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CONTENTS

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* (Top)
* 1Early years and exile
* 2Early reign
* 3Crisis of 1051–52
* 4Later reign
* 5Succession
* 6Westminster Abbey
* 7Veneration
* 8Appearance and character
* 9See also
* 10References
Toggle References subsection
* 10.1Notes
* 10.2Citations
* 10.3Sources
* 10.4Further reading
* 11External links

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EDWARD THE CONFESSOR

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

King of England from 1042 to 1066
Not to be confused with Edward the Martyr.

Edward the Confessor
EDWARD(US) REX: Edward the Confessor, enthroned, opening scene of the Bayeux
Tapestry
King of the EnglishReign8 June 1042 – 5 January 1066Coronation3 April 1043
Winchester CathedralPredecessorHarthacnutSuccessorHarold II

Bornc. 1003–1005
Islip, Oxfordshire, EnglandDied5 January 1066 (aged 60–63)
London, EnglandBurial
Westminster Abbey, London, England
SpouseEdith of Wessex (m. 1045)HouseWessexFatherÆthelred the UnreadyMotherEmma
of Normandy

Edward the Confessor[a][b] (c. 1003 – 5 January 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon English
king and saint. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he
ruled from 1042 until his death in 1066.

Edward was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy. He succeeded
Cnut the Great's son – and his own half-brother – Harthacnut. He restored the
rule of the House of Wessex after the period of Danish rule since Cnut conquered
England in 1016. When Edward died in 1066, he was succeeded by his wife's
brother Harold Godwinson, who was defeated and killed in the same year at the
Battle of Hastings by the Normans under William the Conqueror. Edward's young
great-nephew Edgar the Ætheling of the House of Wessex was proclaimed king after
the Battle of Hastings, but was never crowned and was peacefully deposed after
about eight weeks.

Historians disagree about Edward's fairly long 24-year reign. His nickname
reflects the traditional image of him as unworldly and pious. Confessor reflects
his reputation as a saint who did not suffer martyrdom as opposed to his uncle,
King Edward the Martyr. Some portray Edward the Confessor's reign as leading to
the disintegration of royal power in England and the advance in power of the
House of Godwin, because of the infighting that began after his death with no
heirs to the throne. Biographers Frank Barlow and Peter Rex, on the other hand,
portray Edward as a successful king, one who was energetic, resourceful and
sometimes ruthless; they argue that the Norman conquest shortly after his death
tarnished his image.[1][2] However, Richard Mortimer argues that the return of
the Godwins from exile in 1052 "meant the effective end of his exercise of
power", citing Edward's reduced activity as implying "a withdrawal from
affairs".[3]

About a century after his death, in 1161, Pope Alexander III canonised the king.
Edward was one of England's national saints until King Edward III adopted Saint
George (George of Lydda) as the national patron saint in about 1350. Saint
Edward's feast day is 13 October and is celebrated by both the Church of England
and the Catholic Church.

EARLY YEARS AND EXILE[EDIT]

Edward was the seventh son of Æthelred the Unready, and the first by his second
wife, Emma of Normandy. Edward was born between 1003 and 1005 in Islip,
Oxfordshire,[1] and is first recorded as a 'witness' to two charters in 1005. He
had one full brother, Alfred, and a sister, Godgifu. In charters he was always
listed behind his older half-brothers, showing that he ranked beneath them.[4]

During his childhood, England was the target of Viking raids and invasions under
Sweyn Forkbeard and his son, Cnut. Following Sweyn's seizure of the throne in
1013, Emma fled to Normandy, followed by Edward and Alfred, and then by
Æthelred. Sweyn died in February 1014, and leading Englishmen invited Æthelred
back on the condition that he promised to rule 'more justly' than before.
Æthelred agreed, sending Edward back with his ambassadors.[5] Æthelred died in
April 1016, and he was succeeded by Edward's older half-brother Edmund Ironside,
who carried on the fight against Sweyn's son, Cnut. According to Scandinavian
tradition, Edward fought alongside Edmund; as Edward was at most thirteen years
old at the time, the story is disputed.[6][7] Edmund died in November 1016, and
Cnut became undisputed king. Edward then again went into exile with his brother
and sister; in 1017 his mother married Cnut.[1] In the same year, Cnut had
Edward's last surviving elder half-brother, Eadwig, executed.[8]

