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GANGESH VARMA

Principal Associate at Saraf and Partners.

More From The Author >>


BETTER ACCOUNTABILITY AND GOVERNANCE THROUGH DIGITAL INDIA BILL


THE PROPOSED DIGITAL INDIA ACT (DIA) IS PART OF A COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL REFORM
PACKAGE DESIGNED TO DRIVE INDIA'S ‘TECHADE’, A CONFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS TO USHER INDIA’S DIGITAL REVOLUTION



20 July, 2023 by Gangesh Varma , Yaqoob Alam
Print this article Font size -16+

The eagerly anticipated first draft of the Digital India Bill was to be released
in early June. While there is no draft bill in sight, recent developments such
as the CoWIN data breach, or allegations of undue pressure by the Indian
government to block Twitter accounts have emphasised the need for better
regulations. 

The proposed Digital India Act (DIA) is part of a comprehensive legal reform
package designed to drive India's ‘techade’, a confluence of technological
developments to usher India’s digital revolution. This package includes
forthcoming data protection laws, national data governance framework policy,
cyber-related amendments to criminal laws, and a new telecommunication law. The
DIA stands out due to its wide-ranging scope, covering social media regulations,
consumer protection, competition, and potential regulation of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) to prevent harm.

During the second Digital India Dialogue held in Mumbai on May 23rd, Minister of
State for Electronics and IT, Rajeev Chandrashekhar, provided the early June
timeline for the bill and discussed the broad goals and themes. Like the first
consultation held in Bangalore earlier this year he provided a high-level
overview of the motivations behind the DIA, which aims to replace the outdated
Information Technology Act, 2000. He raised controversial questions such as
“Should there be a safe harbour at all for intermediaries?”.

Much has already been said in response to the initial consultations,
particularly concerning the delicate balance of regulation. In this context and
current climate of digital anxiety, it is crucial to address additional aspects
related to accountability, and governance within India's omnibus regulation.

Accountability can be achieved without excessive restrictions

Accountability is a key factor that has driven the demand for legal reform in
the digital age. The Narendra Modi government is not alone in its reevaluation
of the "safe harbour" principle, which grants immunity from third-party activity
on the platforms of internet companies like Meta (formerly known as Facebook) or
ShareChat. This principle has come under scrutiny due to perceived lack of
accountability of these tech companies and platforms called as intermediaries.
While the hyperbole about eliminating safe harbour completely is a rarely
accepted, there is widespread support for recalibrating the responsibility of
intermediaries given their significant role in the evolution of the internet.
Changes in intermediary liability regulations indicate a shift toward more
stringent accountability standards and greater scrutiny of user activity. It is
also worth noting that the safe harbour principle has not only protected
intermediaries from litigation or business disruption but also enabled free
speech and the exercise of other human rights. 

Granting intermediaries excessive power for control of content on their
platforms, or making the state an arbiter of truth, are both poor solutions that
can negatively impact the growth and freedom from internet proliferation. This
is exemplified by recent events such as the allegations made by Twitter
co-founder and former CEO about undue pressure from the Indian government to
block specific accounts during the 2021 farmers' protest. Similarly, the role of
civil society actors and the responsibilities of individual users in creating
and maintaining a safe, inclusive, and trusted digital ecosystem cannot be
ignored. 

To improve accountability but not restrict rights, a graded and nuanced approach
is necessary but incomplete. It should be accompanied by clear and predictable
processes to hold both government and industry accountable. In an internet
ecosystem with multiple actors exercising varying degrees of influence, roles
and responsibilities must be clearly defined. Clear, transparent processes and
accountable institutions will help address the deep distrust and foster mutual
accountability mechanisms among stakeholder groups.

Digital Government must include Digital Public Infrastructure

While safe harbour received considerable attention, digital government is a
crucial yet less-discussed aspect of the bill. Though the DIA tentatively
includes a chapter on "Digital Government," its scope remains unclear. Digital
government extends beyond the electronic delivery of public services; it
encompasses enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public
institutions, building trust, and leveraging Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) to make institutions accessible. In India’s context, this
should include Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). 

Although the government has consistently promoted DPIs as India’s technological
contribution to the world, and a critical element in India's digital growth
strategy, it remains a term that means different things to different people. The
lack of clear and agreed definitions for such a critical element of India’s
digital economy strategy may explain its strange absence from the DIA discourse
so far. 

Including DPIs under the ambit of the new law would bring the much-needed
clarity to the concept and provide legitimacy as well as enable better
accountability measures. This is also essential if India wants to continue to
use DPIs for its strategic and developmental goals. Furthermore, a foundation of
accountable DPI institutions is essential to facilitate consumer protection and
competition within the developing ecosystems. The increasing reliance on DPIs in
India also brings risks to personal data, as evident from the alleged CoWIN data
breach. This emphasizes not only an urgent need for India to enact a
comprehensive data protection law but also to implement better data governance
practices and accountability measures through the DIA and allied regulations.

It is essential to recognise that statutory changes alone cannot achieve the
digital transformation of government. Behavioural changes in both individuals
and public institutions are necessary. Additionally, transformation into digital
government will require reimagining its scope and ideals while tackling the
coordination challenge with various related regulations and schemes, ranging
from data governance to bridging the digital divide.

Whether the draft Digital India Bill includes these, and many other important
issues remains to be seen. Regardless, it is critical to maintain and improve
the consultative approach. Ensuring better structure and clarity throughout a
more predictable process will help address the myriad issues and challenges that
emerge.



Disclaimer: The views expressed in the article above are those of the authors'
and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of this publishing house

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