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Blog DomainTools Research


NO BLOCKING, NO ISSUE: THE CURIOUS ECOSYSTEM OF FINANCIAL ADVISOR IMPERSONATION
SCAMS

01/26/2023

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DomainTools Research @SecuritySnacks
Figure 1: An example financial impersonation website tied to a West African
fraud campaign. Biographical details and a domain containing the name of an
impersonated financial advisor were redacted for victim privacy.


INTRODUCTION

An increasingly common and highly effective fraud technique known as “pig
butchering” uses a complex web of social engineering techniques to defraud
victims. These scams rely on slowly building trust with a target–often under the
guise of a financial advisor or successful investor–in order to convince targets
to invest in a scam, such as a cryptocurrency “investment,” in which their funds
are promptly stolen and rendered nearly impossible to recover.

Profitable cybercrime methods are rarely limited by geography, and other
researchers have observed “pig butchering” activity in Southeast Asia.
DomainTools Research is tracking a cluster of similar but likely unrelated
activity with a significant West African presence. A subset of this appears to
be the wholesale impersonation of financial advisors with a closely aligned
underground economy supporting such activities. These scams appear to share
orbits with what is likely a well-concealed bulletproof host operating out of
West Africa.

This piece explores a specific advisor impersonation campaign, both through the
lens of tactics as well as the technical infrastructure providers that enable
these scams to flourish. Because of privacy concerns for those being
impersonated, financial advisor names, domains containing legal names, contact
information, photographs, and the associated financial institutions these
advisors represent have been excluded or redacted. 


THIS FINANCIAL ADVISOR IMPERSONATION CAMPAIGN, A FORM OF “PIG BUTCHERING”

To date, this financial impersonation campaign has targeted several hundred
financial advisors, each with a malicious domain and website deployed at one
point. For example, Figure 1 above contains a redacted screenshot of one of the
more popular financial advisor impersonation templates favored by this campaign.
Much of this activity uses professional network services like LinkedIn to
identify, research, and contact potential victims. 

Notably, fraud actors associated with this campaign frequent social media
platforms like TikTok and Instagram. Figure 2 shows a screenshot of a TikTok
video promoting a financial advisor impersonation account that claims to be “an
American professional financial consultant and expert broker” that “helped five
financial institutions become one of the largest money managers in the world.”
In this example, both the financial advisor and the TikTok influencer had their
likenesses stolen for this campaign. This approach for contacting targets is
often more difficult to detect, especially on platforms where target groups
likely unfamiliar with such scams gather.

Figure 2: A TikTok account and video promoting an impersonated financial
advisor. The likeness of the person in the TikTok video appears to belong to an
unrelated influencer account. 




FINANCIAL ADVISOR IMPERSONATION METHODS IN PRACTICE

Whether a scam succeeds often depends on psychology and whether social
engineering techniques successfully bypass a target’s innate skepticism.
Financial advisor impersonation is especially dangerous because of the trust
relationship that exists between advisors and their clients. This perception
extends beyond an advisor-client relationship and into the public’s broader
perception that financial advisors are competent professionals. 

Financial advisor impersonation is straightforward conceptually, but simplicity
in subject belies complexity in practice. Financial impersonation scams require
careful, layered deception involving significant interaction with a target to
succeed. To that point, engagements as prospective clients with several
financial advisor impersonators suggest they possess a competent understanding
of financial markets.

Financial institutions would be wise not to underestimate threat actors
specializing in this type of impersonation fraud.


SCAM COMPONENTS

In practice, these are the steps that the impersonators used to execute their
scam.

 1. Select financial advisor targets from United States government publicly
    available advisor certification records. Supplement gleaned public records
    with biographical data from sources like employer websites, professional
    histories on LinkedIn, and social media accounts.

Content on many of these impersonation pages appears to be scraped verbatim from
reports published on FINRA’s BrokerCheck and the SEC’s Investment Adviser Public
Disclosure websites. Regulatory agencies offer certification data that can
easily be supplemented with basic OSINT techniques. Figures 3, 4, and 5 show the
overlap between impersonation website content and regulatory documents published
by FINRA and/or the SEC.

