with On-Demand as the primary capacity
       * Tutorial: Launch On-Demand Instances using targeted Capacity
         Reservations
       * Tutorial: Use Spot Fleet with instance weighting
   
    * Example configurations
       * EC2 Fleet example configurations
       * Spot Fleet example configurations
   
    * Fleet quotas

 * Monitor
    * Automated and manual monitoring
    * Best practices for monitoring
    * Monitor the status of your instances
       * Instance status checks
       * State change events
       * Scheduled events
          * Define event windows for scheduled events
   
    * Monitor your instances using CloudWatch
       * Enable detailed monitoring
       * List available metrics
       * Get statistics for metrics
          * Get statistics for a specific instance
          * Aggregate statistics across instances
          * Aggregate statistics by Auto Scaling group
          * Aggregate statistics by AMI
      
       * Graph metrics
       * Create an alarm
       * Create alarms that stop, terminate, reboot, or recover an instance
   
    * Automate using EventBridge
    * Monitor memory and disk metrics
       * Deprecated: Collect metrics using the CloudWatch monitoring scripts
   
    * Log API calls with AWS CloudTrail

 * Networking
    * Regions and Zones
    * Instance IP addressing
       * Multiple IP addresses
   
    * Instance hostname types
    * Bring your own IP addresses
    * Assigning prefixes
       * Work with prefixes
   
    * Elastic IP addresses
    * Network interfaces
       * Best practices for configuring network interfaces
       * Scenarios for network interfaces
       * Requester-managed network interfaces
   
    * Network bandwidth
    * Enhanced networking
       * Elastic Network Adapter (ENA)
       * ENA Express
       * Intel 82599 VF
       * Operating system optimizations
       * Network performance metrics
       * Troubleshoot ENA
   
    * Elastic Fabric Adapter
       * Get started with EFA and MPI
       * Get started with EFA and NCCL
          * Use a base AMI
          * Use an AWS Deep Learning AMI
      
       * Work with EFA
       * Monitor an EFA
       * Verify the EFA installer using a checksum
   
    * Placement groups
       * Share a placement group
       * Placement groups on AWS Outposts
   
    * Network MTU
    * Virtual private clouds
    * EC2-Classic
       * ClassicLink
       * Migrate from EC2-Classic to a VPC

 * Security
    * Infrastructure security
    * Resilience
    * Data protection
    * Identity and access management
       * IAM policies
          * Policy structure
          * Tag resources during creation
          * Control access to EC2 resources using resource tags
          * Example policies for CLI or SDK
          * Example policies for the console
      
       * AWS managed policies
       * IAM roles
       * Network access
   
    * Key pairs
       * Create key pairs
       * Tag a public key
       * Describe public keys
       * Delete a public key
       * Add or remove a public key on your instance
       * Verify keys
   
    * Security groups
       * Security group rules
       * Connection tracking
       * Default and custom security groups
       * Work with security groups
       * Security group rules for different use cases
   
    * AWS PrivateLink
    * Update management
    * Compliance validation
    * NitroTPM
       * Considerations
       * Prerequisites
       * Create a Linux AMI for NitroTPM support
       * Verify whether an AMI is enabled for NitroTPM
       * Enable or stop using NitroTPM on an instance

 * Storage
    * Amazon EBS
       * EBS volumes
          * EBS volume types
             * General Purpose SSD volumes
             * Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes
             * Throughput Optimized HDD and Cold HDD volumes
             * Previous generation Magnetic volumes
         
          * Size and configuration constraints
          * Create a volume
          * Attach a volume to an instance
          * Attach a volume to multiple instances
          * Make a volume available for use
          * View volume details
          * Replace a volume
          * Replace a root volume
          * Monitor the status of your volumes
          * Detach a volume from an instance
          * Delete a volume
          * Fault testing
      
       * EBS snapshots
          * Create snapshots
          * Delete a snapshot
          * Copy a snapshot
          * Archive snapshots
             * Guidelines and best practices for archiving snapshots
             * Required IAM permissions
             * Work with snapshot archiving
             * Monitor snapshot archiving
         
          * View snapshot information
          * Share a snapshot
          * Recover snapshots from the Recycle Bin
          * Local snapshots on Outposts
          * Amazon EBS direct APIs
             * IAM permissions for EBS direct APIs
             * Use EBS direct APIs
                * Read snapshots
                * Write snapshots
                * Use encryption
                * Use Signature Version 4 signing
                * Use checksums
                * Idempotency for StartSnapshot API
                * Error retries
                * Optimize performance
                * EBS direct APIs service endpoints
            
             * Interface VPC endpoints
             * Log API calls with AWS CloudTrail
             * Frequently asked questions
         