Edward spent a quarter of a century in exile, probably mainly in Normandy,
although there is no evidence of his location until the early 1030s. He probably
received support from his sister Godgifu, who married Drogo of Mantes, count of
Vexin in about 1024. In the early 1030s, Edward witnessed four charters in
Normandy, signing two of them as king of England. According to William of
Jumièges, the Norman chronicler, Robert I, Duke of Normandy attempted an
invasion of England to place Edward on the throne in about 1034 but it was blown
off course to Jersey. He also received support for his claim to the throne from
several continental abbots, particularly Robert, abbot of the Norman abbey of
Jumièges, who later became Edward's Archbishop of Canterbury.[9] Edward was said
to have developed an intense personal piety during this period, but modern
historians regard this as a product of the later medieval campaign for his
canonisation. In Frank Barlow's view "in his lifestyle would seem to have been
that of a typical member of the rustic nobility".[1][10] He appeared to have a
slim prospect of acceding to the English throne during this period, and his
ambitious mother was more interested in supporting Harthacnut, her son by
Cnut.[1][11]

Cnut died in 1035, and Harthacnut succeeded him as king of Denmark. It is
unclear whether he intended to keep England as well, but he was defending his
position in Denmark and thus was unable to come to England to assert his claim
to the throne. It was therefore decided that his elder half-brother Harold
Harefoot should act as regent, while Emma held Wessex on Harthacnut's
behalf.[12] In 1036, Edward and his brother Alfred separately came to England.
Emma later claimed that they came in response to a letter forged by Harold
inviting them to visit her, but historians believe that she probably did invite
them in an effort to counter Harold's growing popularity.[1][13] Alfred was
captured by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who turned him over to Harold Harefoot. He
had Alfred blinded by forcing red-hot pokers into his eyes to make him
unsuitable for kingship, and Alfred died soon after as a result of his wounds.
The murder is thought to be the source of much of Edward's hatred for Godwin and
one of the primary reasons for Godwin's banishment in autumn 1051.[10] Edward is
said to have fought a successful skirmish near Southampton, and then retreated
back to Normandy.[14][c] He thus showed his prudence, but he had some reputation
as a soldier in Normandy and Scandinavia.[16]

In 1037, Harold was accepted as king, and the following year he expelled Emma,
who retreated to Bruges. She then summoned Edward and demanded his help for
Harthacnut, but he refused as he had no resources to launch an invasion, and
disclaimed any interest for himself in the throne.[1][16] Harthacnut, his
position in Denmark now secure, planned an invasion, but Harold died in 1040,
and Harthacnut was able to cross unopposed, with his mother, to take the English
throne.[17]

In 1041, Harthacnut invited Edward back to England, probably as his heir because
he knew he had not long to live.[12] The 12th-century Quadripartitus states that
he was recalled by the intervention of Bishop Ælfwine of Winchester and Earl
Godwin. Edward met "the thegns of all England" at Hursteshever, likely near
modern-day Hurst Spit opposite the Isle of Wight. There, Edward was received as
king in return for his oath that he would continue the laws of Cnut.[18]
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Edward was sworn in as king alongside
Harthacnut, but a diploma issued by Harthacnut in 1042 describes him as the
king's brother.[19][20]

EARLY REIGN[EDIT]

A sealed writ of Edward the Confessor
Further information: Government in Anglo-Saxon England

Following Harthacnut's death on 8 June 1042, Godwin, the most powerful of the
English earls, supported Edward, who succeeded to the throne.[1] The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle describes the popularity he enjoyed at his accession – "before he
[Harthacnut] was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London."[21]
Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West
Saxons, on Easter Sunday, 3 April 1043.[22]