Figure 3: Examples of financial advisor impersonation websites listing
certifications taken verbatim from published government regulatory filings.
Figure 4: An official SEC Investment Adviser Public Disclosure filing. The text
in Figure 3 was taken from here. Figure 5: An example of FINRA’s BrokerCheck
information for a financial advisor. Additional certification data published
here was also used in impersonation website listings.
 2. Acquire financial advisor impersonation website templates on “nulled”
    marketplaces and communities. Use the scraped and enriched biographical data
    as content to create new advisor impersonation websites.

Figure 5: The landing page of the now-defunct “PreRaid” nulled template service.
“Nulled” here refers to pirated WordPress themes, templates, and plugins. 

Financial advisor impersonation websites associated with this campaign rely on a
relatively small set of templates. Threat actors associated with this campaign
frequently used PreRaid, a now-defunct service offering “nulled” (pirated)
WordPress themes and related products, many of which were modified into
financial advisor impersonation websites and fraudulent cryptocurrency
investment funds (see Figure 5). These impersonation websites are likely
packaged and shared in a manner not unlike phishing kits. 

Figure 6 includes the description of a PreRaid template named “Maxprofit”
frequently used in cryptocurrency scams closely aligned with this impersonation
campaign. 

Figure 6: A PreRaid description of the “Maxprofit” template used by financial
advisor impersonators and cryptocurrency scammers generally.
 3. Deploy impersonation websites, preferably with a “bulletproof” host, one
    that claims to be DMCA non-compliant or caters specifically to financial
    advisor impersonation campaigns. 

Given the complexity of manipulating a target when impersonating a financial
advisor, impersonation websites must remain accessible for as long as possible.
Therefore, the selection of a hosting provider is critical to the success of
this scam. This report explores this point in detail in the next section, using
a particularly suspicious hosting provider as an example.

 4. Enable multiple communications channels with potential victims, including
    live chat serving as an inbound “sales” apparatus and a secondary purpose of
    convincing a targeted person that the person interacting with them is
    legitimate. 

Many of these impersonation websites have live chat widgets, allowing potential
victims to interact with the impersonated financial advisor immediately.  The
advisor is often very hesitant to speak over the telephone, instead preferring
WhatsApp or email for future correspondence. This allows the impersonator to
control the tempo of the engagement. Figure 7 shows such a live chat widget with
a request to continue the conversation over email.

Figure 7: An impersonation website with embedded chat widget. Attempts to
connect over telephone were met with requests to send an email.


BULLETPROOF HOSTING PROVIDERS FOR FINANCIAL ADVISOR IMPERSONATION WEBSITES

“Bulletproof” hosting services lack any substantive internal processes to detect
and suspend malicious content since malicious content is often the very purpose
of their service. In short, bulletproof hosts are incentivized not to act. These
hosts themselves run a gamut of capabilities and risk tolerances. Some maintain
physical control over the servers they host on. Others merely resell the
services of legitimate companies and only serve to slow-roll or ignore takedown
requests until those requests escalate to the infrastructure provider. The
latter appears to be the case for a specific hosting provider tied to this
impersonation scam.


INVESTIGATION INTO A BULLETPROOF PROVIDER

A considerable amount of financial advisor impersonation activity associated
with the campaign in question overlapped with a hosting provider named
SpeedHost247, the domain speedhost247[.]com, and its respective online
footprint. SpeedHost247 claims to be a web hosting provider based in Ontario,
Canada. A deeper analysis of the information provided on their website suggests
otherwise, including concerns about phone numbers, pictures, and their address.

SpeedHost247 lists two phone numbers: the first has a Florida area code, the
second has the +234 country code for Nigeria (Figure 8). 

Figure 8: A screenshot of SpeedHost247’s website with the caption “a great
domain means instant credibility.” Note the support phone numbers on the top
left.

Figure 9 shows that SpeedHost247’s website includes a photograph of a mid-rise
office building bearing their company’s logo. This photograph appears to be a
doctored image of a real building. Figure 10 is an unmodified photograph showing
the actual building located in Madison, Alabama, named “Airport Office Center.”

