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BETTER HEALTH BY MEASURING MORE

The SiPhox Health at-home test kit measures 17 blood biomarkers of inflammation,
hormonal health, metabolic fitness, and cardiovascular health.

Start Your Journey

Which test is right for me?



Comprehensive Test Kit


17 INCLUDED BIOMARKERS

Our at-home test kit contains the biomarkers you need to provide you with the
best overall snapshot of your health.

The SiPhox Health standard test measures 17 essential biomarkers measuring
inflammation, metabolic fitness, hormonal and nutritional balance, and
cardiovascular health. You can customize the test by adding on expansion panels,
including Hormone+, Thyroid+, Fertility+, and Mineral+.

 * Base
 * Inflammation
 * Metabolic Fitness
 * Hormonal & Nutritional Balance
 * Cardiovascular Health
 * Hormone+
 * Thyroid+

TPOAb


WHY TEST TPOAB?

Antibodies are part of the immune system's defense mechanism. They are used to
fight foreign substances within the body, but they can occasionally malfunction
and attack the body itself. This malfunction is known as an autoimmune disease.
The presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) may be indicative of a
thyroid autoimmune disease such as Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease.
Often, people with abnormal levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) will get
their TPOAb tested to determine whether the underlying cause is related to an
autoimmune disease.

Free T3


WHY TEST FREE T3?

Triiodothyronine (T3) is the main active thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones are
vital to metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain
development, and bone maintenance, among other roles. Elevated levels of T3
might suggest hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is
overactive. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid
hormone, leading to symptoms like rapid heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, and
increased metabolism. Conversely, low levels of T3 could indicate
hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive. In this condition, the
thyroid does not produce enough hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as
fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and slowed heart rate.

A T3 test is often used in conjunction with other thyroid function tests, such
as Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Thyroxine (T4), to provide a
comprehensive view of thyroid health. Like T4, it's important to note that
thyroid hormone levels can be influenced by various factors, including other
medications, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions.

Free T4


WHY TEST FREE T4?

Thyroxine (T4) is a key hormone produced by the thyroid gland and plays a vital
role in metabolism, brain development, cardiovascular health, and overall body
growth and development. T4 is considered a prohormone, as it is converted into
the more active Triiodothyronine (T3) mainly in the liver, but also in the
kidneys, brain, and other organs.

Elevated levels of T4 can indicate hyperthyroidism, a condition where the
thyroid gland is overactive. This overactivity leads to an excess production of
thyroid hormones, resulting in symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, anxiety,
unintentional weight loss, tremors, and an increased metabolism. On the other
hand, low levels of T4 may suggest hypothyroidism, characterized by an
underactive thyroid gland. In hypothyroidism, the body's insufficient production
of thyroid hormones can cause symptoms including fatigue, weight gain,
intolerance to cold temperatures, and a reduction in metabolic rate.

A T4 test, often conducted alongside other thyroid function tests like
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Triiodothyronine (T3), is crucial for a
thorough evaluation of thyroid health. Like with T3, it is important to
recognize that T4 levels can be affected by numerous factors, including the use
of certain medications, pregnancy, and other medical conditions.

*The Thyroid+ panel adds 3 additional, thyroid-specific biomarkers to the base
panel. This panel is useful for monitoring thyroid health. Albumin ♂


ALBUMIN

Albumin is a multifunctional protein synthesized by the liver. It maintains
oncotic pressure in blood vessels, aiding in fluid balance between blood and
tissues. Additionally, albumin binds to and transports various substances,
including hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol, as well as
fatty acids, and drugs. Its role in buffering pH and antioxidant activity
contributes to overall physiological stability.

Estradiol ♂


WHY TEST ESTRADIOL?

Estradiol (E2), a type of estrogen hormone, is naturally produced by both males
and females.

In females, estradiol regulates the menstrual cycle, plays a role in fertility
and ovulation, and can indicate the presence of PCOS. The amount of estrogen
produced depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle, but postmenopausal females
can expect a marked decrease. In males, this hormone is important for modulating
libido, erectile function, and sperm synthesis. Estradiol also operates beyond
the reproductive system, including bone health and brain function.

Low estradiol in females may indicate menopause, but could also point toward
pituitary, adrenal, or ovarian failure and is linked to osteoporosis. In males,
abnormally low levels are often associated with low libido and sexual activity.

High estradiol in females may indicate pregnancy or ovulation, but could also
point to underlying conditions such as tumors, PCOS, or liver disease. In males,
abnormally high estradiol levels have been associated with erectile dysfunction,
loss of muscle mass, fatigue, mood swings, abdominal obesity, cardiovascular
disease, insulin sensitivity, blood sugar dysregulation, and even enlarged
breasts.

Free Testosterone ♂


FREE TESTOSTERONE

Free testosterone is the unbound testosterone in your body. It plays an
important role in muscle development and bone health, while also providing a
more accurate measurement of your overall hormonal health. Understanding your
Free T avoids misdiagnosis of low testosterone levels.

FSH ♂


WHY TEST FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized mostly by the
pituitary gland in the brain. It is involved in sexual development and
reproduction for both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the
production of estradiol and regulates the menstrual cycle, peaking just before
ovulation. In males, FSH works with testosterone to maintain normal sperm count
and function.

In females, high FSH may indicate primary ovarian insufficiency (POI),
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), perimenopause, ovarian tumor, or Turner
syndrome. Low FSH may indicate pituitary gland disorder, hypothalamus disorder,
insufficient egg production, or that you are very underweight.

