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QUIC PROTOCOL: THE FEATURES, USE CASES AND IMPACT FOR IOT/IOV
Fan Wang Apr 26, 2023
Table of Contents
* What Is the QUIC Protocol?
* What Are the Basic QUIC Protocol Features?
* What Are the 5 Common Use Cases of the QUIC Protocol?
* What Is MQTT and What are the Benefits of Running it Over QUIC?
* MQTT Over QUIC vs. MQTT Over TCP/TLS
* MQTT Over QUIC Use Cases in IoV
* EMQX: Leading the Way as the First MQTT Broker to Implement MQTT Over QUIC
WHAT IS THE QUIC PROTOCOL?
QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a protocol Google has developed to
improve the speed and reliability of web connections. It is designed to replace
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used in the current Internet
infrastructure. QUIC is built on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
QUIC uses a combination of encryption and multiplexing to provide improved
security and faster data transfer. It allows multiple streams of data to be sent
over a single connection, reducing latency and improving throughput. QUIC also
includes features such as congestion control and flow control to manage network
congestion and ensure smooth data transmission.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is standardizing QUIC, and major web
browsers and servers are adopting it. QUIC has been shown to improve web page
loading times and reduce the occurrence of disconnections compared to TCP,
especially in high-latency and spotty networks such as mobile networks.
WHAT ARE THE BASIC QUIC PROTOCOL FEATURES?
Here is an overview of QUIC’s main features.
Independent logical streams
Independent logical streams are one of QUIC's core features. This means that
multiple streams of data can be sent over a single connection with each stream
processed independently. In contrast, TCP uses a single stream of data and
requires each packet to be received and acknowledged in sequence. With
independent streams, applications can send and receive data and manage resources
like network bandwidth more efficiently.
Consistent security
Another important feature of QUIC is that it provides end-to-end security. All
data sent over QUIC is encrypted by default, and there is no option for clear
text communication. This helps to protect against eavesdropping and other forms
of attacks. QUIC uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to establish
and maintain secure connections and end-to-end encryption.
Low latency
The protocol is designed to reduce handshake latency for data to be sent and
received between endpoints, which can be especially important in high-latency
networks such as mobile networks. QUIC accomplishes this by minimizing the
number of round trips required to establish a connection, and by allowing data
to be sent in smaller packets. Existing Internet protocols often have a problem
with latency, sometimes up to 300 or 400 milliseconds for round-trip time
between the US and Europe.
Reliability
QUIC provides reliable transmission capabilities based on UDP, and like TCP, it
is a connection-oriented transport protocol. The QUIC protocol has packet loss
recovery and retransmission capabilities during data transmission, which can
ensure data integrity and accuracy. In addition, QUIC can ensure the order of
data packets arriving, avoiding data errors caused by disorder.
Avoiding HOL Blocking
QUIC addresses the issue of head-of-line blocking by allowing for multiple data
streams. This enables messages from different applications to be delivered
independently, avoiding the potential delay of messages waiting for a blocked
application to be processed.
WHAT ARE THE 5 COMMON USE CASES OF THE QUIC PROTOCOL?
As HTTP/3 and QUIC gain more popularity and are increasingly adopted, a variety
of use cases are expected to emerge. These use cases encompass live and video
streaming, video on demand, downloads, and web acceleration. Among the most
encouraging application scenarios for these technologies are:
1. Real-time web and mobile applications: These applications, such as Web and
mobile applications with voice and video communication, require low latency
and reliable data transmission. QUIC's use of independent streams and
congestion control mechanisms make it a good choice for these applications,
as it enables data to be sent and received quickly and efficiently. In the
multi-stream mode of the QUIC protocol, data transmission between different
streams within the same connection is not affected.
2. Communication with IoT devices: IoT devices often use protocols such as TCP
and MQTT for communication. However, these protocols can be prone to issues
such as high latency and packet loss, especially in constrained
environments. QUIC can provide a more reliable and efficient alternative, as
it is designed to work well in high-latency and lossy networks. Its
near-zero Round Trip Time (RTT) is important for improving network
performance and ensuring a positive user experience.
3. Internet of Vehicles and connected cars: QUIC can greatly benefit the
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) ecosystem. These systems rely on real-time data
exchange to provide services like traffic management, vehicle tracking, and
safety features. QUIC's low latency, multiplexing capabilities, and
resilience to packet loss and packet reordering can ensure reliable and
efficient communication between vehicles and infrastructure components.