Edward complained that his mother had "done less for him than he wanted before
he became king, and also afterwards". In November 1043, he rode to Winchester
with his three leading earls, Leofric of Mercia, Godwin, and Siward of
Northumbria, to deprive her of her property, possibly because she was holding on
to treasure which belonged to the king. Her adviser, Stigand, was deprived of
his bishopric of Elmham in East Anglia. However, both were soon restored to
favour. Emma died in 1052.[23]

Edward's position when he came to the throne was weak. Effective rule required
keeping on terms with the three leading earls, but loyalty to the ancient house
of Wessex had been eroded by the period of Danish rule, and only Leofric was
descended from a family which had served Æthelred. Siward was probably Danish,
and although Godwin was English, he was one of Cnut's new men, married to Cnut's
former sister-in-law. However, in his early years, Edward restored the
traditional strong monarchy, showing himself, in Frank Barlow's view, "a
vigorous and ambitious man, a true son of the impetuous Æthelred and the
formidable Emma."[1]

In 1043, Godwin's eldest son Sweyn was appointed to an earldom in the south-west
midlands, and on 23 January 1045 Edward married Godwin's daughter Edith. Soon
afterwards, her brother Harold and her Danish cousin Beorn Estrithson were also
given earldoms in southern England. Godwin and his family now ruled
subordinately all of Southern England. However, in 1047 Sweyn was banished for
abducting the abbess of Leominster. In 1049, he returned to try to regain his
earldom, but this was said to have been opposed by Harold and Beorn, probably
because they had been given Sweyn's land in his absence. Sweyn murdered his
cousin Beorn and went again into exile. Edward's nephew Ralph was given Beorn's
earldom, but the following year Sweyn's father was able to secure his
reinstatement.[24]

The wealth of Edward's lands exceeded that of the greatest earls, but they were
scattered among the southern earldoms. He had no personal power base, and it
seems he did not attempt to build one. In 1050–51 he even paid off the fourteen
foreign ships which constituted his standing navy and abolished the tax raised
to pay for it.[1][25] However, in ecclesiastical and foreign affairs he was able
to follow his own policy. King Magnus I of Norway aspired to the English throne,
and in 1045 and 1046, fearing an invasion, Edward took command of the fleet at
Sandwich. Beorn's elder brother, Sweyn II of Denmark "submitted himself to
Edward as a son", hoping for his help in his battle with Magnus for control of
Denmark, but in 1047 Edward rejected Godwin's demand that he send aid to Sweyn,
and it was only Magnus's death in October that saved England from attack and
allowed Sweyn to take the Danish throne.[1]

Modern historians reject the traditional view that Edward mainly employed Norman
favourites, but he did have foreigners in his household, including a few
Normans, who became unpopular. Chief among them was Robert, abbot of the Norman
abbey of Jumièges, who had known Edward from the 1030s and came to England with
him in 1041, becoming bishop of London in 1043. According to the Vita Edwardi,
he became "always the most powerful confidential adviser to the
king".[26][27][d]

CRISIS OF 1051–52[EDIT]

Edward's seal: SIGILLVM EADWARDI ANGLORVM BASILEI (Seal of Edward crowned/King
of the English).

In ecclesiastical appointments, Edward and his advisers showed a bias against
candidates with local connections, and when the clergy and monks of Canterbury
elected a relative of Godwin as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1051, Edward
rejected him and appointed Robert of Jumièges, who claimed that Godwin was in
illegal possession of some archepiscopal estates. In September 1051, Edward was
visited by his brother-in-law, Godgifu's second husband, Eustace II of Boulogne.
His men caused an affray in Dover, and Edward ordered Godwin as earl of Kent to
punish the town's burgesses, but he took their side and refused. Edward seized
the chance to bring his over-mighty earl to heel. Archbishop Robert accused
Godwin of plotting to kill the king, just as he had killed his brother Alfred in
1036, while Leofric and Siward supported the king and called up their vassals.
Sweyn and Harold called up their own vassals, but neither side wanted a fight,
and Godwin and Sweyn appear to have each given a son as hostage, who were sent
to Normandy. The Godwins' position disintegrated as their men were not willing
to fight the king. When Stigand, who was acting as an intermediary, conveyed the
king's jest that Godwin could have his peace if he could restore Alfred and his
companions alive and well, Godwin and his sons fled, going to Flanders and
Ireland.[1] Edward repudiated Edith and sent her to a nunnery, perhaps because
she was childless,[29] and Archbishop Robert urged her divorce.[1]