In males, high FSH may indicate testicular damage or Klinefelter syndrome, while
low FSH may indicate pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorders.

PSA ♂


PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is an enzyme produced by the prostate gland.
While its primary function is to liquefy semen, PSA levels are also used as a
marker for prostate health. Elevated PSA levels can indicate conditions such as
prostate inflammation, enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia), or even
prostate cancer.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone ♀


ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH)

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced in the ovaries that reflects
ovarian reserve and egg count. It is commonly used as a marker of female
fertility, as lower AMH levels may indicate a reduced number of viable eggs
remaining in the ovaries. AMH testing is valuable for assessing reproductive
potential and guiding fertility treatment decisions, such as in vitro
fertilization (IVF).

DHEA-S ♀


WHY TEST DHEA?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone produced by the body's adrenal
glands. The body uses DHEA to make androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens,
the male and female sex hormones.

If your DHEA levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your
adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries). 

High DHEA in women may be the cause of acne, menstrual irregularities, excess
body and facial hair, scalp hair loss, and increased muscularity. Men may not
have any apparent symptoms of high levels.

Low DHEA levels are associated with a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction
in men, and thinning of vaginal tissues in women. Severely low levels may be a
sign of an adrenal gland disorder with more serious symptoms.

The adrenal glands start to produce less DHEA as we age. By age 60, we only have
one-fifth of the amount of DHEA in our blood.

Folate ♀


FOLATE

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is an essential nutrient vital for numerous
biological processes, including DNA synthesis, repair, and cell division. It is
particularly crucial during periods of rapid growth and development, such as
pregnancy. Adequate folate intake is essential for preventing neural tube
defects in developing fetuses. Additionally, folate plays a role in supporting
cardiovascular health by contributing to the breakdown of homocysteine, an amino
acid linked to heart disease risk and inflammation.

Vitamin B12 ♀


VITAMIN B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a vital nutrient essential for nerve
function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell formation. It plays a critical role
in maintaining the health of nerve cells and supporting cognitive function.
Vitamin B12 is primarily obtained through dietary sources, with animal products
being the most common. Deficiency can lead to anemia, neurological issues, and
other health complications.

LH


LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a crucial hormone that plays a pivotal role in
reproductive health. It is responsible for stimulating ovulation in females and
testosterone production in males. By triggering the release of eggs from the
ovaries and promoting the development of the corpus luteum, LH contributes to
the menstrual cycle and fertility in women. In men, LH stimulates the Leydig
cells in the testes to produce testosterone, an essential hormone for male
reproductive function.

Prolactin


PROLACTIN

Prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, is a versatile hormone primarily
recognized for its role in lactation and breastfeeding. Beyond its involvement
in milk production, prolactin influences a range of physiological processes,
including regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and behavior. It also
plays a role in both male and female reproductive health by impacting sexual
function and contributing to the menstrual cycle's regularity. Even in expecting
fathers, prolactin levels can experience an uptick, possibly contributing to the
preparation for nurturing roles and parenthood.

SHBG


SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN (SHBG)

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a carrier protein that binds to sex
hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. This interaction influences the
availability of these hormones in the bloodstream. By regulating the
distribution and activity of sex hormones, SHBG modulates various physiological
functions such as reproductive health, bone density maintenance, and metabolic
processes. Fluctuations in SHBG levels can impact hormone-related conditions
like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and androgen-related disorders.

*The Hormone+ adds 7 additional, gender-specific hormonal markers to the
standard panel. ApoA1


WHY TEST APOA1?

ApoA1 is a constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is
anti-atherogenic (reduces plaque formation).

ApoA1 is a protective molecule that acts as an antioxidant and lowers
inflammation. The more ApoA1, the lower the risk of cardiovascular disease
(CVD). CVD is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

ApoB


WHY TEST APOB?

ApoB is a constituent of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is atherogenic
(plaque-forming).

There is exactly one ApoB per LDL particle. Therefore, ApoB gives us the most
accurate estimate of the amount of LDL in your body. High ApoB levels are
associated with an increase in risk for cardiovascular events.

ApoB:ApoA1


WHY MEASURE APOB:APOA1?

The ApoB:ApoA1 ratio has been linked to the risk of heart attack, stroke, and
other serious cardiovascular disorders.

The balance between ApoB and ApoA1 is what determines cardiovascular risk. The
higher the ratio, the higher the risk.

Cortisol


WHY TEST CORTISOL?

Cortisol is a hormone made by your adrenal glands. It’s nicknamed the stress
hormone because it helps you respond to stress. In a healthy person, cortisol
rises and falls at different times of the day. It’s usually higher in the
morning and lower at night unless a person works late or has changing shifts.

The test determines whether you have too much or too little of the hormone.

Results outside the normal range might indicate a dysregulated circadian rhythm
or a more serious health condition.

DHEA-S ♂


WHY TEST DHEA?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone produced by the body's adrenal
glands. The body uses DHEA to make androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens,
the male and female sex hormones.

If your DHEA levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your
adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries). 

High DHEA in women may be the cause of acne, menstrual irregularities, excess
body and facial hair, scalp hair loss, and increased muscularity. Men may not
have any apparent symptoms of high levels.

