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GOLD

 * Chemistry

 * Gold


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ABOUT GOLD



Chemistry is often referred to as one central science because it combines
together physics, mathematics, biology, and medical line, and the earth and
environmental sciences revolving around us. Knowledge of the nature of chemicals
and chemical processes that stands as the major reason for us to live on this
earth, therefore, provides insights into a variety of physical and biological
phenomena and makes lives easier. 

First, try to read, learn and understand the underlying basic concept of the
chemistry syllabus and then write down good notes with equations and important
concepts which will help you revise them before exams. Break down complex tasks
into smaller ones and try to research the in-depth reason for any chemical
process involved. Spend a good amount of your time in the chemistry labs for you
to learn the concepts with the proof before your eyes. This will make you
remember the concepts as a visual effect during your exams. 

Chemistry is a branch of science that is concerned with any smaller or unique
substances of which a particular matter is composed and deals in-depth with the
investigation and study of their properties and every reaction, and the use of
such reactions to form new substances.

One can find traces of chemistry in daily life. The food we eat gives us some
form of chemical reactions with the acid that is naturally produced in our
stomach that helps in our digestion. The air we breathe has chemical components
involved to change and breathe only oxygen for life. The cleaning chemicals used
in homes or any places have some percentage of chemicals in them. Our emotions
are connected with chemistry as well, oxytocin produced when we are with our
loved ones is a form of a chemical reaction and literally every object we can
see or touch. Some common chemistry may be obvious, but others might surprise us
in unexpected forms. Our body is also made up of many unique chemical compounds,
which are combinations of various elements.





OCCURRENCE

When gold is obtained in its pure form, it is seen as a bright, slightly reddish
yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.





CHEMICAL SYMBOL AND ISOTOPES

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au derived basically from the Latin
term aurum and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number
elements that occur naturally.





PROPERTIES AND USES

Gold is one of the densest metals found of all other elements. It is a good
conductor of heat and electricity. It is also soft and the most malleable and
ductile of all the other elements and hence an ounce (28 grams) can be beaten
out to 187 square feet (about 17 square meters) in extremely thin sheets called
gold leaf.





MORE ABOUT GOLD

Gold is a precious metallic element with atomic number 79 and is a part of the
periodic table. Gold falls under the sixth period and group eleven in the
periodic table. Gold is a transition metal. The IUPAC defines a transition metal
as an element that has a partly filled subshell, or an atom that may give rise
to cations despite having an incomplete subshell. 





OCCURRENCE

Gold is a naturally occurring element. It is widespread in all igneous rocks, at
low concentrations. It is estimated that its abundance in Earth's crust is about
0.005 part per million. It occurs mainly in the natural state. It is usually
chemically pure, except with tellurium, selenium, and bismuth. The only isotope
that occurs naturally for this element is Au-197.

Gold also appears in association with deposits of copper and lead, and while the
quantity present is sometimes exceedingly small, it is readily extracted as a
by-product in the processing of these base metals. It is highly unusual to see
large masses of gold-bearing rock rich enough to be called ores.

Two types of deposits contain a substantial amount of gold. First, the
hydrothermal veins, where gold is associated with quartz and pyrite (fool's
gold) and second, the deposits, which are mainly derived from the weathering of
gold-bearing rocks 





CHEMICAL SYMBOL OF GOLD

The chemical symbol of gold is Au. This symbol is taken from the first two
letters of the Latin name of gold: Aurum. 





GOLD ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number basically determines the number of protons in the particular
element. An element is identified by the number of protons, which is given by
the atomic number. 

The atomic number of the element Gold is 79. 





GOLD ELECTRON CONFIGURATION




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An atom has various shells on which electrons revolve around the nucleus. The
number of electrons present in each of the shells is known as the electronic
configuration of an element.

The electronic configuration of Gold is Xe 4f145d106s1.  In a simpler form, the
electrons per shell of the Gold atom can be written as 2,8,18,32,18,1. Gold can
have a valency between (-1) and +5, the most common being +1 and +3.





ATOMIC MASS OF GOLD

The atomic mass of an element refers to the mass of one atom of that element,
which is measured in atomic mass units (u), where one atomic mass unit is
equivalent to 1/12 the mass of carbon-12 isotope. When calculating the atomic
mass of a particular element, we add up the mass of the protons and neutrons,
because the mass of the electrons is negligible compared to their mass. 

The average atomic mass for Einsteinium is 196.97. It varies depending on the
isotope.  





ISOTOPES OF GOLD

Isotopes are forms of an element with the same atomic numbers but different mass
numbers, i.e. a different number of neutrons. Gold (Au79) has a single stable
isotope, Au-197, and 36 radioisotopes, with Au-195 being the most stable with a
half-life of 186 days. Gold is now known to be the heaviest mono-isotopic metal
element. 