          * Automate the snapshot lifecycle
      
       * Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager
          * Automate snapshot lifecycles
          * Automate AMI lifecycles
          * Automate cross-account snapshot copies
          * View, modify, and delete lifecycle policies
          * AWS Identity and Access Management
             * AWS managed policies
             * IAM service roles
             * Permissions for users
             * Permissions for encryption
         
          * Monitor the lifecycle of snapshots and AMIs
             * Monitor your policies using CloudWatch Events
             * Monitor your policies using Amazon CloudWatch
      
       * EBS data services
          * Elastic volumes
             * Requirements
             * Request volume modifications
             * Monitor modifications
             * Extend a file system
         
          * EBS encryption
          * Fast snapshot restore
      
       * EBS volumes and NVMe
       * EBS optimization
       * EBS performance
          * I/O characteristics and monitoring
          * Initialize volumes
          * RAID configuration
          * Benchmark EBS volumes
      
       * EBS CloudWatch metrics
       * EBS EventBridge events
       * EBS quotas
   
    * Instance store
       * Add instance store volumes
       * SSD instance store volumes
       * Instance store swap volumes
       * Optimize disk performance
   
    * File storage
       * Amazon S3
       * Amazon EFS
       * Amazon FSx
   
    * Instance volume limits
    * Root device volume
    * Device names
    * Block device mappings
    * Torn write prevention

 * Resources and tags
    * Recycle Bin
       * Considerations
       * Required IAM permissions
          * Condition keys for Recycle Bin
      
       * Work with retention rules
       * Work with resources in the Recycle Bin
       * Monitor Recycle Bin
          * Monitor using EventBridge
          * Monitor using CloudTrail
   
    * Resource locations
    * Resource IDs
    * List and filter your resources
    * Tag your resources
    * Service quotas
    * Usage reports

 * Troubleshoot
    * Troubleshoot launch issues
    * Connect to your instance
    * Stop your instance
    * Terminate your instance
    * Failed status checks
    * Troubleshoot an unreachable instance
    * Boot from the wrong volume
    * EC2Rescue for Linux
       * Install EC2Rescue for Linux
       * (Optional) Verify the signature of EC2Rescue for Linux
       * Work with EC2Rescue for Linux
       * Develop EC2Rescue modules
   
    * EC2 Serial Console
       * Configure access to the EC2 Serial Console
       * Connect to the EC2 Serial Console
       * Terminate an EC2 Serial Console session
       * Troubleshoot your instance using the EC2 Serial Console
          * Troubleshoot your Linux instance using GRUB
          * Troubleshoot your Linux instance using SysRq
   
    * Send a diagnostic interrupt

 * Related information
 * Document history

Amazon EBS snapshots - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
AWSDocumentationAmazon EC2User Guide for Linux Instances
How incremental snapshots workCopy and share snapshotsEncryption support for
snapshots


AMAZON EBS SNAPSHOTS

PDFRSS

You can back up the data on your Amazon EBS volumes to Amazon S3 by taking
point-in-time snapshots. Snapshots are incremental backups, which means that
only the blocks on the device that have changed after your most recent snapshot
are saved. This minimizes the time required to create the snapshot and saves on
storage costs by not duplicating data. Each snapshot contains all of the
information that is needed to restore your data (from the moment when the
snapshot was taken) to a new EBS volume.

When you create an EBS volume based on a snapshot, the new volume begins as an
exact replica of the original volume that was used to create the snapshot. The
replicated volume loads data in the background so that you can begin using it
immediately. If you access data that hasn't been loaded yet, the volume
immediately downloads the requested data from Amazon S3, and then continues
loading the rest of the volume's data in the background. For more information,
see Create Amazon EBS snapshots.

When you delete a snapshot, only the data unique to that snapshot is removed.
For more information, see Delete an Amazon EBS snapshot.

SNAPSHOT EVENTS

You can track the status of your EBS snapshots through CloudWatch Events. For
more information, see EBS snapshot events.

MULTI-VOLUME SNAPSHOTS

Snapshots can be used to create a backup of critical workloads, such as a large
database or a file system that spans across multiple EBS volumes. Multi-volume
snapshots allow you to take exact point-in-time, data coordinated, and
crash-consistent snapshots across multiple EBS volumes attached to an EC2
instance. You are no longer required to stop your instance or to coordinate
between volumes to ensure crash consistency, because snapshots are automatically
taken across multiple EBS volumes. For more information, see the steps for
creating a multi-volume EBS snapshot under Create Amazon EBS snapshots .