Low DHEA levels are associated with a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction
in men, and thinning of vaginal tissues in women. Severely low levels may be a
sign of an adrenal gland disorder with more serious symptoms.

The adrenal glands start to produce less DHEA as we age. By age 60, we only have
one-fifth of the amount of DHEA in our blood.

Estradiol ♀


WHY TEST ESTRADIOL?

Estradiol (E2), a type of estrogen hormone, is naturally produced by both males
and females.

In females, estradiol regulates the menstrual cycle, plays a role in fertility
and ovulation, and can indicate the presence of PCOS. The amount of estrogen
produced depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle, but postmenopausal females
can expect a marked decrease. In males, this hormone is important for modulating
libido, erectile function, and sperm synthesis. Estradiol also operates beyond
the reproductive system, including bone health and brain function.

Low estradiol in females may indicate menopause, but could also point toward
pituitary, adrenal, or ovarian failure and is linked to osteoporosis. In males,
abnormally low levels are often associated with low libido and sexual activity.

High estradiol in females may indicate pregnancy or ovulation, but could also
point to underlying conditions such as tumors, PCOS, or liver disease. In males,
abnormally high estradiol levels have been associated with erectile dysfunction,
loss of muscle mass, fatigue, mood swings, abdominal obesity, cardiovascular
disease, insulin sensitivity, blood sugar dysregulation, and even enlarged
breasts.

Ferritin


WHY TEST FERRITIN?

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. A ferritin blood test
is used to help check your iron levels.

A lower-than-normal ferritin level indicates that one is iron-deficient, which
may lead to iron deficiency anemia, weakness, fatigue, cold extremities and
dizziness.

A spike in the ferritin level can be seen in acute illnesses like bacterial
infections. Chronically raised levels are seen in several conditions including
hemochromatosis (also called iron overload), rheumatoid arthritis or other
chronic inflammatory disorders, liver diseases, alcohol abuse, leukemia,
Hodgkin's lymphoma, and hyperthyroidism. Taking too many iron supplements can
also lead to elevated ferritin levels.

TSH


WHY TEST TSH?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by your pituitary gland. Once
released into the bloodstream, TSH is responsible for stimulating the thyroid
gland to produce hormones. The thyroid gland's chief function is to regulate
metabolism but it also plays an important role in maintaining normal growth and
development, body temperature, and energy levels. A TSH test is done to
determine if your thyroid gland is working as it should. Paradoxically, low TSH
usually points toward an overactive (hyperthyroidism) thyroid gland while high
TSH may be indicative of an underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid gland. This is
due to the negative feedback mechanism used to control the synthesis of thyroid
hormones. The test can also detect a thyroid disorder such as an autoimmune
disease before you have any symptoms.

A TSH test is often used in conjunction with other thyroid function tests, such
as Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), to provide a comprehensive view of
thyroid health.

FSH ♀


WHY TEST FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized mostly by the
pituitary gland in the brain. It is involved in sexual development and
reproduction for both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the
production of estradiol and regulates the menstrual cycle, peaking just before
ovulation. In males, FSH works with testosterone to maintain normal sperm count
and function.

In females, high FSH may indicate primary ovarian insufficiency (POI),
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), perimenopause, ovarian tumor, or Turner
syndrome. Low FSH may indicate pituitary gland disorder, hypothalamus disorder,
insufficient egg production, or that you are very underweight.

In males, high FSH may indicate testicular damage or Klinefelter syndrome, while
low FSH may indicate pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorders.

HbA1c


WHY TEST HBA1C?

The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is representative of the average of your blood sugar
over the past 2–3 months, providing a snapshot of your ability to maintain
healthy blood sugar over time.

When sugar enters your bloodstream, it attaches to hemoglobin, a protein in your
red blood cells. Everybody has some sugar attached to their hemoglobin, but
people with higher blood sugar levels have more. The A1C test measures the
percentage of your red blood cells that have sugar-coated hemoglobin.

Hyperglycemia—the chronic state of having high blood sugar—is known to adversely
affect many organ systems.

An HbA1C level consistently above 5.6% may indicate pre-diabetes and a level
above 6.5% may indicate diabetes.

hs-CRP


WHY TEST HS-CRP?

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a nonspecific inflammatory
marker. It is particularly suited to testing for chronic inflammation
(long-term, low-level), as opposed to ordinary CRP, which measures acute
(short-term) inflammation.

Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of at least 7 of the 10
leading causes of death in the United States. It may go undetected for years or
even decades without proactive tracking, silently threatening your health.

It contributes to cancer, heart disease, lung disease, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and irritable
bowel syndrome. It is also connected to metabolic disorders, including
pre-diabetes and diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure.

HDL


WHY TEST HDL?

Measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
particles in the blood.

Too much cholesterol in your blood can cause fatty material to build up in your
artery walls. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke. This can happen if a
piece of the fatty material breaks off, causing a blood clot to form, which
might block an artery. If this happens in an artery supplying your heart, this
is a heart attack, or if it’s an artery supplying your brain, this is a stroke.

However, HDL particles remove excess cholesterol from the body. Hence, having a
high level of cholesterol carried by HDL particles is generally good, and HDL
cholesterol is often termed ‘good’ cholesterol. 

However, very high levels of HDL may behave more like LDL cholesterol (or ‘bad
cholesterol’) and raise the risk of disease, according to current research. This
is especially important for women leading up to after menopause.

People who have an underactive thyroid may have high levels of HDL cholesterol.

