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A border collie stands on the bluff at Raven's Point, Tennessee.
Photograph by Stephen Alvarez, NAT GEO IMAGE COLLECTION
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 * Animals
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DOMESTIC DOG


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Common Name: Domestic dogs
Scientific Name: Canis familiaris
Type: Mammals
Diet: Omnivore
Group Name: Pack
Average Life Span In The Wild: 12 years
Size: Five to 35 inches at the shoulder
Weight: Three to 250 pounds
Size relative to a 6-ft man:



IUCN Red List Status: ? Not evaluated
LC
NT
VU
EN
CR
EW
EX
Least Concern Extinct
Current Population Trend: Unknown


WHAT IS A DOMESTIC DOG?

The term “domestic dog” refers to any of several hundred breeds of dog in the
world today. While these animals vary drastically in appearance, every dog—from
the Chihuahua to the Great Dane—is a member of the same species, Canis
familiaris. This separates domestic dogs from wild canines, such as coyotes,
foxes, and wolves.

Domestic dogs are mostly kept as pets, though many breeds are capable of
surviving on their own, whether it’s in a forest or on city streets. A third of
all households worldwide have a dog, according to a 2016 consumer insights
study. This makes the domestic dog the most popular pet on the planet.





EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS

All dogs descend from a species of wolf, but not the gray wolf (Canis lupus),
like many people assume. In fact, DNA evidence suggests that the now-extinct
wolf ancestor to modern dogs was Eurasian. However, scientists are still working
to understand exactly what species gave rise to dogs.   

When dogs broke off from their wild ancestors is also a matter of mystery, but
genetics suggest that it occurred between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago.

While it’s impossible to say exactly how a wild wolf species became a
domesticated dog, most scientists believe the process happened gradually as
wolves became more comfortable with humans. Perhaps wolves started down this
path simply by eating human scraps. Many generations later, humans might have
encouraged wolves to stay near by actively feeding them. Later still, those
wolves may have been welcomed into the human home and eventually bred to
encourage certain traits. All of this is thought to have unfolded over thousands
of years.

3:14


A HISTORY OF DOGS 101




DOG BREEDS

Today, many of the dogs you know and love are the product of selective breeding
between individuals with desirable traits, either physical or behavioral. For
instance, around 9,500 years ago, ancient peoples began breeding dogs that were
best able to survive and work in the cold. These dogs would become the family of
sled dogs—including breeds such as huskies and malamutes—that remains relatively
unchanged today.

Similarly, humans bred German shepherds for their ability to herd livestock,
Labrador retrievers to help collect ducks and other game felled by hunters, and
sausage-shaped Dachshunds for their ability to rush down a burrow after a
badger. Many more breeds were created to fill other human needs, such as home
protection and vermin control.  

Certain breeds have also been created to make dogs more desirable as companions.
For instance, the labradoodle, which combines the traits of a Labrador retriever
and a poodle, was invented as an attempt to create a hypoallergenic guide dog.

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Left: A portrait of Lola, a two-year-old boxer-husky mix.
Right: A portrait of Daisy, a five-year-old English springer spaniel.
Photographs by MARK THIESSEN, NAT GEO IMAGE COLLECTION



MODERN WORKING DOGS

While people rely less on dogs for daily tasks than they did in the past, there
are still many modern jobs for pooches.

Because the domestic dog’s sense of smell is between 10,000 and 100,000 better
than our own, canines now assist law enforcement by sniffing out drugs,
explosives, and even electronics. They can also help conservationists find and
protect endangered species using their super-powered schnozzes.

They assist search and rescue teams in the wake of natural disasters or reports
of people lost in the outdoors. Dogs trained to warn of hidden explosives and
enemies serve as allies in military operations. Other dogs assist police looking
for jail escapees or the bodies of murder victims. Some partner instead with
customs officials searching for contraband, from drugs to elephant ivory. Still
others lead the way tracking down poachers, patrolling cargo ships for rats that
might escape at distant harbors, or exposing forest insect pests in shipments of
wood from abroad.

Similarly, dogs can sniff out early signs of Parkinson’s disease, diabetes,
several types of cancer, oncoming epileptic seizures, and antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. They guide deaf and blind people, and they help people with autism and
post-traumatic stress disorder manage with anxiety.


LIVING WITH DOGS

Most dogs are a mix of breeds—in 2015, one study estimated that only 5 percent
of dogs in shelters are purebred. Just as dogs come in all sizes, shapes, and
colors, these animals also come in a spectrum of temperaments. A bulldog might
look fierce but be cuddly as a kitten, whereas a cute cocker spaniel might nip
at your finger without thinking twice.

This is why animal handling expert Jack Hanna recommends teaching children to
always exercise caution around a dog they do not know. For instance, he says
kids should ask for permission from the dog’s owner before trying to pet or play
with the animal. Offering an outstretched hand also allows the dog to
familiarize itself with a new person before reaching behind its head where it
can’t see what you’re doing, which might make a dog nervous or scared. Finally,
never allow children to put their faces near the dog’s muzzle.



“I don’t care what kind of dog it is,” Hanna told National Geographic. “The
owner may say, ‘Well, this dog’s never bit anyone before.’ But that’s not the
point. The point is it can happen.”

Of course, when dogs are cared for properly and treated with respect, they can
be incredibly loving, playful, and intelligent companions. What’s more, by
understanding where dogs come from, pet owners might learn to appreciate their
canines even more.

After all, the yipping and tail-wagging your dog performs when you grab a bag of
treats are carry-overs from when its ancestors needed to communicate with other
members of its social group. Chasing sticks and balls may be linked to the
pursuit of prey, while digging at the carpet or a dog bed echoes how a wild
canid would prepare its sleeping area. And each time Fido stops to sniff a fire
hydrant on your walk, it’s analyzing the pheromones left behind by another dog’s
urine.

We take these behaviors for granted because dogs have become “man’s best
friend.” But deep inside every pit bull and Pomeranian, there lie hints of the
past.  

Editor's note: Bringing a dog into your household is a major responsibility.
More than 1.6 million dogs ended up in shelters in 2020. Learn how to keep your
dog happy and healthy with the National Geographic book Complete Guide To Pet
Health, Behavior, and Happiness.

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This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. Follow
us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the
latest submissions and news about the community.
This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. Follow
us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the
latest submissions and news about the community.
Photograph by O. ELEC, National Geographic Your Shot






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