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Untangling Disinformation NPR series examines how widespread the problem of
disinformation is, and efforts to overcome it.
Special Series
UNTANGLING DISINFORMATION
* Subscribe to NPR's Up First Email
OpenAI, the company behind generative artificial intelligence tools such as
ChatGPT, announced Thursday that it had taken down influence operations tied to
Russia, China and Iran. Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
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Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images
IN A FIRST, OPENAI REMOVES INFLUENCE OPERATIONS TIED TO RUSSIA, CHINA AND ISRAEL
May 31, 2024 • AI tools have helped the people behind influence operations
produce more content, but OpenAI says the operations it disrupted didn’t gain
traction with real people or reach large audiences.
IN A FIRST, OPENAI REMOVES INFLUENCE OPERATIONS TIED TO RUSSIA, CHINA AND ISRAEL
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Voters cast ballots in Georgia's primary election at a polling location on May
21, 2024 in Atlanta. Many officials and researchers worry that audio deepfakes
of politicians could be used to sway elections this year. Elijah Nouvelage/Getty
Images hide caption
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Elijah Nouvelage/Getty Images
IT’S QUICK AND EASY TO CLONE FAMOUS POLITICIANS’ VOICES, DESPITE SAFEGUARDS
May 31, 2024 • Most of the tools tested by researchers at the nonprofit Center
for Countering Digital Hate could be used to successfully clone a wide range of
voices belonging to European and American politicians.
Voters filling out their ballots on Jan. 23 in Loudon, N.H. A political
consultant faces charges in New Hampshire and steep fines from the Federal
Communications Commission for creating a robocall ahead of that state's
presidential primary featuring a cloned version of President Biden's voice,
urging people not to vote in the primary. Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images North
America hide caption
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Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images North America
A POLITICAL CONSULTANT FACES CHARGES AND FINES FOR BIDEN DEEPFAKE ROBOCALLS
May 23, 2024 • The fines and charges come after New Hampshire voters got
robocalls from an AI-generated version of President Biden's voice urging them
not to vote in the upcoming presidential primary.
Sponsor Message
Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines testifying before a Senate
hearing earlier this month. During a May 15 hearing, she identified Russia as
the greatest foreign threat to this year's U.S. elections. Win McNamee/Getty
Images hide caption
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Win McNamee/Getty Images
U.S. ELECTIONS FACE MORE THREATS FROM FOREIGN ACTORS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
May 15, 2024 • "Russia remains the most active foreign threat to our elections,"
said Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines, noting that new AI
technologies make influence operations easier to pull off.
The proliferation of AI-generated images "has made Facebook a very bizarre, very
creepy place for me," said Casey Morris, an attorney in Northern Virginia.
Facebook hide caption
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Facebook
AI-GENERATED SPAM IS STARTING TO FILL SOCIAL MEDIA. HERE'S WHY
May 14, 2024 • A Jesus made of vegetables, bizarre log cabins, products that
don't exist. AI-generated images are creating new forms of clickbait and causing
some users to doubt what's real.
AI-GENERATED SPAM IS STARTING TO FILL SOCIAL MEDIA. HERE'S WHY
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The director of Resource Center Matamoros, Hugo Terrones, spoke to Muckraker
founder Anthony Rubin and his brother after the pair showed up at RCM's office
asking about volunteer opportunities. But they were never allowed inside.
Verónica Gabriela Cárdenas for NPR hide caption
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Verónica Gabriela Cárdenas for NPR
5 TAKEAWAYS FROM NPR'S REPORTING ON THE PURPORTED MATAMOROS FLYER
May 10, 2024 • Here's a summary of NPR's reporting about a purported flyer that
was found in a portable toilet at a migrant encampment in Matamoros, Mexico that
urged migrants to vote illegally for President Biden.
