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STUDY: ACA MEDICAID EXPANSIONS INCREASED COVERAGE FOR CHILDBEARING AGE AMERICAN
INDIAN, ALASKA NATIVE WOMEN

March 9, 2024
Brooke McCormick
News
Article
The Insider's Guide to Health & Drug Benefits®The Insider's Guide to Health &
Drug Benefits® - March 2024




The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansions increased health care coverage
for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women of childbearing age but had
limited effects on prenatal care, birth outcomes, and health care supply.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansions increased coverage for
American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women of childbearing age, according to a
study published in Health Affairs.



Compared to national averages, the researchers explained that AI/AN women face
elevated rates of uninsurance, poverty, poor birth outcomes, and chronic
diseases, particularly hypertension and diabetes. Enacted in 41 states from 2014
through 2023, the US government attempted to increase health coverage for women
with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level, regardless of pregnancy,
through the ACA Medicaid expansions.



Despite its potential benefits, barriers like health care professional
shortages, underfunding of the Indian Health Service (IHS), and discrimination
in health care settings impacted the effectiveness of the expansions on AI/AN
women of childbearing age. Although they increased insurance coverage among
low-income patients, most studies found that the Medicaid expansions did not
improve early prenatal care, preconception health conditions, or birth outcomes.



To build on these findings, the researchers created a difference-in-differences
study design to compare health care usage and health outcomes among AI/AN women
between the ages of 19 and 45 before and after Medicaid expansions; they paid
special attention to where they live, comparing the impact of Medicaid
expansions on women living in areas with relatively high percentages of
reservation land and on women living in metro areas.



The researchers used data from the 2010 to 2019 sample of the American Community
Survey to study insurance, data from the 2010 to 2019 Natality All-Counties
Files to study maternal and infant health, and county-level data from the 2010
to 2019 Area Health Resources Files to describe health care supply.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansions had limited effects on
prenatal care, birth outcomes, and health care supply. | Image Credit: rufous -
stock.adobe.com



Through the American Community Survey sample, the researchers determined that,
before Medicaid expansions, AI/AN women had an uninsured rate of 24.5%, 26.6%
reported only having Medicaid, 10.4% reported only using the IHS, and 7%
reported having Medicaid in combination with the IHS. On the other hand, within
the Natality sample, 64.1% of AI/AN mothers reported having prenatal care in the
first trimester, 6.2% of births weighed less than 2500 grams, and 3.5% were
diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes before pregnancy.



After Medicare expansions, the researchers found the proportion of AI/AN women
reporting health care coverage from both Medicaid and the IHS increased, with a
larger impact on those living in areas with relatively high percentages of
reservation land. More specifically, they associated the expansions with a 7.9%
increase in Medicaid coverage, a 3.9% reduction in uninsurance, and a 3.8%
decline in coverage by private insurance only.



Additionally, the Medicaid expansions did not impact first-trimester prenatal
care usage or birthweight among AI/AN women. Conversely, they found diagnoses of
prepregnancy diabetes or hypertension increased by 0.58% after the expansions,
particularly in women living in areas with more reservation land.



Lastly, in terms of health care supply, the researchers reported the density of
physicians, especially specialty physicians, to be strikingly lower in AI/AN
counties before Medicaid expansions. Provider density did not change after the
expansions, with both AI/AN counties and comparison counties in non-expansion
states having lower densities of physicians in comparison to those in expansion
states.



The researchers acknowledged their study’s limitations, one being that their
data had limited sample sizes in select state-year cells due to the small AI/AN
populations in some states. Also, the available data did not provide direct
measures of women's connections to tribal communities or usage of tribal or IHS
services. Despite these limitations, the researchers highlighted areas of future
improvement to benefit AI/AN women based on their findings.



“Although state Medicaid expansions had positive effects on AI/AN women’s
insurance coverage, policy makers seeking to improve AI/AN health should take a
more comprehensive approach to improving social and environmental determinants
of health and building on cultural and local resources,” the authors concluded.



Reference

Strully KW, Chatterji P, Liu H, Han S, Schell L. Effects of Medicaid expansions
on coverage, prenatal care, and health among American Indian/Alaska Native
women. Health Affairs. 2024;43(3):344-353. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00672

Download Issue PDF
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