Homocysteine


WHY TEST HOMOCYSTEINE?

Homocysteine is one of the amino acids that play a role in the metabolism of
proteins. Too much is toxic, and too little results in metabolic problems.

High homocysteine is a strong and modifiable risk factor. It can be a sign of
key nutritional deficiencies and has been linked to various health issues such
as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes complications, hypothyroidism, neurological
diseases, osteoporosis, depression, erectile dysfunction, pregnancy
complications, concentration and underachievement.

A 3µmol/L drop in homocysteine can lessen the likelihood of heart attacks by
16%, strokes by 24%, and deep vein thrombosis by 25%.

A 5µmol/L decrease in homocysteine can reduce the risk of death from all causes
by 49%, death from cardiovascular disease by 50%, and death from cancer by 26%.

Insulin


WHY TEST INSULIN?

Insulin is the most important marker for metabolic health. It is a hormone
produced in the pancreas that moves blood sugar (known as glucose) from your
bloodstream into your cells. 

Insulin plays a key role in keeping glucose at the right levels. If glucose
levels are too high or too low, it can cause serious health problems.

High levels of insulin is indicative of insulin resistance (IR), prediabetes,
and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In states of IR, the same amount of insulin does not
have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. IR is
considered a component of metabolic syndrome.

IR develops years prior to the development of T2D. Fasting insulin is one method
to measure IR. IR can be improved or reversed with lifestyle approaches, such as
exercise and dietary changes.

High insulin is strongly strong linked to heart attack and stroke. Elevated
fasting insulin is also strongly linked with the risk of breast cancer,
melanoma, and colon cancer.

Longevity is associated with people who have lower insulin levels.

LDL


WHY TEST LDL?

This marker measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

Too much cholesterol in your blood can cause fatty material to build up in your
artery walls. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

A person with high LDL cholesterol levels may be at greater risk of
cardiovascular disease. Contrary to popular belief, LDL is a weak independent
risk factor. Furthermore, cholesterol is dynamic and fluid; results can be
substantially moved up and down within days using lifestyle and dietary
interventions.

By comparison, ApoB is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular
disease and premature death. As we age, our bodies become less efficient at
clearing cholesterol, resulting in gradual build-up.

Testosterone ♂


WHY TEST TESTOSTERONE?

Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men and plays a crucial role in men's
general health and quality of life.

Research shows that both older and younger men can suffer from low testosterone
levels (medically known as hypogonadism but often referred to as "low T" for
short).

Healthy testosterone levels are critical for many bodily functions.

Low levels of testosterone can cause poor sexual performance (difficulty getting
or maintaining an erection), low male fertility (decreased semen production),
depression and loss of mood ("a sense of well-being"), impaired cognitive
processes (concentration and memory), low energy levels (including chronic
fatigue), loss of muscle, increased belly fat, and low bone density (weak
bones).

Most men start to produce less testosterone every year, starting around age 30.
The average drop is about 1% per year after age 30.

However, older men can use a number of strategies (both natural and medical) to
raise their testosterone levels.

The test must be taken in the morning, when levels are highest, as levels can
drop by as much as 13% during the day.

Testosterone:Cortisol ♂


WHY TEST TESTOSTERONE:CORTISOL?

The testosterone/cortisol ratio shows an important relationship between two
critical hormonal biomarkers.

More specifically, the ratio is a cutting edge indicator of physiological
readiness.

TC:HDL Ratio


WHY TEST TC:HDL RATIO?

The Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio considered a more sensitive and specific index
of cardiovascular risk than total cholesterol.

TG:HDL Ratio


WHY TEST TG:HDL RATIO?

The triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio is known to be correlated with insulin
resistance.

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond
properly to insulin, which can lead to high blood sugar levels, inflammation,
and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Total Cholesterol


WHY TEST TOTAL CHOLESTEROL?

Blood cholesterol is calculated by adding your HDL and LDL cholesterol levels,
plus 20% of your triglyceride level.

Triglycerides


WHY TEST TRIGLYCERIDES?

Triglycerides are the main component of dietary fat and fat deposits in animals.
They also serve as an energy source.

Triglyceride levels that are above normal ranges increase the risk of vascular
plaque deposition. This leads to an elevated risk for cardiovascular events and
pancreatitis.

Vitamin D


WHY TEST VITAMIN D?

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a number of important roles in the
body. It is important for maintaining strong and healthy bones, as it helps the
body absorb calcium from the diet.

Vitamin D plays a role in immune function and may help protect against
infections. ~40% of adults are deficient in Vitamin D, which makes it a very
valuable marker to track and optimize.

Inflammation
Ferritin


WHY TEST FERRITIN?

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. A ferritin blood test
is used to help check your iron levels.

A lower-than-normal ferritin level indicates that one is iron-deficient, which
may lead to iron deficiency anemia, weakness, fatigue, cold extremities and
dizziness.

A spike in the ferritin level can be seen in acute illnesses like bacterial
infections. Chronically raised levels are seen in several conditions including
hemochromatosis (also called iron overload), rheumatoid arthritis or other
chronic inflammatory disorders, liver diseases, alcohol abuse, leukemia,
Hodgkin's lymphoma, and hyperthyroidism. Taking too many iron supplements can
also lead to elevated ferritin levels.

Homocysteine


WHY TEST HOMOCYSTEINE?