Abandoned tents remain at the migrant camp in Matamoros, Mexico, that is at the
center of a controversy involving viral images of a flyer encouraging migrants
to vote for President Biden. Verónica Gabriela Cárdenas for NPR hide caption
toggle caption
Verónica Gabriela Cárdenas for NPR
A FLYER IN HER NAME TOLD MIGRANTS TO VOTE FOR BIDEN. BUT SHE SAYS SHE DIDN'T
WRITE IT
May 10, 2024 • Viral images of the flyer were filmed in portable toilets of a
migrant camp in Mexico, and they energized members of Congress. But NPR's
reporting suggests the flyer is not what it purports to be.
A FLYER IN HER NAME TOLD MIGRANTS TO VOTE FOR BIDEN. BUT SHE SAYS SHE DIDN'T
WRITE IT
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A newly signed law requires that the Chinese-owned TikTok app be sold to satisfy
national security concerns. Joe Raedle/Getty Images hide caption
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Joe Raedle/Getty Images
CHINA'S INFLUENCE OPERATIONS AGAINST THE U.S. ARE BIGGER THAN TIKTOK
April 26, 2024 • Intelligence officials and lawmakers describe the Chinese-owned
social media app as a national security threat. But they haven't shared that
evidence with the public.
CHINA'S INFLUENCE OPERATIONS AGAINST THE U.S. ARE BIGGER THAN TIKTOK
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Jim Hoft, owner of the Gateway Pundit, at the White House in 2019. The website
has been hit with defamation lawsuits related to 2020 election fraud conspiracy
theories it is accused of spreading. Evan Vucci/AP hide caption
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Evan Vucci/AP
GATEWAY PUNDIT FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY AFTER ELECTION CONSPIRACY DEFAMATION
LAWSUITS
April 24, 2024 • The influential website faced multiple defamation suits over
conspiracy theories about 2020 election fraud that it's accused of promoting.
A billboard in central Tehran, Iran, depicts named Iranian ballistic missiles in
service, with text in Arabic reading "the honest [person's] promise" and text in
Persian reading "Israel is weaker than a spider's web," on April 15. Iran
attacked Israel over the weekend with missiles, which it said was a response to
a deadly strike on its consulate building in Damascus, Syria. Atta Kenare/AFP
via Getty Images hide caption
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Atta Kenare/AFP via Getty Images
AS IRAN ATTACKED ISRAEL, OLD AND FAKED VIDEOS AND IMAGES GOT MILLIONS OF VIEWS
ON X
April 16, 2024 • Images and videos from previous conflicts, video games and AI
generators were often spread by accounts that pay to be boosted on the social
media site once known as Twitter.
A 2014 file photo of the seal of the Federal Trade Commission in a carpet a FTC
headquarters in Washington, DC. The organization is trying to raise consumer
awareness about the use of artificial intelligence tools to create convincing
audio deepfakes. Paul J. Richards/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
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Paul J. Richards/AFP via Getty Images
THE GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED WINNERS OF A CONTEST TO TELL REAL VOICES FROM DEEPFAKE
AUDIO
April 10, 2024 • Four organizations won a FTC contest for their tools that help
tell real audio clips from deepfakes. The winners' approaches illuminate
challenges AI audio deepfakes pose.
As deepfake generation technology improves and leaves ever-fewer telltale signs
that humans can rely on, computational methods for detection are becoming the
norm. But technological solutions are no silver bullet for the problem of
detecting AI-generated voices. Aaron Marin for NPR hide caption
toggle caption
Aaron Marin for NPR
USING AI TO DETECT AI-GENERATED DEEPFAKES CAN WORK FOR AUDIO — BUT NOT ALWAYS
April 5, 2024 • Now that people can easily create real-sounding voices with
artificial intelligence, detection technologies are racing to catch deepfake
audio, but it's a tough game of whack-a-mole.
