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WHY HTTP/3 IS EATING THE WORLD

By Robin Marx on 25 Sep 2023

Category: Tech matters

Tags: Guest Post, HTTP, QUIC

2 Comments



Blog home

Adapted from Sven Mieke's orginal at Unsplash.

The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a cornerstone of the Internet, helping
to load web pages, stream videos, and fetch data for your favourite apps.

Last year a new version of the protocol, HTTP/3, was standardized by the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the organization in charge of defining
Internet technologies. Since then, HTTP/3 and the related QUIC protocol have
seen a rapid uptake on the public web. The exact numbers depend on the source
and measurement methodology, with HTTP/3 support ranging from 19% to 50+% of web
servers and networks worldwide.

A Flourish chart

Because these new protocols are heavily used by large companies such as Google
and Meta, we can safely say that a large chunk of current Internet traffic
already uses HTTP/3 today. In fact, the blog post you’re reading right now was
probably loaded over HTTP/3!

In this series, I’ll provide some context on what problems HTTP/3 solves, how it
performs, why it’s seen such swift adoption, and what limitations it is still
working to overcome.


WHY DO WE NEED HTTP/3?

A network protocol describes how data is communicated between two entities on
the network, typically the user’s device and a web server. As there are many
different companies building software for the web, the protocol needs to be
standardized so that all this software can be ‘interoperable’, that is, they can
all understand each other because they follow the same rules.

In practice, we don’t use a single protocol but a combination of several at the
same time, each with its own responsibilities and rules (Figure 1). This is to
make things flexible and reusable — you can still use the exact same HTTP logic,
regardless if you’re using Wi-Fi, cable, or 4G/5G.

Figure 1 — The protocol stack for HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, showing how multiple
protocols are combined to deliver the full Internet functionality.

Many of the original protocols for the Internet were standardized in the 80s and
90s, meaning they were built with the goals and restrictions of those decades in
mind. While some of these protocols have stood the test of time, others have
started to show their age. Most problems have been solved by workarounds and
clever tricks. However, it was clear something would have to change. This is
especially true for the Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which ensures your
data reliably gets across the Internet.


WHY TCP IS NOT OPTIMAL FOR TODAY’S WEB

HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 rely on TCP to successfully do their job. Before a client
and server can exchange an HTTP request/response, they must establish a TCP
connection.

Over time, there have been many efforts to update TCP and resolve some of its
inefficiencies — TCP still loads webpages as if they were single files instead
of a collection of hundreds of individual files. Some of these updates have been
successful, but most of the more impactful ones (for example, TCP multipath and
TCP Fast Open) took nearly a decade to be practically usable on the public
Internet.

The main challenge with implementing changes to TCP is thousands of devices on
the Internet all have their own implementation of the TCP protocol. These
include phones, laptops, and servers, as well as routers, firewalls, load
balancers, and other types of ‘middleboxes’. As such, if we want to update TCP,
we have to wait for a significant portion of all these devices to update their
implementation, which in practice can take years.


THE QUIC SOLUTION

This became a problem to the point that the most practical way forward was to
replace TCP with something entirely new. This replacement is the QUIC protocol,
though many still (jokingly) refer to it as TCP 2.0. This nickname is
appropriate because QUIC includes many of the same high-level features of TCP
but with a couple of crucial changes.

The main change is that QUIC heavily integrates with the Transport Layer
Security (TLS) protocol. TLS is responsible for encrypting sensitive data on the
web — it’s the thing that provides the S (secure) in HTTPS. With TCP, TLS only
encrypts the actual HTTP data (Figure 2). With QUIC, TLS also encrypts large
parts of the QUIC protocol itself. This means that metadata, such as packet
numbers and connection-close signals, which were visible to (and changeable by)
all middleboxes in TCP, are now only available to the client and server in QUIC.

Figure 2 — Encryption differences between TCP+TLS and QUIC. QUIC encrypts much
more than just the HTTP data.

Furthermore, because QUIC is more extensively encrypted, it will be much easier
than it was for TCP to change it or to add new features — we only need to update
the clients and servers, as the middleboxes can’t decrypt the metadata anyway.
This makes QUIC a future-proof protocol that will allow us to more quickly solve
new challenges.

Of course, this extra encryption is good for the general security and privacy of
the new protocol too. While TCP + TLS are perfect for securing sensitive
personal data, such as credit cards or email content, they can still be
vulnerable to complex (privacy) attacks, which have become ever more practical
to execute due to recent advances in AI. By further encrypting this type of
metadata, QUIC is more resilient to sophisticated threat actors.

QUIC also has many other security-related features, including defences against
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, with features such as
amplification prevention and RETRY packets.

Finally, QUIC also includes a large amount of efficiency and performance
improvements compared to TCP, including a faster connection handshake (see
Figure 3), the removal of the ‘head-of-line blocking’ problem, better packet
loss detection/recovery, and ways to deal with users switching networks (I’ll go
into more detail on this in my next post).

Figure 3 — QUIC has a faster connection setup, as it combines the ‘transport’
three-way handshake with the TLS cryptographic session establishment, which in
TCP+TLS are two separate processes.


WE DIDN’T NEED HTTP/3; WHAT WE NEEDED WAS QUIC

Initially, there were attempts to keep HTTP/2 and make minimal adjustments so we
could also use QUIC in the lower layers (after all, that’s the whole point of
having these different cooperating and reusable protocols). However, it became
clear QUIC was just different enough from TCP to make it HTTP/2-incompatible. As
such, the decision was made to make a new version of HTTP, just for QUIC, which
eventually became HTTP/3.

HTTP/3 is almost identical to HTTP/2. They mainly differ in the technical
implementation of the features on top of QUIC or TCP. However, because HTTP/3
can use all of QUIC’s new features, it is expected to be more performant when
loading web pages and streaming videos. In practice, it’s especially this aspect
that has led to HTTP/3’s rapid adoption.

In my next post, I’ll go into more detail on a common connectivity problem
you’ve most likely experienced and how QUIC can help reduce calls and videos
from cutting out when your mobile device changes from using Wi-Fi to cellular
connectivity.

Robin Marx is a Web Protocol and Performance Expert at Akamai.

This post was originally published on the Internet Society’s Pulse Blog.

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The views expressed by the authors of this blog are their own and do not
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this blog.


2 COMMENTS

 1. Tim October 6, 2023 at 12:37 am
    
    “TCP still loads webpages as if they were single files instead of a
    collection of hundreds of individual files”
    
    In other words, the web that we wanted, versus the web that we got: tracking
    and ads. HTTP was built by users for users. HTTP/3 was built by companies
    for companies.
    
    Reply ↓
    
 2. Dylan October 6, 2023 at 12:39 am
    
    Great article. Thanks for the write up.
    
    Reply ↓
    


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