Homocysteine is one of the amino acids that play a role in the metabolism of
proteins. Too much is toxic, and too little results in metabolic problems.

High homocysteine is a strong and modifiable risk factor. It can be a sign of
key nutritional deficiencies and has been linked to various health issues such
as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes complications, hypothyroidism, neurological
diseases, osteoporosis, depression, erectile dysfunction, pregnancy
complications, concentration and underachievement.

A 3µmol/L drop in homocysteine can lessen the likelihood of heart attacks by
16%, strokes by 24%, and deep vein thrombosis by 25%.

A 5µmol/L decrease in homocysteine can reduce the risk of death from all causes
by 49%, death from cardiovascular disease by 50%, and death from cancer by 26%.

hs-CRP


WHY TEST HS-CRP?

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a nonspecific inflammatory
marker. It is particularly suited to testing for chronic inflammation
(long-term, low-level), as opposed to ordinary CRP, which measures acute
(short-term) inflammation.

Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of at least 7 of the 10
leading causes of death in the United States. It may go undetected for years or
even decades without proactive tracking, silently threatening your health.

It contributes to cancer, heart disease, lung disease, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and irritable
bowel syndrome. It is also connected to metabolic disorders, including
pre-diabetes and diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure.

Vitamin D


WHY TEST VITAMIN D?

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a number of important roles in the
body. It is important for maintaining strong and healthy bones, as it helps the
body absorb calcium from the diet.

Vitamin D plays a role in immune function and may help protect against
infections. ~40% of adults are deficient in Vitamin D, which makes it a very
valuable marker to track and optimize.

Metabolic Fitness
HbA1c


WHY TEST HBA1C?

The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is representative of the average of your blood sugar
over the past 2–3 months, providing a snapshot of your ability to maintain
healthy blood sugar over time.

When sugar enters your bloodstream, it attaches to hemoglobin, a protein in your
red blood cells. Everybody has some sugar attached to their hemoglobin, but
people with higher blood sugar levels have more. The A1C test measures the
percentage of your red blood cells that have sugar-coated hemoglobin.

Hyperglycemia—the chronic state of having high blood sugar—is known to adversely
affect many organ systems.

An HbA1C level consistently above 5.6% may indicate pre-diabetes and a level
above 6.5% may indicate diabetes.

Insulin


WHY TEST INSULIN?

Insulin is the most important marker for metabolic health. It is a hormone
produced in the pancreas that moves blood sugar (known as glucose) from your
bloodstream into your cells. 

Insulin plays a key role in keeping glucose at the right levels. If glucose
levels are too high or too low, it can cause serious health problems.

High levels of insulin is indicative of insulin resistance (IR), prediabetes,
and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In states of IR, the same amount of insulin does not
have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. IR is
considered a component of metabolic syndrome.

IR develops years prior to the development of T2D. Fasting insulin is one method
to measure IR. IR can be improved or reversed with lifestyle approaches, such as
exercise and dietary changes.

High insulin is strongly strong linked to heart attack and stroke. Elevated
fasting insulin is also strongly linked with the risk of breast cancer,
melanoma, and colon cancer.

Longevity is associated with people who have lower insulin levels.

TC:HDL Ratio


WHY TEST TC:HDL RATIO?

The Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio considered a more sensitive and specific index
of cardiovascular risk than total cholesterol.

TG:HDL Ratio


WHY TEST TG:HDL RATIO?

The triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio is known to be correlated with insulin
resistance.

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond
properly to insulin, which can lead to high blood sugar levels, inflammation,
and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Vitamin D


WHY TEST VITAMIN D?

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a number of important roles in the
body. It is important for maintaining strong and healthy bones, as it helps the
body absorb calcium from the diet.

Vitamin D plays a role in immune function and may help protect against
infections. ~40% of adults are deficient in Vitamin D, which makes it a very
valuable marker to track and optimize.

Hormonal & Nutritional Balance
Cortisol


WHY TEST CORTISOL?

Cortisol is a hormone made by your adrenal glands. It’s nicknamed the stress
hormone because it helps you respond to stress. In a healthy person, cortisol
rises and falls at different times of the day. It’s usually higher in the
morning and lower at night unless a person works late or has changing shifts.

The test determines whether you have too much or too little of the hormone.

Results outside the normal range might indicate a dysregulated circadian rhythm
or a more serious health condition.

DHEA-S ♂


WHY TEST DHEA?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone produced by the body's adrenal
glands. The body uses DHEA to make androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens,
the male and female sex hormones.

If your DHEA levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your
adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries). 

High DHEA in women may be the cause of acne, menstrual irregularities, excess
body and facial hair, scalp hair loss, and increased muscularity. Men may not
have any apparent symptoms of high levels.

Low DHEA levels are associated with a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction
in men, and thinning of vaginal tissues in women. Severely low levels may be a
sign of an adrenal gland disorder with more serious symptoms.

The adrenal glands start to produce less DHEA as we age. By age 60, we only have
one-fifth of the amount of DHEA in our blood.

Estradiol


WHY TEST ESTRADIOL?

Estradiol (E2), a type of estrogen hormone, is naturally produced by both males
and females.

In females, estradiol regulates the menstrual cycle, plays a role in fertility
and ovulation, and can indicate the presence of PCOS. The amount of estrogen
produced depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle, but postmenopausal females
can expect a marked decrease. In males, this hormone is important for modulating
libido, erectile function, and sperm synthesis. Estradiol also operates beyond
the reproductive system, including bone health and brain function.