USING AI TO DETECT AI-GENERATED DEEPFAKES CAN WORK FOR AUDIO — BUT NOT ALWAYS
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Attendees visit booths at the RePlatform conference in Las Vegas in March. The
conference crowd was a hybrid of anti-vaccine activists, supporters of former
President Donald Trump and Christian conservatives. Krystal Ramirez for NPR hide
caption
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Krystal Ramirez for NPR
HOW ANTI-VACCINE ACTIVISTS AND THE FAR RIGHT ARE TRYING TO BUILD A PARALLEL
ECONOMY
April 1, 2024 • Due to fears of "cancellation," alternative technology and
financial platforms are being built for the so-called freedom economy by figures
on the far right, including those with antisemitic beliefs.
HOW ANTI-VACCINE ACTIVISTS AND THE FAR RIGHT ARE TRYING TO BUILD A PARALLEL
ECONOMY
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Residents look on after a cargo ship ran into and collapsed the Francis Scott
Key Bridge on March 26, 2024 in Baltimore. Conspiracy theorists online quickly
spread narratives to millions online that the accident was part of a nefarious
scheme. Rob Carr/Getty Images hide caption
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Rob Carr/Getty Images
THE BALTIMORE BRIDGE COLLAPSE GAVE CONSPIRACY THEORISTS A CHANCE TO BOOST
THEMSELVES
March 27, 2024 • One researcher says it has become "standard" for any unexpected
event "to be run through a filter of conspiracy theories based on the personal
brand of the person spreading the theory."
High school students taking part in the University of Washington's annual
MisInfo Day earlier this month. They are looking at pictures of faces to tell
whether the images were created with generative AI tools or authentic. Kim
Malcolm/KUOW hide caption
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Kim Malcolm/KUOW
AI IMAGES AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES ARE DRIVING A PUSH FOR MEDIA LITERACY
EDUCATION
KUOW
March 21, 2024 • One of the nation's best-known media literacy events for high
school students is expanding as demand grows for skills to identify deepfake
images and online conspiracy theories.
AI IMAGES AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES ARE DRIVING A PUSH FOR MEDIA LITERACY
EDUCATION
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PragerU videos frequently focus, with a conservative bent, on topics including
history, economics, values and wellness. Videos such as this one, about
Christopher Columbus, have been criticized for how historical events have been
depicted. PragerU/Screenshot by NPR hide caption
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PragerU/Screenshot by NPR
PRAGERU IS A CONSERVATIVE VIDEO GIANT. HERE'S WHY IT'S TRYING TO GET INTO
SCHOOLS
March 7, 2024 • Despite the suggestive sound of its name, PragerU is a content
creator, not a university. Its short, well-produced videos appeal to college
students and young people. And it has big plans to grow.
PRAGERU IS A CONSERVATIVE VIDEO GIANT. HERE'S WHY IT'S TRYING TO GET INTO
SCHOOLS
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Lindsay Lohan and other celebrities were tricked into calling for the ouster of
Moldova's president through videos requested on the Cameo app that were edited
and posted on TikTok. TikTok/Screenshot by NPR hide caption
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TikTok/Screenshot by NPR
CAMEO IS BEING USED FOR POLITICAL PROPAGANDA — BY TRICKING THE STARS INVOLVED
February 27, 2024 • Lindsay Lohan and other celebrities were tricked into
calling for the ouster of Moldova's president. It's the latest example of the
Cameo app being used for an apparent political propaganda operation.
CAMEO IS BEING USED FOR POLITICAL PROPAGANDA — BY TRICKING THE STARS INVOLVED
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A voter leaves a polling booth at St. Anthony Community Center in Manchester,
N.H., during the state's presidential primary on Jan. 23. Michael Dwyer/AP hide
caption
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Michael Dwyer/AP
TECH GIANTS PLEDGE ACTION AGAINST DECEPTIVE AI IN ELECTIONS
February 16, 2024 • Fears over how AI could be used to mislead voters are
escalating in a year that will see hundreds of millions of people around the
world cast ballots. As a result, tech giants are pledging action.