Sweyn went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem (dying on his way back), but Godwin and
his other sons returned, with an army following a year later, and received
considerable support, while Leofric and Siward failed to support the king. Both
sides were concerned that a civil war would leave the country open to foreign
invasion. The king was furious, but he was forced to give way and restore Godwin
and Harold to their earldoms, while Robert of Jumièges and other Frenchmen fled,
fearing Godwin's vengeance. Edith was restored as queen, and Stigand, who had
again acted as an intermediary between the two sides in the crisis, was
appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in Robert's place. Stigand retained his
existing bishopric of Winchester, and his pluralism was a continuing source of
dispute with the pope.[1][30] [e]

LATER REIGN[EDIT]

Penny of Edward the Confessor

Until the mid-1050s Edward was able to structure his earldoms to prevent the
Godwins from becoming dominant. Godwin died in 1053, and although Harold
succeeded to his earldom of Wessex, none of his other brothers were earls at
this date. His house was then weaker than it had been since Edward's succession,
but a succession of deaths from 1055 to 1057 completely changed the control of
earldoms. In 1055, Siward died, but his son was considered too young to command
Northumbria, and Harold's brother, Tostig, was appointed. In 1057, Leofric and
Ralph died, and Leofric's son Ælfgar succeeded as Earl of Mercia, while Harold's
brother Gyrth succeeded Ælfgar as Earl of East Anglia. The fourth surviving
Godwin brother, Leofwine, was given an earldom in the south-east carved out of
Harold's territory, and Harold received Ralph's territory in compensation. Thus
by 1057, the Godwin brothers controlled all of England subordinately apart from
Mercia. It is not known whether Edward approved of this transformation or
whether he had to accept it, but from this time he seems to have begun to
withdraw from active politics, devoting himself to hunting, which he pursued
each day after attending church.[1][32]

In the 1050s, Edward pursued an aggressive and generally successful policy in
dealing with Scotland and Wales. Malcolm Canmore was an exile at Edward's court
after his father, Duncan I, was killed in battle in 1040, against men led by
Macbeth who seized the Scottish throne. In 1054, Edward sent Siward to invade
Scotland. He defeated Macbeth, and Malcolm, who had accompanied the expedition,
gained control of southern Scotland. By 1058, Malcolm had killed Macbeth in
battle and had taken the Scottish throne. In 1059, he visited Edward, but in
1061, he started raiding Northumbria with the aim of adding it to his
territory.[1][33]

In 1053, Edward ordered the assassination of the south Welsh prince Rhys ap
Rhydderch in reprisal for a raid on England, and Rhys's head was delivered to
him.[1] In 1055, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn established himself as the ruler of Wales,
and allied himself with Ælfgar of Mercia, who had been outlawed for treason.
They defeated Earl Ralph at Hereford, and Harold had to collect forces from
nearly all of England to drive the invaders back into Wales. Peace was concluded
with the reinstatement of Ælfgar, who was able to succeed as Earl of Mercia on
his father's death in 1057. Gruffydd swore an oath to be a faithful under-king
of Edward. Ælfgar likely died in 1062, and his young son Edwin was allowed to
succeed as Earl of Mercia, but Harold then launched a surprise attack on
Gruffydd. He escaped, but when Harold and Tostig attacked again the following
year, he retreated and was killed by Welsh enemies. Edward and Harold were then
able to impose vassalage on some Welsh princes.[34][35]

Harold Godwinson meeting Edward shortly before Edward's death, as depicted in
scene 25 of the Bayeux Tapestry

