pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2600:1901:0:c831::
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URL:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32062181/
Submission: On May 20 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
Submission: On May 20 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 10 forms found in the DOM
GET /
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1a615b6f-2998-460a-b410-19e16cc12be7/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo">
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label>
<span class="twitter-typeahead ncbi-autocomplete"><input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input tt-input" required="required" id="id_term"
spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top;" aria-owns="id_term_listbox" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-expanded="false"><span role="status" aria-live="polite"
style="position: absolute; padding: 0px; border: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px; margin-bottom: -1px; margin-right: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); white-space: nowrap;"></span>
<pre aria-hidden="true"
style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
<div role="listbox" class="tt-menu" id="id_term_listbox" aria-expanded="false" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none;">
<div role="presentation" class="tt-dataset tt-dataset-0"></div>
</div>
</span><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore=""></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" data-pinger-ignore=""><span
class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /send-email/
<form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 32062181 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 32062181">
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="cf1d5f3145257feaedac7f49674e8767e9d76576a58befb3d4a98b311d6a339b">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required="">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container" style="display: none;">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel </button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524">
</form><form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label>
<input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore="" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add" disabled=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked="">
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label>
<input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required=""></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked="">
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional" style="display: none;">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected="">5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post"
data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed">
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label>
<input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button type="button" disabled="" class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button>
</div>
</form><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NW21E9hGJdFom0i53qVf7w1Uc7DR7S7ixhtRw8aZEI9Ur3XcQeakNDkJRh3aRpeI">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label
for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection"
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Environ Res
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. 2020 Apr:183:109126.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109126. Epub 2020 Jan 11.
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER AT NORTH CAROLINA CHILDCARE CENTERS: PILOTING A CITIZEN
SCIENCE-BASED TESTING STRATEGY
Jennifer Hoponick Redmon 1 , Keith E Levine 2 , Anna M Aceituno 2 , Kristin
Litzenberger 2 , Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson 3
Affiliations Expand
AFFILIATIONS
* 1 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Electronic address:
jredmon@rti.org.
* 2 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
* 3 School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
* PMID: 32062181
* DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109126
Free article
Item in Clipboard
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER AT NORTH CAROLINA CHILDCARE CENTERS: PILOTING A CITIZEN
SCIENCE-BASED TESTING STRATEGY
Jennifer Hoponick Redmon et al. Environ Res. 2020 Apr.
Free article
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Environ Res
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. 2020 Apr:183:109126.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109126. Epub 2020 Jan 11.
AUTHORS
Jennifer Hoponick Redmon 1 , Keith E Levine 2 , Anna M Aceituno 2 , Kristin
Litzenberger 2 , Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson 3
AFFILIATIONS
* 1 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Electronic address:
jredmon@rti.org.
* 2 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
* 3 School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
* PMID: 32062181
* DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109126
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ABSTRACT
Background: Drinking water is a lingering hazard in the effort to eliminate
childhood exposure to lead (Pb), a neurotoxin that affects cognitive and
behavioral development. This study characterized Pb in municipal drinking water
at North Carolina, US, childcare centers. The study also demonstrates a
scalable, citizen science-based drinking water testing strategy for Pb at
childcare centers.
Methods: Licensed childcare centers in four North Carolina counties were
recruited. One administrator per center completed a survey and was trained to
collect first-draw drinking water samples in their center. Samples were shipped
with pre-paid labels for laboratory analysis using inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry. Multilevel logistic regression and Bayesian network analysis
were used to identify factors associated with a risk of exceeding the 1 μg/L
American Academy of Pediatrics reference level and the US Environmental
Protection Agency (US EPA) 15 μg/L treatment-based action level. Results were
provided to centers along with risk mitigation recommendations.
Results: Of 103 enrolled centers, 86 completed the study, submitting 1,266
drinking water samples in total. Approximately 77% of drinking water samples
contained detectable Pb (≥0.1 μg/L), and 97% of centers had at least one
drinking water sample with detectable Pb. More than 63% of centers had at least
one drinking water sample with >1 μg/L Pb, and 17% of centers had at least one
drinking water sample with Pb above 15 μg/L. There was high variability in Pb
concentrations at water points within the same center.
Discussion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence and variability of Pb in
first-draw samples of drinking water at childcare centers in North Carolina, US.