Low estradiol in females may indicate menopause, but could also point toward
pituitary, adrenal, or ovarian failure and is linked to osteoporosis. In males,
abnormally low levels are often associated with low libido and sexual activity.

High estradiol in females may indicate pregnancy or ovulation, but could also
point to underlying conditions such as tumors, PCOS, or liver disease. In males,
abnormally high estradiol levels have been associated with erectile dysfunction,
loss of muscle mass, fatigue, mood swings, abdominal obesity, cardiovascular
disease, insulin sensitivity, blood sugar dysregulation, and even enlarged
breasts.

FSH ♀


WHY TEST FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized mostly by the
pituitary gland in the brain. It is involved in sexual development and
reproduction for both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the
production of estradiol and regulates the menstrual cycle, peaking just before
ovulation. In males, FSH works with testosterone to maintain normal sperm count
and function.

In females, high FSH may indicate primary ovarian insufficiency (POI),
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), perimenopause, ovarian tumor, or Turner
syndrome. Low FSH may indicate pituitary gland disorder, hypothalamus disorder,
insufficient egg production, or that you are very underweight.

In males, high FSH may indicate testicular damage or Klinefelter syndrome, while
low FSH may indicate pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorders.

Ferritin


WHY TEST FERRITIN?

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells. A ferritin blood test
is used to help check your iron levels.

A lower-than-normal ferritin level indicates that one is iron-deficient, which
may lead to iron deficiency anemia, weakness, fatigue, cold extremities and
dizziness.

A spike in the ferritin level can be seen in acute illnesses like bacterial
infections. Chronically raised levels are seen in several conditions including
hemochromatosis (also called iron overload), rheumatoid arthritis or other
chronic inflammatory disorders, liver diseases, alcohol abuse, leukemia,
Hodgkin's lymphoma, and hyperthyroidism. Taking too many iron supplements can
also lead to elevated ferritin levels.

TSH


WHY TEST TSH?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by your pituitary gland. Once
released into the bloodstream, TSH is responsible for stimulating the thyroid
gland to produce hormones. The thyroid gland's chief function is to regulate
metabolism but it also plays an important role in maintaining normal growth and
development, body temperature, and energy levels. A TSH test is done to
determine if your thyroid gland is working as it should. Paradoxically, low TSH
usually points toward an overactive (hyperthyroidism) thyroid gland while high
TSH may be indicative of an underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid gland. This is
due to the negative feedback mechanism used to control the synthesis of thyroid
hormones. The test can also detect a thyroid disorder such as an autoimmune
disease before you have any symptoms.

A TSH test is often used in conjunction with other thyroid function tests, such
as Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), to provide a comprehensive view of
thyroid health.

Homocysteine


WHY TEST HOMOCYSTEINE?

Homocysteine is one of the amino acids that play a role in the metabolism of
proteins. Too much is toxic, and too little results in metabolic problems.

High homocysteine is a strong and modifiable risk factor. It can be a sign of
key nutritional deficiencies and has been linked to various health issues such
as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes complications, hypothyroidism, neurological
diseases, osteoporosis, depression, erectile dysfunction, pregnancy
complications, concentration and underachievement.

A 3µmol/L drop in homocysteine can lessen the likelihood of heart attacks by
16%, strokes by 24%, and deep vein thrombosis by 25%.

A 5µmol/L decrease in homocysteine can reduce the risk of death from all causes
by 49%, death from cardiovascular disease by 50%, and death from cancer by 26%.

Testosterone ♂


WHY TEST TESTOSTERONE?

Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men and plays a crucial role in men's
general health and quality of life.

Research shows that both older and younger men can suffer from low testosterone
levels (medically known as hypogonadism but often referred to as "low T" for
short).

Healthy testosterone levels are critical for many bodily functions.

Low levels of testosterone can cause poor sexual performance (difficulty getting
or maintaining an erection), low male fertility (decreased semen production),
depression and loss of mood ("a sense of well-being"), impaired cognitive
processes (concentration and memory), low energy levels (including chronic
fatigue), loss of muscle, increased belly fat, and low bone density (weak
bones).

Most men start to produce less testosterone every year, starting around age 30.
The average drop is about 1% per year after age 30.

However, older men can use a number of strategies (both natural and medical) to
raise their testosterone levels.

The test must be taken in the morning, when levels are highest, as levels can
drop by as much as 13% during the day.

Testosterone:Cortisol ♂


WHY TEST TESTOSTERONE:CORTISOL?

The testosterone/cortisol ratio shows an important relationship between two
critical hormonal biomarkers.

More specifically, the ratio is a cutting edge indicator of physiological
readiness.

Vitamin D


WHY TEST VITAMIN D?

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a number of important roles in the
body. It is important for maintaining strong and healthy bones, as it helps the
body absorb calcium from the diet.

Vitamin D plays a role in immune function and may help protect against
infections. ~40% of adults are deficient in Vitamin D, which makes it a very
valuable marker to track and optimize.

Cardiovascular Health
ApoA1


WHY TEST APOA1?

ApoA1 is a constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is
anti-atherogenic (reduces plaque formation).

ApoA1 is a protective molecule that acts as an antioxidant and lowers
inflammation. The more ApoA1, the lower the risk of cardiovascular disease
(CVD). CVD is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

ApoB


WHY TEST APOB?

ApoB is a constituent of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is atherogenic
(plaque-forming).