In October 1065, Harold's brother, Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, was hunting with
the king when his thegns in Northumbria rebelled against his rule, which they
claimed was oppressive, and killed some 200 of his followers. They nominated
Morcar, the brother of Edwin of Mercia, as earl and invited the brothers to join
them in marching south. They met Harold at Northampton, and Tostig accused
Harold before the king of conspiring with the rebels. Tostig seems to have been
a favourite with the king and queen, who demanded that the revolt be suppressed,
but neither Harold nor anyone else would fight to support Tostig. Edward was
forced to submit to his banishment, and the humiliation may have caused a series
of strokes which led to his death.[1][36] He was too weak to attend the
consecration of his new church at Westminster, which had been substantially
completed in 1065, on 28 December.[37][38]

Edward probably entrusted the kingdom to Harold and Edith shortly before he died
on 5 January 1066. On 6 January he was buried in Westminster Abbey, and Harold
was crowned on the same day.[1]

SUCCESSION[EDIT]

Starting as early as William of Malmesbury in the early 12th century, historians
have puzzled over Edward's intentions for the succession. One school of thought
supports the Norman case that Edward always intended William the Conqueror to be
his heir, accepting the medieval claim that Edward had already decided to be
celibate before he married, but most historians believe that he hoped to have an
heir by Edith at least until his quarrel with Godwin in 1051. William the
Conqueror's grandfather, Duke Richard II, was the brother of Edward the
Confessor's mother, Emma of Normandy, so the two men were second cousins once
removed, and there was a blood tie between them. William may have visited Edward
during Godwin's exile, and he is thought to have promised William the succession
at this time, but historians disagree on how seriously he meant the promise, and
whether he later changed his mind.[f]

Edmund Ironside's son, Edward the Exile, had the best claim to be considered
Edward's heir. He had been taken as a young child to Hungary, and in 1054 Bishop
Ealdred of Worcester visited the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III to secure his
return, probably with a view to becoming Edward's heir. The exile returned to
England in 1057 with his family but died almost immediately.[39] His son Edgar,
who was then about 6 years old, was brought up at the English court. He was
given the designation Ætheling, meaning throne-worthy, which may mean that
Edward considered making him his heir, and he was briefly declared king after
Harold's death in 1066.[40] However, Edgar was absent from witness lists of
Edward's diplomas, and there is no evidence in the Domesday Book that he was a
substantial landowner, which suggests that he was marginalised at the end of
Edward's reign.[41]

After the mid-1050s, Edward seems to have withdrawn from affairs as he became
increasingly dependent on the Godwins, and he may have become reconciled to the
idea that one of them would succeed him. The Normans claimed that Edward sent
Harold to Normandy in about 1064 to confirm the promise of the succession to
William. The strongest evidence comes from a Norman apologist, William of
Poitiers. According to his account, shortly before the Battle of Hastings,
Harold sent William an envoy who admitted that Edward had promised the throne to
William but argued that this was overridden by his deathbed promise to Harold.
In reply, William did not dispute the deathbed promise but argued that Edward's
prior promise to him took precedence.[42] In Stephen Baxter's view, Edward's
"handling of the succession issue was dangerously indecisive, and contributed to
one of the greatest catastrophes to which the English have ever succumbed."[43]

WESTMINSTER ABBEY[EDIT]

Edward's funeral in Westminster Abbey (left), where he is buried, as depicted in
scene 26 of the Bayeux Tapestry

Edward's Norman sympathies are most clearly seen in the major building project
of his reign, Westminster Abbey, the first Norman Romanesque church in England.
This was commenced between 1042 and 1052 as a royal burial church, consecrated
on 28 December 1065, completed after his death in about 1090, and demolished in
1245 to make way for Henry III's new building, which still stands. It was very
similar to Jumièges Abbey, which was built at the same time. Robert of Jumièges
must have been closely involved in both buildings, although it is not clear
which is the original and which is the copy.[38] Edward does not appear to have
been interested in books and associated arts, but his abbey played a vital role
in the development of English Romanesque architecture, showing that he was an
innovative and generous patron of the church.[44]

VENERATION[EDIT]

Saint

Edward the Confessor
The left panel of the Wilton Diptych, where Edward (centre), with Edmund the
Martyr (left) and John the Baptist, are depicted presenting Richard II to the
Virgin Mary and Christ Child.
Confessor of the FaithVenerated inCatholic Church
Church of England
Some Eastern OrthodoxCanonized7 February 1161 by Pope Alexander IIIMajor
shrineWestminster Abbey, LondonFeast13 October, 5 JanuaryPatronageEngland,
Monarchy of the United Kingdom, difficult marriages