Results underscore the importance of testing for Pb at every tap used for
drinking and cooking in childcare centers. The use of employees as citizen
scientists is a feasible strategy to identify Pb in specific drinking water
taps.
Keywords: Childcare centers; Citizen science; Drinking water; Lead (Pb); Testing
protocol.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PubMed Disclaimer
SIMILAR ARTICLES
* Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities,
2020-2021.
Redmon JH, Kondash AJ, Norman E, Johnson J, Levine K, McWilliams A, Napier M,
Weber F, Stella L, Wood E, Jackson CLP, Mulhern R. Redmon JH, et al. Am J
Public Health. 2022 Sep;112(S7):S695-S705. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003. Am
J Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36179303 Free PMC article.
* Survey of Lead in Drinking Water from Schools and Child Care Centers
Operating as Public Water Suppliers in North Carolina, USA: Implications for
Future Legislation.
Carter JA, Erhardt RJ, Jones BT, Donati GL. Carter JA, et al. Environ Sci
Technol. 2020 Nov 17;54(22):14152-14160. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04316. Epub
2020 Nov 3. Environ Sci Technol. 2020. PMID: 33138370
* A pilot study on the feasibility of testing residential tap water in North
Carolina: implications for environmental justice and health.
Odetola L, Sills S, Morrison S. Odetola L, et al. J Expo Sci Environ
Epidemiol. 2021 Nov;31(6):972-978. doi: 10.1038/s41370-021-00352-2. Epub 2021
Jun 28. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021. PMID: 34183761
* High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and
Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity: A Review.
Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. Bjørklund G, et al. Biol Trace
Elem Res. 2018 Dec;186(2):384-394. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8. Epub 2018
Apr 14. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018. PMID: 29656350 Review.
* Variability and sampling of lead (Pb) in drinking water: Assessing potential
human exposure depends on the sampling protocol.
Triantafyllidou S, Burkhardt J, Tully J, Cahalan K, DeSantis M, Lytle D,
Schock M. Triantafyllidou S, et al. Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106259. doi:
10.1016/j.envint.2020.106259. Epub 2020 Dec 16. Environ Int. 2021. PMID:
33395926 Free PMC article. Review.
See all similar articles
CITED BY
* Data-Sparse Prediction of High-Risk Schools for Lead Contamination in
Drinking Water: Examples from Four U.S. States.
Shrivatsa S, Lobo G, Gadgil A. Shrivatsa S, et al. Int J Environ Res Public
Health. 2023 Oct 8;20(19):6895. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20196895. Int J Environ
Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 37835165 Free PMC article.
* Improved Decision Making for Water Lead Testing in U.S. Child Care Facilities
Using Machine-Learned Bayesian Networks.
Mulhern RE, Kondash AJ, Norman E, Johnson J, Levine K, McWilliams A, Napier
M, Weber F, Stella L, Wood E, Lee Pow Jackson C, Colley S, Cajka J, MacDonald
Gibson J, Hoponick Redmon J. Mulhern RE, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Nov
21;57(46):17959-17970. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07477. Epub 2023 Mar 18.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023. PMID: 36932953 Free PMC article.
* Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Bottled Water Purchased from
Various Retail Stores in Pretoria, South Africa.
Olowoyo JO, Chiliza U, Selala C, Macheka L. Olowoyo JO, et al. Int J Environ
Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 16;19(22):15131. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192215131.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36429849 Free PMC article.
* Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities,
2020-2021.
Redmon JH, Kondash AJ, Norman E, Johnson J, Levine K, McWilliams A, Napier M,
Weber F, Stella L, Wood E, Jackson CLP, Mulhern R. Redmon JH, et al. Am J
Public Health. 2022 Sep;112(S7):S695-S705. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003. Am
J Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36179303 Free PMC article.
* Functionalised electrospun membranes (TETA-PVC) for the removal of lead(ii)
from water.
Youness F, Jaafar A, Tehrani A, Bilbeisi RA. Youness F, et al. RSC Adv. 2022
Aug 30;12(38):24607-24613. doi: 10.1039/d2ra02946d. eCollection 2022 Aug 30.
RSC Adv. 2022. PMID: 36128362 Free PMC article.
See all "Cited by" articles
MESH TERMS
* Bayes Theorem
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* Water Pollutants, Chemical*
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