Figure 9: A photograph claiming to be SpeedHost247’s office building. Figure 10:
A photograph of the “Airport Office Center” in Madison, Alabama. Note the
entrance, shrubbery, and building number 9668 shared between photographs. Some
additional signage and the flagpole are missing in Figure 9.

SpeedHost247’s Ontario business address raises just as many questions as its
office building photograph. The address provided appears to belong to Aramex, a
global shipping and logistics company. Figures 11 and 12 show the front and back
of the actual buildings at this address, located in an industrial area of
Mississauga, Ontario.

Figure 11: SpeedHost247’s purported office address in Ontario, Canada, appears
to belong to Aramex. Figure 12: Another photograph of the address SpeedHost247
provides as their address, also bearing the Aramex logo. This is the rear of the
same building.

To continue with the questionable images, a photograph of SpeedHost247’s office
interior appears to be an altered and rebranded photograph from inside
Rackspace’s UK office (Figures 13 and 14):

Figure 13: Photograph claiming to be SpeedHost247’s office interior and server
room. Figure 14: A photograph of Rackspace UK’s office. Note that the image hue
adjustment used by SpeedHost247 also altered the color of the ethernet cables.

Curious, DomainTools Research began a chat with a SpeedHost247 about their
services whilst posing as a prospective customer running a generic “financial
service.” The results were surprising. Included below are pertinent sections of
that conversation, copied verbatim with redactions of personal information.

> SpeedHost247: How May I Help You Today Please :)

> Researcher: Hi [redacted] what can I host here? My company offers financial
service.

> SpeedHost247: Anything depends on the type You want to host i will give You
Best Plan

> SpeedHost247: Real financial service.?

> SpeedHost247: Or just financial service.?

> SpeedHost247: :)

> Researcher: :)

> Researcher: Just financial service

> SpeedHost247: Nice

> SpeedHost247: I got it

> Researcher: So all good?

> SpeedHost247: Yes all good

> SpeedHost247: It will cost 85$ monthly

> SpeedHost247: No blocking no issue

> SpeedHost247: No suspension

[break]

> Researcher: What are whois requirements?

> SpeedHost247: Use any information

> SpeedHost247: Fake information please

> Researcher: Good good

> SpeedHost247: Correct email though so you can receive email from us

[break]

> SpeedHost247: Fully protection and zero information on Whois

> SpeedHost247: Welcome

> Researcher: Good good

[break]

> SpeedHost247: Send Payment to BITCOIN: [wallet address redacted]

Things are not always as they appear to be, especially on the internet. Whether
SpeedHost247 is an active participant in financial advisor impersonation scams
remains an open question, but their seeming willingness to accommodate dubious
customers offering even more dubious financial services using false information
is reason for pause. 


CONCLUSIONS

This specific “pig butchering” scam is being perpetrated by a West African group
impersonating American financial advisors.  They scraped advisor information
from several online sources and used “nulled” website templates hosted by
“bulletproof” hosters such as SpeedHost247 to execute their campaign. They
advertised on several platforms, including TikTok. Finally, they used real-time
website chat, email, and WhatsApp chats to engage with their victims and
convince them to invest in cryptocurrency “investments” which lead to notable
losses. 

With one impersonation campaign targeting hundreds of wealth management
professionals across several global financial institutions and hosting providers
seemingly happy to facilitate this, we urge financial institutions offering
advisory services and prospective clients to take the growing threat of
financial advisor impersonation seriously.

Prospective clients would be wise to contact financial advisors through their
respective financial institution’s official website and insist on speaking with
them over the telephone, preferably in a video call. Consumers would also be
wise to approach any cryptocurrency investment with extreme caution and avoid
nontraditional investments with “guaranteed” rates of return. Investment
opportunities that seem too good to be true probably are.

For financial institutions facing impersonation campaigns, understanding how
domains and hosts relate–and supplementing that data with context from
researchers–can provide invaluable insight, whether the organization you seek to
protect operates in the financial services industry or not. 

Domains and hosts are indeed not always as they seem. Thankfully, DomainTools
has the data sets and critical eye to see through the smokescreen.


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