TECH GIANTS PLEDGE ACTION AGAINST DECEPTIVE AI IN ELECTIONS
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The FCC's ruling opens the door for fines and lawsuits against robocallers who
use AI voice cloning. Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
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Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images
THE FCC SAYS AI VOICES IN ROBOCALLS ARE ILLEGAL
February 8, 2024 • The federal agency's ruling follows concerns over how the
cutting-edge technology is being used to scam people and mislead voters.
Voters wait to cast their ballots on Jan. 23 in Loudon, N.H. Shortly before
voting began, some voters in the state got calls from a faked version of
President Biden's voice urging them not to vote, a sign of the potential that
deepfakes could have on the electoral process. Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images hide
caption
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Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
AI FAKES RAISE ELECTION RISKS AS LAWMAKERS AND TECH COMPANIES SCRAMBLE TO CATCH
UP
February 8, 2024 • As AI-generated deepfakes are being used to spread false
information in elections in the U.S. and around the world, policymakers, tech
platforms and governments are trying to catch up.
AI FAKES RAISE ELECTION RISKS AS LAWMAKERS AND TECH COMPANIES SCRAMBLE TO CATCH
UP
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Meta, the owner of Instagram and Facebook, will start labeling images created
with leading artificial intelligence tools in the coming months, amid growing
worries about the potential for AI to mislead. Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty
Images hide caption
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Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty Images
META WILL START LABELING AI-GENERATED IMAGES ON INSTAGRAM AND FACEBOOK
February 6, 2024 • Meta will start labeling images created with leading
artificial intelligence tools in the coming months, amid growing worries about
the potential for AI to mislead.
There is a thriving landscape of social media content, online forums and
entrepreneurs dedicated to helping men suppress the urge to masturbate to
pornography. Joe Gough for NPR hide caption
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Joe Gough for NPR
CONSIDER THIS FROM NPR
MASTURBATION ABSTINENCE IS POPULAR ONLINE. DOCTORS AND THERAPISTS ARE WORRIED
February 3, 2024 • More than two decades of growing internet use has surfaced
fears about the social and psychological impacts of nearly unfettered access to
pornography. But many researchers and sex therapists worry that the online
communities that have formed in response to these fears often endorse inaccurate
medical information, exacerbate mental health problems and, in some cases,
overlap with extremist and hate groups.
MASTURBATION ABSTINENCE IS POPULAR ONLINE. DOCTORS AND THERAPISTS ARE WORRIED
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Travis Kelce of the Kansas City Chiefs celebrates with Taylor Swift after a
17-10 victory against the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship Game on Jan.
28, 2024 in Baltimore. Patrick Smith/Getty Images hide caption
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Patrick Smith/Getty Images
SUPER BOWL 2024
HERE'S WHY CONSPIRACY THEORIES ABOUT TAYLOR SWIFT AND THE SUPER BOWL ARE
SPREADING
February 1, 2024 • Swift's popularity is being twisted into a threat by a
contingent of far-right, Donald Trump-supporting conservatives. "Is Swift a
front for a covert political agenda?" asked a Fox News host.
HERE'S WHY CONSPIRACY THEORIES ABOUT TAYLOR SWIFT AND THE SUPER BOWL ARE
SPREADING
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A picture of Jeffrey Epstein from July 8, 2019, when federal prosecutors charged
the financier with sex trafficking of minors. Epstein died later that year by
suicide while in federal custody. Stephanie Keith/Getty Images hide caption
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Stephanie Keith/Getty Images
THE NEW JEFFREY EPSTEIN FILES HAVE SET OFF A FRESH ROUND OF CONSPIRACY THEORIES
January 6, 2024 • Epstein, who died by suicide while awaiting trial on federal
sex-trafficking charges, is a favorite of conspiracists because of his ties to
the wealthy and powerful and speculation about his death.
THE NEW JEFFREY EPSTEIN FILES HAVE SET OFF A FRESH ROUND OF CONSPIRACY THEORIES
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