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TRANSPORT POLICY

Volume 71, 30 November 2018, Pages 130-137




BEYOND EMISSIONS AND ECONOMICS: RETHINKING THE CO-BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
(EVS) AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G)

Author links open overlay panelLance Noel a, Gerardo Zarazua de Rubens a,
Johannes Kester a, Benjamin K. Sovacool a b
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.08.004Get rights and content




ABSTRACT

Electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid are one option to achieve the transition
to decarbonizing society. Despite perceived advantages of cost-savings and
carbon reductions, such technologies have faced various barriers that has
prevented wide-scale adoption. While much literature has carefully investigated
the techno-economics dimensions to electric mobility, we ask: what are the full
set of benefits that EVs and V2G offer? To provide an answer, the authors
conducted 227 semi-structured interviews with transportation and electricity
experts from over 200 institutions across the Nordic region. Results show that
there is an extensive range of benefits for both EVs and V2G, with experts
suggesting 29 and 25 categories of benefits for EVs and V2G, respectively.
Though the experts covered the obvious benefits of economic savings, emissions,
and renewable energy integration, several other novel benefits were identified.
The second and third most common discussed EV benefit was noise reduction and
better performance, which are typically not widely discussed. Similarly, we find
that V2G benefits covered topics like vehicle-to-home and solar integration, as
well as more novel benefits, like vehicle-to-telescope and emergency power
backup. The article concludes with a discussion of future research and benefits
in the context of energy research and analysis.


INTRODUCTION

Electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) are often regarded as a key
aspect of the sociotechnical transition to decarbonize transportation. In order
to optimize this transition, it is essential for policymakers to understand the
entirety of the benefits EVs and V2G may offer, as well as the challenges they
would pose. A variety of previous papers have explored the potential benefits of
EVs and V2G could bring to society, such as climate change mitigation, local
health emissions, and lower cost of ownership, though they often only discuss
these benefits in the context of the barriers EVs and V2G also face (Sovacool
and Hirsh, 2009, Egbue and Long, 2012, Sovacool et al., 2017, Sovacool et al.,
2018). Other papers have focused on characterizing a single benefit, such as the
quantification of emissions benefits EVs and V2G offer (Buekers et al., 2014,
Archsmith et al., 2015, Sioshansi and Denholm, 2009) or reducing the heat island
effect (Li et al., 2015). No previous work has sought solely to comprehensively
describe the full range of co-benefits of EVs and V2G.

For example, papers that compare the costs and benefits of EVs and V2G focus
exclusively on how emissions and economics impact the cost-effectiveness of EVs
in context of alternative transport options (Carlsson and Johansson-Stenman,
2003, Lemoine et al., 2008, Villar et al., 2013, Noel and McCormack, 2014).
While some may recognize there are other benefits EVs could offer, such as
noise, they are not included in their analysis, due to some benefits being
admittedly difficult to monetize and include in comparisons (Carlsson and
Johansson-Stenman, 2003). Similarly, the benefits of V2G tend to focus on the
economic and emissions benefits of services provided to the grid (Sovacool and
Hirsh, 2009, Lopes et al., 2009, Noel and McCormack, 2014). Likewise, EVs and
V2G are often included in analyses of large-scale renewable integration, but are
also only evaluated on their economic and emission costs and benefits (Jacobson
and Delucchi, 2011, Budischak et al., 2013, Noel et al., 2017). Nonetheless,
there may be more benefits to EVs and V2G beyond these two, and if not included,
these papers may unintentionally suggest suboptimal transport and
decarbonization policy. We endeavor to describe the full context of benefits of
EVs and V2G beyond costs and carbon.

This paper aims to explore the benefits of EVs and V2G past the current narrow
techno-economic focus in the literature by characterizing the entirety of the
benefits these technologies could offer. To describe the benefits, the authors
conducted 227 semi-structured interviews with 257 participants from over 200
institutions across the five Nordic countries. Given the electrical nature of
EVs and V2G, those interviewed were selected to represent the diverse array of
stakeholders involved with the transportation and power systems, technology,
policy and practice. Selected experts were from national government ministries,
agencies, and departments; local government ministries, agencies, and
departments; regulatory authorities and bodies; universities and research
institutes; power transmission, distribution and supply utilities; automobile
manufacturers and car dealerships; private sector companies; and industry groups
and civil society organizations.

We find that the experts presented a diversity of benefits for both EVs and V2G,
advancing different benefits of each, 29 and 25 respectively. We find that the
experts discussed the obvious benefits of emissions and economics for both EVs
and V2G, as well as several novel benefits not included in the aforementioned EV
cost-benefit analyses. The benefits tended to focus more on an individual level,
as opposed to societal benefits, such as noise and advantageous performance for
EVs, and V2G integration to homes with solar panel. We present the full results
below, and then conclude with a discussion of the implications for future EV
research and transport policy.


SECTION SNIPPETS


MATERIALS & METHODS

To explore the benefits surrounding electric mobility, namely electric vehicles
and vehicle-to-grid technology, the authors relied primarily on original data
collected through semi-structured research interviews. This methodology was
applied on a regional context taking the five Nordic countries as place of
study, since it is recognized that these countries have traditionally had
aggressive push of climate, energy and transport policy agendas emerging as
leading nations in electric vehicle


EV BENEFITS

In total, our data collection and analysis resulted in 29 different categories
of the benefits that the experts identified, with Fig. 1 summarizing the
frequency of each benefit. Here we discuss, the five most commonly discussed EV
benefits (emissions, noise, performance, economic savings, and renewable energy
integration), and the summarize the remaining benefits.

While there was a great variety of the types of benefits discussed, by far the
most dominant benefit of EVs was the impact they


CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

In both the cases of EVs and V2G, the benefits expressed by the experts went
extensively beyond the central benefits presented in the literature. While our
sample of experts acknowledged the central EV benefits around economics and
emissions, they also discussed a wide variety of creative benefits. V2G benefits
also captured the common themes of the literature like renewable energy
integration and various grid services, but also submitted interesting benefits
of lesser economic focus. We


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are appreciative to the respondents for their time and openness, to
Xiao Lin for her help in gathering some of the data, and to the Research
Councils United Kingdom (RCUK) Energy Program Grant EP/K011790/1 “Center on
Innovation and Energy Demand,” the Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF)
Sapere Aude Grant 4182-00033B “Societal Implications of a Vehicle-to-Grid
Transition in Northern Europe,” which have supported elements of the work
reported here. Any opinions, findings,




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   intermediaries, such as dealerships, in the adoption of EVs. The research
   findings demonstrate a potential for government agencies to work with
   dealerships and/or salespeople to improve EV uptake by encouraging the
   presence of floor models and vehicles for test-driving on site, and by
   increasing the accuracy of information being provided to customers.


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