There is exactly one ApoB per LDL particle. Therefore, ApoB gives us the most
accurate estimate of the amount of LDL in your body. High ApoB levels are
associated with an increase in risk for cardiovascular events.

ApoB:ApoA1


WHY MEASURE APOB:APOA1?

The ApoB:ApoA1 ratio has been linked to the risk of heart attack, stroke, and
other serious cardiovascular disorders.

The balance between ApoB and ApoA1 is what determines cardiovascular risk. The
higher the ratio, the higher the risk.

LDL


WHY TEST LDL?

This marker measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

Too much cholesterol in your blood can cause fatty material to build up in your
artery walls. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

A person with high LDL cholesterol levels may be at greater risk of
cardiovascular disease. Contrary to popular belief, LDL is a weak independent
risk factor. Furthermore, cholesterol is dynamic and fluid; results can be
substantially moved up and down within days using lifestyle and dietary
interventions.

By comparison, ApoB is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular
disease and premature death. As we age, our bodies become less efficient at
clearing cholesterol, resulting in gradual build-up.

HDL


WHY TEST HDL?

Measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
particles in the blood.

Too much cholesterol in your blood can cause fatty material to build up in your
artery walls. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke. This can happen if a
piece of the fatty material breaks off, causing a blood clot to form, which
might block an artery. If this happens in an artery supplying your heart, this
is a heart attack, or if it’s an artery supplying your brain, this is a stroke.

However, HDL particles remove excess cholesterol from the body. Hence, having a
high level of cholesterol carried by HDL particles is generally good, and HDL
cholesterol is often termed ‘good’ cholesterol. 

However, very high levels of HDL may behave more like LDL cholesterol (or ‘bad
cholesterol’) and raise the risk of disease, according to current research. This
is especially important for women leading up to after menopause.

People who have an underactive thyroid may have high levels of HDL cholesterol.

TC:HDL Ratio


WHY TEST TC:HDL RATIO?

The Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio considered a more sensitive and specific index
of cardiovascular risk than total cholesterol.

Total Cholesterol


WHY TEST TOTAL CHOLESTEROL?

Blood cholesterol is calculated by adding your HDL and LDL cholesterol levels,
plus 20% of your triglyceride level.

Triglycerides


WHY TEST TRIGLYCERIDES?

Triglycerides are the main component of dietary fat and fat deposits in animals.
They also serve as an energy source.

Triglyceride levels that are above normal ranges increase the risk of vascular
plaque deposition. This leads to an elevated risk for cardiovascular events and
pancreatitis.

Hormone+ add-on
Albumin ♂


ALBUMIN

Albumin is a multifunctional protein synthesized by the liver. It maintains
oncotic pressure in blood vessels, aiding in fluid balance between blood and
tissues. Additionally, albumin binds to and transports various substances,
including hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol, as well as
fatty acids, and drugs. Its role in buffering pH and antioxidant activity
contributes to overall physiological stability.

Estradiol ♂


WHY TEST ESTRADIOL?

Estradiol (E2), a type of estrogen hormone, is naturally produced by both males
and females.

In females, estradiol regulates the menstrual cycle, plays a role in fertility
and ovulation, and can indicate the presence of PCOS. The amount of estrogen
produced depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle, but postmenopausal females
can expect a marked decrease. In males, this hormone is important for modulating
libido, erectile function, and sperm synthesis. Estradiol also operates beyond
the reproductive system, including bone health and brain function.

Low estradiol in females may indicate menopause, but could also point toward
pituitary, adrenal, or ovarian failure and is linked to osteoporosis. In males,
abnormally low levels are often associated with low libido and sexual activity.

High estradiol in females may indicate pregnancy or ovulation, but could also
point to underlying conditions such as tumors, PCOS, or liver disease. In males,
abnormally high estradiol levels have been associated with erectile dysfunction,
loss of muscle mass, fatigue, mood swings, abdominal obesity, cardiovascular
disease, insulin sensitivity, blood sugar dysregulation, and even enlarged
breasts.

Free Testosterone ♂


FREE TESTOSTERONE

Free testosterone is the unbound testosterone in your body. It plays an
important role in muscle development and bone health, while also providing a
more accurate measurement of your overall hormonal health. Understanding your
Free T avoids misdiagnosis of low testosterone levels.

FSH ♂


WHY TEST FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized mostly by the
pituitary gland in the brain. It is involved in sexual development and
reproduction for both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the
production of estradiol and regulates the menstrual cycle, peaking just before
ovulation. In males, FSH works with testosterone to maintain normal sperm count
and function.

In females, high FSH may indicate primary ovarian insufficiency (POI),
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), perimenopause, ovarian tumor, or Turner
syndrome. Low FSH may indicate pituitary gland disorder, hypothalamus disorder,
insufficient egg production, or that you are very underweight.

In males, high FSH may indicate testicular damage or Klinefelter syndrome, while
low FSH may indicate pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorders.

PSA ♂


PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is an enzyme produced by the prostate gland.
While its primary function is to liquefy semen, PSA levels are also used as a
marker for prostate health. Elevated PSA levels can indicate conditions such as
prostate inflammation, enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia), or even
prostate cancer.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone ♀


ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH)

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced in the ovaries that reflects
ovarian reserve and egg count. It is commonly used as a marker of female
fertility, as lower AMH levels may indicate a reduced number of viable eggs
remaining in the ovaries. AMH testing is valuable for assessing reproductive
potential and guiding fertility treatment decisions, such as in vitro
fertilization (IVF).