SNAPSHOT PRICING

Charges for your snapshots are based on the amount of data stored. Because
snapshots are incremental, deleting a snapshot might not reduce your data
storage costs. Data referenced exclusively by a snapshot is removed when that
snapshot is deleted, but data referenced by other snapshots is preserved. For
more information, see Amazon Elastic Block Store Volumes and Snapshots in the
AWS Billing User Guide.

Contents

 * How incremental snapshots work
 * Copy and share snapshots
 * Encryption support for snapshots
 * Create Amazon EBS snapshots
 * Delete an Amazon EBS snapshot
 * Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot
 * Archive Amazon EBS snapshots
 * View Amazon EBS snapshot information
 * Share an Amazon EBS snapshot
 * Recover snapshots from the Recycle Bin
 * Amazon EBS local snapshots on Outposts
 * Use EBS direct APIs to access the contents of an EBS snapshot
 * Automate the snapshot lifecycle


HOW INCREMENTAL SNAPSHOTS WORK

This section shows how an EBS snapshot captures the state of a volume at a point
in time, and how successive snapshots of a changing volume create a history of
those changes.

Relations among multiple snapshots of the same volume

The diagram in this section shows Volume 1 at three points in time. A snapshot
is taken of each of these three volume states. The diagram specifically shows
the following:

 * In State 1, the volume has 10 GiB of data. Because Snap A is the first
   snapshot taken of the volume, the entire 10 GiB of data must be copied.

 * In State 2, the volume still contains 10 GiB of data, but 4 GiB have changed.
   Snap B needs to copy and store only the 4 GiB that changed after Snap A was
   taken. The other 6 GiB of unchanged data, which are already copied and stored
   in Snap A, are referenced by Snap B rather than being copied again. This is
   indicated by the dashed arrow.

 * In State 3, 2 GiB of data have been added to the volume, for a total of 12
   GiB. Snap C needs to copy the 2 GiB that were added after Snap B was taken.
   As shown by the dashed arrows, Snap C also references 4 GiB of data stored in
   Snap B, and 6 GiB of data stored in Snap A.

 * The total storage required for the three snapshots is 16 GiB.



Relations among incremental snapshots of different volumes

The diagram in this section shows how incremental snapshots can be taken from
different volumes.

Important

The diagram assumes that you own Vol 1 and that you have created Snap A. If Vol
1 was owned by another AWS account and that account took Snap A and shared it
with you, then Snap B would be a full snapshot.

 1. Vol 1 has 10 GiB of data. Because Snap A is the first snapshot taken of the
    volume, the entire 10 GiB of data is copied and stored.

 2. Vol 2 is created from Snap A, so it is an exact replica of Vol 1 at the time
    the snapshot was taken.

 3. Over time, 4 GiB of data is added to Vol 2 and its total size becomes 14
    GiB.

 4. Snap B is taken from Vol 2. For Snap B, only the 4 GiB of data that was
    added after the volume was created from Snap A is copied and stored. The
    other 10 GiB of unchanged data, which is already stored in Snap A, is
    referenced by Snap B instead of being copied and stored again.
    
    Snap B is an incremental snapshot of Snap A, even though it was created from
    a different volume.



For more information about how data is managed when you delete a snapshot, see
Delete an Amazon EBS snapshot.


COPY AND SHARE SNAPSHOTS

You can share a snapshot across AWS accounts by modifying its access
permissions. You can make copies of your own snapshots as well as snapshots that
have been shared with you. For more information, see Share an Amazon EBS
snapshot.

A snapshot is constrained to the AWS Region where it was created. After you
create a snapshot of an EBS volume, you can use it to create new volumes in the
same Region. For more information, see Create a volume from a snapshot. You can
also copy snapshots across Regions, making it possible to use multiple Regions
for geographical expansion, data center migration, and disaster recovery. You
can copy any accessible snapshot that has a completed status. For more
information, see Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot.


ENCRYPTION SUPPORT FOR SNAPSHOTS

EBS snapshots fully support EBS encryption.

 * Snapshots of encrypted volumes are automatically encrypted.

 * Volumes that you create from encrypted snapshots are automatically encrypted.

 * Volumes that you create from an unencrypted snapshot that you own or have
   access to can be encrypted on-the-fly.

 * When you copy an unencrypted snapshot that you own, you can encrypt it during
   the copy process.

 * When you copy an encrypted snapshot that you own or have access to, you can
   reencrypt it with a different key during the copy process.

 * The first snapshot you take of an encrypted volume that has been created from
   an unencrypted snapshot is always a full snapshot.

 * The first snapshot you take of a reencrypted volume, which has a different
   CMK compared to the source snapshot, is always a full snapshot.

Complete documentation of possible snapshot encryption scenarios is provided in
Create Amazon EBS snapshots and in Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot.

For more information, see Amazon EBS encryption.

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Document Conventions
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