Edward the Confessor was the only king of England to be canonized by the pope,
but he was part of a tradition of (uncanonised) Anglo-Saxon royal saints, such
as Eadburh of Winchester, a daughter of Edward the Elder, Edith of Wilton, a
daughter of Edgar the Peaceful, and the boy-king Edward the Martyr.[45] With his
proneness to fits of rage and his love of hunting, Edward the Confessor is
regarded by most historians as an unlikely saint, and his canonisation as
political, although some argue that his cult started so early that it must have
had something credible to build on.[46]

Edward displayed a worldly attitude in his church appointments. When he
appointed Robert of Jumièges as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1051, he chose the
leading craftsman Spearhafoc to replace Robert as Bishop of London. Robert
refused to consecrate him, saying that the pope had forbidden it, but Spearhafoc
occupied the bishopric for several months with Edward's support. After the
Godwins fled the country, Edward expelled Spearhafoc, who fled with a large
store of gold and gems which he had been given to make Edward a crown.[47]
Stigand was the first archbishop of Canterbury not to be a monk in almost a
hundred years, and he was said to have been excommunicated by several popes
because he held Canterbury and Winchester in plurality. Several bishops sought
consecration abroad because of the irregularity of Stigand's position.[48]
Edward usually preferred clerks to monks for the most important and richest
bishoprics, and he probably accepted gifts from candidates for bishoprics and
abbacies. However, his appointments were generally respectable.[1] When Odda of
Deerhurst died without heirs in 1056, Edward seized lands which Odda had granted
to Pershore Abbey and gave them to his Westminster foundation; historian Ann
Williams observes that "the Confessor did not in the 11th century have the
saintly reputation which he later enjoyed, largely through the efforts of the
Westminster monks themselves".[49]

After 1066, there was a subdued cult of Edward as a saint, possibly discouraged
by the early Norman abbots of Westminster,[50] which gradually increased in the
early 12th century.[51] Osbert of Clare, the prior of Westminster Abbey, then
started to campaign for Edward's canonisation, aiming to increase the wealth and
power of the Abbey. By 1138, he had converted the Vita Ædwardi Regis, the life
of Edward commissioned by his widow, into a conventional saint's life.[50] He
seized on an ambiguous passage which might have meant that their marriage was
chaste, perhaps to give the idea that Edith's childlessness was not her fault,
to claim that Edward had been celibate.[52] In 1139, Osbert went to Rome to
petition for Edward's canonisation with the support of King Stephen, but he
lacked the full support of the English hierarchy and Stephen had quarrelled with
the church, so Pope Innocent II postponed a decision, declaring that Osbert
lacked sufficient testimonials of Edward's holiness.[53]

In 1159, there was a disputed election to the papacy, and Henry II's support
helped to secure the recognition of Pope Alexander III. In 1160, a new abbot of
Westminster, Laurence, seized the opportunity to renew Edward's claim. This
time, it had the full support of the king and the English hierarchy, and a
grateful pope issued the bull of canonisation on 7 February 1161,[1] the result
of a conjunction of the interests of Westminster Abbey, King Henry II and Pope
Alexander III.[54] He was called 'Confessor' as the name for someone who was
believed to have lived a saintly life but was not a martyr.[55] In the 1230s,
King Henry III became attached to the cult of Saint Edward, and he commissioned
a new life, by Matthew Paris.[56] Henry also constructed a grand new tomb for
Edward in a rebuilt Westminster Abbey in 1269.[37] Henry III also named his
eldest son after Edward.[57]

Until about 1350, Edmund the Martyr, Gregory the Great, and Edward the Confessor
were regarded as English national saints, but Edward III preferred the more
war-like figure of Saint George, and in 1348 he established the Order of the
Garter with Saint George as its patron. At Windsor Castle, its chapel of Saint
Edward the Confessor was re-dedicated to Saint George, who was acclaimed in 1351
as patron of the English race.[58] Edward was a less popular saint for many, but
he was important to the Norman dynasty, which claimed to be the successor of
Edward as the last legitimate Anglo-Saxon king.[59]

Duration: 6 minutes and 54 seconds.6:54Audio description of the shrine of Edward
the Confessor by John Hall Flag of Saint Peter, Westminster Abbey, flown atop
the Abbey on most church festivals. The gold ring represents the ring of Saint
Edward, acknowledging him as the Abbey's founder.