DHEA-S ♀


WHY TEST DHEA?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone produced by the body's adrenal
glands. The body uses DHEA to make androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens,
the male and female sex hormones.

If your DHEA levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your
adrenal glands or sex organs (testicles or ovaries). 

High DHEA in women may be the cause of acne, menstrual irregularities, excess
body and facial hair, scalp hair loss, and increased muscularity. Men may not
have any apparent symptoms of high levels.

Low DHEA levels are associated with a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction
in men, and thinning of vaginal tissues in women. Severely low levels may be a
sign of an adrenal gland disorder with more serious symptoms.

The adrenal glands start to produce less DHEA as we age. By age 60, we only have
one-fifth of the amount of DHEA in our blood.

Folate ♀


FOLATE

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is an essential nutrient vital for numerous
biological processes, including DNA synthesis, repair, and cell division. It is
particularly crucial during periods of rapid growth and development, such as
pregnancy. Adequate folate intake is essential for preventing neural tube
defects in developing fetuses. Additionally, folate plays a role in supporting
cardiovascular health by contributing to the breakdown of homocysteine, an amino
acid linked to heart disease risk and inflammation.

Vitamin B12 ♀


VITAMIN B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a vital nutrient essential for nerve
function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell formation. It plays a critical role
in maintaining the health of nerve cells and supporting cognitive function.
Vitamin B12 is primarily obtained through dietary sources, with animal products
being the most common. Deficiency can lead to anemia, neurological issues, and
other health complications.

LH


LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a crucial hormone that plays a pivotal role in
reproductive health. It is responsible for stimulating ovulation in females and
testosterone production in males. By triggering the release of eggs from the
ovaries and promoting the development of the corpus luteum, LH contributes to
the menstrual cycle and fertility in women. In men, LH stimulates the Leydig
cells in the testes to produce testosterone, an essential hormone for male
reproductive function.

Prolactin


PROLACTIN

Prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, is a versatile hormone primarily
recognized for its role in lactation and breastfeeding. Beyond its involvement
in milk production, prolactin influences a range of physiological processes,
including regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and behavior. It also
plays a role in both male and female reproductive health by impacting sexual
function and contributing to the menstrual cycle's regularity. Even in expecting
fathers, prolactin levels can experience an uptick, possibly contributing to the
preparation for nurturing roles and parenthood.

SHBG


SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN (SHBG)

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a carrier protein that binds to sex
hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. This interaction influences the
availability of these hormones in the bloodstream. By regulating the
distribution and activity of sex hormones, SHBG modulates various physiological
functions such as reproductive health, bone density maintenance, and metabolic
processes. Fluctuations in SHBG levels can impact hormone-related conditions
like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and androgen-related disorders.

*The Hormone+ adds 7 additional, gender-specific hormonal markers to the
standard panel.
Thyroid+ add-on
TPOAb


WHY TEST TPOAB?

Antibodies are part of the immune system's defense mechanism. They are used to
fight foreign substances within the body, but they can occasionally malfunction
and attack the body itself. This malfunction is known as an autoimmune disease.
The presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) may be indicative of a
thyroid autoimmune disease such as Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease.
Often, people with abnormal levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) will get
their TPOAb tested to determine whether the underlying cause is related to an
autoimmune disease.

Free T3


WHY TEST FREE T3?

Triiodothyronine (T3) is the main active thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones are
vital to metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain
development, and bone maintenance, among other roles. Elevated levels of T3
might suggest hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is
overactive. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid
hormone, leading to symptoms like rapid heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, and
increased metabolism. Conversely, low levels of T3 could indicate
hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive. In this condition, the
thyroid does not produce enough hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as
fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and slowed heart rate.

A T3 test is often used in conjunction with other thyroid function tests, such
as Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Thyroxine (T4), to provide a
comprehensive view of thyroid health. Like T4, it's important to note that
thyroid hormone levels can be influenced by various factors, including other
medications, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions.

Free T4


WHY TEST FREE T4?

Thyroxine (T4) is a key hormone produced by the thyroid gland and plays a vital
role in metabolism, brain development, cardiovascular health, and overall body
growth and development. T4 is considered a prohormone, as it is converted into
the more active Triiodothyronine (T3) mainly in the liver, but also in the
kidneys, brain, and other organs.

Elevated levels of T4 can indicate hyperthyroidism, a condition where the
thyroid gland is overactive. This overactivity leads to an excess production of
thyroid hormones, resulting in symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, anxiety,
unintentional weight loss, tremors, and an increased metabolism. On the other
hand, low levels of T4 may suggest hypothyroidism, characterized by an
underactive thyroid gland. In hypothyroidism, the body's insufficient production
of thyroid hormones can cause symptoms including fatigue, weight gain,
intolerance to cold temperatures, and a reduction in metabolic rate.

A T4 test, often conducted alongside other thyroid function tests like
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Triiodothyronine (T3), is crucial for a
thorough evaluation of thyroid health. Like with T3, it is important to
recognize that T4 levels can be affected by numerous factors, including the use
of certain medications, pregnancy, and other medical conditions.

*The Thyroid+ panel adds 3 additional, thyroid-specific biomarkers to the base
panel. This panel is useful for monitoring thyroid health.
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