Additionally, QUIC's use of TLS encryption provides improved security for
sensitive vehicular data.
4. Cloud computing: This involves the delivery of computing resources over the
Internet. With QUIC, cloud applications can benefit from low latency and
end-to-end encryption, which can improve the user experience and security.
5. Payments and eCommerce applications: These apps require secure and reliable
data transmission. QUIC's use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption
and reliable HTTP3 streams make it a good choice for these applications, as
it helps to ensure data is transmitted securely and without an interception.
From the end-user perspective, the QUIC protocol also improves the user
experience by ensuring faster, seamless transactions.
WHAT IS MQTT AND WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF RUNNING IT OVER QUIC?
MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol specifically designed for situations
where low bandwidth, high latency, or unreliable networks are common. It
operates at the application layer and is primarily used for machine-to-machine
(M2M) communications and Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. MQTT uses a
publish-subscribe model, which allows devices to send messages (publish) to a
central broker, and other devices to receive those messages (subscribe) based on
specified topics.
While QUIC is focused on improving the performance and security of web-based
applications, MQTT is tailored towards providing a lightweight and efficient
messaging solution for resource-constrained environments. Running MQTT over QUIC
could significantly improve performance and reduce latency, and provide improved
performance without the need for the additional overhead of Transport Layer
Security (TLS). As the QUIC stack implementations are mostly done in userspace,
data transmission of QUIC can be customized to adapt to various network
environments based on the specific requirements of the application layer.
MQTT OVER QUIC VS. MQTT OVER TCP/TLS
MQTT over TCP/TLS refers to the use of the MQTT protocol over the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) as the transport layer. TCP is a reliable,
connection-oriented protocol that ensures the proper delivery of data packets
between devices. TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol that
provides secure communication over a network by encrypting the data transmitted
between two endpoints. TLS is typically implemented as a layer on top of TCP,
which means it uses TCP to establish and maintain a connection between two
endpoints before encrypting the data transmitted over that connection.
MQTT over QUIC provides significant advantages compared to MQTT over TCP/TLS:
Connection establishment:
* MQTT over TCP/TLS: MQTT over TCP/TLS applies TLS1.2 spec, which need two
handshakes, one handshake is on the TCP layer and another on the TLS layer to
complete. That means it requires two to three round trips before the
application layer could start to exchange the data.
* MQTT over QUIC: MQTT over QUIC applies TLS1.3 spec, which enables faster
connection establishment using a zero or one round-trip time (0-RTT or 1-RTT)
handshake, reducing latency during connection setup.
Latency and performance:
* MQTT over TCP/TLS: Provides reliable data transfer, but TCP's head-of-line
blocking and congestion control mechanisms can lead to increased latency and
reduced performance, especially over unreliable networks.
* MQTT over QUIC: Combines the reliability of TCP with the low-latency
characteristics of UDP. QUIC's stream multiplexing feature helps minimize
head-of-line blocking issues, leading to improved performance over lossy or
high-latency networks.
Security:
* MQTT over TCP/TLS: To secure MQTT communication, it is often combined with
TLS, which adds encryption and authentication. However, this requires
additional overhead during connection setup and data transmission.
* MQTT over QUIC: QUIC has built-in encryption using TLS1.3, providing secure
communication without the need for additional setup steps or overhead.
Connection migration for moving clients:
* MQTT over TCP/TLS: If an MQTT client or server changes its IP address or
network, the existing TCP connection must be disconnected and reestablished,
causing a disruption in communication.
* MQTT over QUIC: Supports connection migration, allowing clients or servers to
change IP addresses or networks without disrupting the ongoing communication.
Adoption and support:
* MQTT over TCP/TLS: Widely adopted and supported by various MQTT brokers,
clients, and libraries across different platforms and programming languages.
* MQTT over QUIC: As of now, MQTT over QUIC is not as widely supported or
adopted, as QUIC is still an emerging protocol.
Learn more in our detailed guide to QUIC vs TCP (coming soon)
MQTT OVER QUIC USE CASES IN IOV
MQTT over QUIC can be beneficial in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) use cases,
where low-latency, reliable, and secure communication is essential for various
applications. As QUIC combines the best features of TCP and UDP while offering
built-in encryption, it can improve the performance and security of MQTT-based
IoV applications.
Some use cases for MQTT over QUIC in the Internet of Vehicles include:
* Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication: QUIC's low-latency and
reliable data transmission can enhance the efficiency of communication
between vehicles and infrastructure components, such as traffic signals, toll
systems, or smart parking systems.
* Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication: Fast and secure data exchange is
crucial for applications like collision avoidance, cooperative adaptive
cruise control, and platooning. MQTT over QUIC can provide the necessary
speed and security for these applications.
* Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication: Combining vehicles,
infrastructure, and other road users, V2X communication aims to increase road
safety and traffic efficiency. MQTT over QUIC can provide reliable
communication with reduced latency, ensuring timely exchange of critical
information.
* In-vehicle infotainment and telematics: MQTT over QUIC can improve the
performance of infotainment systems, allowing for faster media streaming,
navigation updates, and real-time traffic information, while ensuring secure
communication.
* Fleet management and tracking: Real-time tracking and management of fleets
require efficient communication between vehicles and management systems. MQTT
over QUIC can provide reliable and secure communication, enabling real-time
updates on vehicle location, diagnostics, and driver behavior.
* Over-the-Air (OTA) updates: Secure and reliable OTA updates are essential for
updating vehicle firmware and software. MQTT over QUIC can provide the
necessary security and reliability for delivering these updates without
disrupting vehicle operation.
* Emergency response: In emergency situations, reliable and fast communication
is critical. MQTT over QUIC can ensure timely and secure exchange of
information between emergency vehicles, response teams, and control centers.
EMQX: LEADING THE WAY AS THE FIRST MQTT BROKER TO IMPLEMENT MQTT OVER QUIC
EMQX is a world leading open-source MQTT broker with a high-performance
real-time message processing engine, powering event streaming for IoT devices at
massive scale. Starting from version 5.0, EMQX became the first MQTT broker to
support MQTT over QUIC, providing a more efficient and secure way of
transmitting MQTT messages over modern complex networks, and improving MQTT's
performance in certain scenarios.
The current implementation of EMQX support replaces the transport layer with a
QUIC stream where the client initiates the connection and creates a
bidirectional stream. EMQX supports two operating modes:
* Single Stream Mode is a basic mode that encapsulates MQTT packets in a single
bidirectional QUIC stream. It provides a fast handshake, ordered data
delivery, connection resumption and 0-RTT, client address migration, and
enhanced loss detection and recovery. This mode enables faster and more
efficient communication between the client and the broker while maintaining
order, resuming connections quickly, and allowing clients to migrate their
local addresses without major disturbances.
* Multi-Stream Mode leverages the stream multiplexing feature of QUIC, allowing
MQTT packets to be transported over multiple streams. This enables a single
MQTT connection to carry multiple topic data and provides several
improvements, such as decoupling connection control and MQTT data exchange,
avoiding head of line blocking, splitting uplink and downlink data,
prioritizing different data, improving parallelism, enhancing robustness,
allowing flow control data streams, and reducing subscription latency.
Using the NanoSDK client to connect with MQTT over QUIC
NanoSDK is the first SDK for MQTT over QUIC based on C, and it's fully
compatible with EMQX 5.0. The key features of the NanoSDK include: the
asynchronous I/O, the mapping of the MQTT connection to a QUIC stream, the 0-RTT
handshake with low latency, and the parallel processing of multiple cores.
EMQX also provides client SDKs to support MQTT over QUIC in multiple programming
languages:
* NanoSDK-Python: The Python binding of NanoSDK.
* NanoSDK-Java: The Java JNA binding of NanoSDK.
* emqtt - Erlang MQTT Client: A MQTT client library, developed in Erlang,
supporting QUIC.
Next steps:
* Learn more about the EMQX solution for MQTT over QUIC
* Read our detailed blog post to get started with MQTT over QUIC
JOIN OUR WEBINAR ON MQTT & QUIC: A NEW STANDARD FOR CONNECTED VEHICLES
Connected cars are revolutionizing the automotive industry by providing drivers
with advanced features and functions that were not possible before. However,
these vehicles face the challenge of transmitting crucial vehicle data in
complex network environments. To address this issue, this upcoming webinar
presents a cutting-edge solution: MQTT messaging over the QUIC transport
protocol and how the combination of these two can improve connectivity and
communication for connected vehicles.
Don’t miss our upcoming webinar on June 21st, where you can gain valuable
insights into how MQTT and QUIC are helping build the next generation of
connected vehicles.
Register now to secure your spot!
Try EMQX Enterprise for Free
Connect any device, at any scale, anywhere.
Get Started →
MQTT over QUIC IoV
Edit Feedback
13 Ratings
4.7/5 Average
FAN WANG
EMQ technical sales and solution director.
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