The shrine of Saint Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey remains where it
was after the final translation of his body to a chapel east of the sanctuary on
13 October 1269 by Henry III.[60] The day of his translation, 13 October (his
first translation had also been on that date in 1163), is an optional memorial
in the Catholic dioceses of England only.[61] Saint Edward may also be
commemorated on the anniversary of his death, 5 January, the date he is
inscribed in the Martyrologium Romanum. The Church of England's calendar of
saints designates 13 October as a Lesser Festival.[62][63] Each October the
abbey holds a week of festivities and prayer in his honour.[64] Edward is also
regarded as a patron saint of difficult marriages.[65]

APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER[EDIT]

The Vita Ædwardi Regis states "[H]e was a very proper figure of a man – of
outstanding height, and distinguished by his milky white hair and beard, full
face and rosy cheeks, thin white hands, and long translucent fingers; in all the
rest of his body he was an unblemished royal person. Pleasant, but always
dignified, he walked with eyes downcast, most graciously affable to one and all.
If some cause aroused his temper, he seemed as terrible as a lion, but he never
revealed his anger by railing."[66] This, as the historian Richard Mortimer
notes, 'contains obvious elements of the ideal king, expressed in flattering
terms – tall and distinguished, affable, dignified and just.'[67]

Edward was allegedly not above accepting bribes. According to the Ramsey Liber
Benefactorum, the monastery's abbot decided that it would be dangerous to
publicly contest a claim brought by "a certain powerful man", but he claimed he
was able to procure a favourable judgment by giving Edward twenty marks in gold
and his wife five marks.[68]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward the Confessor.

FURTHER READING[EDIT]

* Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, tr. Michael Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 2nd
ed. London, 2000.
* Aelred of Rievaulx, Life of St. Edward the Confessor, translated Fr. Jerome
Bertram (first English translation) St. Austin Press ISBN 1-901157-75-X
* Keynes, Simon (1991). "The Æthelings in Normandy". Anglo-Norman Studies.
XIII. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-286-4.
* Licence, Tom (2016). "Edward the Confessor and the Succession Question: A
Fresh Look at the Sources". Anglo-Norman Studies. 39. ISBN 978-1783272211.
* Licence, Tom (2020). Edward the Confessor: Last of the Royal Blood. New
Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21154-2.
* O'Brien, Bruce R.: God's Peace and King's Peace: The Laws of Edward the
Confessor, Philadelphia, Pa. : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999,
ISBN 0-8122-3461-8
* The Waltham Chronicle ed. and trans. Leslie Watkiss and Marjorie Chibnall,
Oxford Medieval Texts, OUP, 1994
* William of Malmesbury, The History of the English Kings, i, ed.and trans. R.
A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, Oxford Medieval Texts, OUP
1998

EXTERNAL LINKS[EDIT]

* Edward the Confessor at the official website of the British monarchy
* Edward 15 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
* Westminster Abbey: Edward the Confessor and Edith
* Steven Muhlberger's 'Edward the Confessor and his earls'
* BBC History: Edward the Confessor
* BBC News: Ancient royal tomb is uncovered
* Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library

Edward the Confessor
House of Wessex
Born: c. 1003 Died: 4 or 5 January 1066 Regnal titles Preceded by
Harthacnut
King of the English
1042–1066 Succeeded by
Harold II

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en.wikipedia.org Open in urlscan Pro 2a02:ec80:300:ed1a::1 Public Scan

Form analysis 1 forms found in the DOM

/w/index.php

Text Content

en.wikipedia.org Open in urlscan Pro
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Form analysis
1 forms found in the DOM