 


PROPERTIES OF GOLD

Group

11

Melting point

1064.18°C, 1947.52°F, 1337.33 K

Period

6

Boiling point

2836°C, 5137°F, 3109 K

Block

d

Density

19.3 g/cm3)

Atomic number

79

Relative atomic mass

196.967

State at 20°C

Solid

Key isotopes

Au-197

Electron configuration

Xe

4f145d106s1

CAS number

7440-57-5






PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD

 * Gold is an amazing thermal and electrical conductor. 

 * The element is highly resistant to corrosion and is exceptionally durable. It
   is not harmed by air and most of the reagents

 * Gold is lustrous. It is also malleable and ductile. 

 * Gold in its purest form is extremely soft. In order to bestow strength to it,
   it is alloyed with another metal.

 * Gold appears in a slightly reddish yellow colour when available in bulk. But
   when finely separated, it becomes black, violet, or ruby.





CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD

 * The most common gold compounds are chloro-auric acid and auric chloride.

 * Gold is insoluble in most acids but can be dissolved in Aqua Regia (Royal
   Water). Aqua Regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, in
   which gold forms a tetrachlorocuprate anion. It also dissolves in alkaline
   solutions cyanide. 

 * Gold is one of the least reactive metals, according to the reactivity series
   of metals. It comes just before platinum, the most non-reactive metal.  





USES OF GOLD



 * Gold is mainly used for the manufacture of jewelry, glass, and various parts
   in electronics. Around 75% of the world's jewelry is made using gold. 

 * Gold may be rendered into a thread and used for embroidery. 

 * A thin film of this metal is placed on the windows of a large building to
   simulate the heat of the light. 

 * Gold is also used in medicinal products. Its radioactive isotope Au-198 is
   used to treat tumors in the body.

 * A thin layer of gold is applied to astronaut helmets to protect them from UV
   radiation.

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FAQS ON GOLD

1. Why is Gold Used to Make Jewellery and for Embroidery?



Gold is a lustrous metal and has a bright sheen. It is malleable, pliable, and
ductile, which allows jewellery designers to mould it into intricate designs. It
looks beautiful when worn and has traditionally been used as an adornment. Since
gold is highly ductile, it can be made into a fine thread which can then be used
for decorative embroidery.



2. Does Gold Have Any Applications in the Space Exploration Sector?



Gold does play a pivotal role in the space industry as a thin coating of gold is
done on the helmets of the astronauts to protect them from radiation during
their time in space. 



3. What are the major uses of gold?



There are many important uses of Gold since it is considered one of the most
used and high-value metals among people in today's world. 










 * It is used as Jewelry where about 78% of gold consumed each year is made into
   jewellery to wear on any occasion which shows the status of people.

 * Also used in Finances and Investing options because gold is so rare and
   highly valued, this precious metal makes a natural currency and has for at
   least 6,000 years. 

 * It serves as the best Conductor in electronics and computers as it is
   considered a highly efficient conductor that is able to carry tiny electrical
   charges, and because of this property, a small amount is found in almost all
   electronic devices.

 * And also used in Dentistry, Medicine, and the aerospace field. It is also
   used to make medals and awards to denote higher-order in any competition.



4. What is most gold used for?



Today, most of the gold that is newly mined or recycled is used in the
manufacture of jewelry. About 78% of the gold consumed each year is used in the
manufacture of jewelry. Special properties of gold make it perfect for
manufacturing jewelry. This is nowadays considered as the most prestigious
status position of every household.



5. What is gold ingot used for in the new world?



Gold Ingot is simply a large amount of gold found as gold biscuits or chunks of
gold. These items were used to craft different types of weapons, armor, and
furniture. Performing and encouraging these craft experts raises your
Weaponsmithing, Engineering, Armoring, or Furnishing trade skill depending on
the crafted item.



6. What are some interesting facts about gold metal?



Gold is extremely soft, dense, ductile, highly flexible to mold them into
anything, and considered as the high conductor of electricity. The first Gold
coins appeared around 700 BC in the time of history. On the periodic table of
elements, Gold's symbol is denoted as AU. Gold's atomic number is 79, and its
atomic mass is 196.96655 amu. The melting point of Gold is 1,064.43°C
(1,947.97°F).



7. Can gold metal rust over time?



In its pure form, gold does not rust or tarnish as it does not combine with
oxygen that easily like other metals. This is why pure gold stays as shiny as it
actually looks. When it comes to gold jewelry, it is very rare to find pure gold
jewelry pieces but still, jewelry doesn't rust if maintained properly and given
good care.





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