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RADIOACTIVE DOGS? WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM CHERNOBYL'S STRAYS

They’ve lived and bred inside the Exclusion Zone for generations—and scientists
believe their DNA may transform our knowledge about the effects of radiation.

On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded causing the
world’s worst radioactive accident. In 2017, photographer Mike Hettwer went to
the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone with the animal welfare group Clean Futures Fund to
spay and neuter stray d...Show moreShow more
BySharon Guynup
Photographs ByMike Hettwer
Published April 26, 2023
• 11 min read
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When Timothy Mousseau arrived at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 2017, one
of the world’s most radioactive places, the population of stray dogs in the area
had grown to about 750.

The dogs were assumed to be descendants of those abandoned after the devastating
April 26, 1986, explosions and fire at the plant, the worst accident in the
history of nuclear energy. Within 36 hours, Soviet authorities evacuated 350,000
residents of Pripyat, just two miles away, some with only the clothes on their
backs. People were forced to leave their beloved pets behind and many never
returned to the 1,000-square-mile Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.

A tourist dons a gas mask to snap a selfie near the containment arch.
Radiation—revealed in this composite image by a unique gamma camera—still
emanates from contaminated materials, but visiting for brief periods is safe.
Tourists often fed the dogs before t...Read MoreRead More
Photograph by Mike Hettwer (With Willy Kaye, H3D)
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.


Mousseau, an evolutionary biologist at the University of South Carolina, was
partnering with a team from the U.S. nonprofit Clean Futures Fund (CFF) that
traveled to Ukraine to establish a spay/neuter and vaccination program to
control the population. Mousseau tag-teamed with a research component:
collecting blood and tissue samples for DNA analysis. He’d been conducting
wildlife studies in Chernobyl since 2000. But this project offered a living
laboratory to hunt for radiation-induced genetic mutations in a large number of
animals. He’s now joined four missions from 2017 to 2022, with plans to return
this year.

Elaine Ostrander, who runs the Dog Genome Project at the National Human Genome
Research Institute, came onboard to sequence the DNA samples. Their recent
publication in Science Advances characterizes the genetic structure of 302
free-roaming mixed-breed dogs and deciphered their pedigrees, identifying 15
different families, some large, some small.

Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Left: Dogs wait for scraps outside the workers' cafeteria. “Given these advances
in molecular genetics, we can recreate the actual pedigree for these animals. We
can tell who was mom, who was dad, who were cousins, who were aunt and uncle,
and because of that we can n...Read MoreRead More
Right: The dogs became very fond of a Chernobyl worker who fed them every
morning. The food and care from Chernobyl workers helped the dogs survive in an
extremely hostile environment.


These results provide preliminary, baseline data for a multi-year project that
will explore how chronic radiation exposure has impacted the dogs’ genetics.
Mousseau and Ostrander realized that the first step was understanding the
population: who was who and where the dogs lived, as radiation levels vary
widely. So Mousseau included the location of where each dog was captured when he
collected blood samples.

These Chernobyl dogs are valuable to science because they’ve lived and evolved
in isolation for 15 generations since the disaster. They die young, by three or
four years old; 10 to 12 is normal for 75-pound dogs. Since they don’t spend
much time in the gene pool, Ostrander hypothesizes that “whatever happened in
the genome that allowed these dogs to survive in this very hostile environment
are probably [mutations to] pretty big, important genes that do pretty important
things.”

By identifying families, they can look for differences between offspring and
parents. Mutations—or the potential for mutations—could be passed down from
ancestors who survived the blast back in 1986.

The research has the potential to transform knowledge about the effects of
radiation on mammals, including humans, the researchers say.

“Ultimately, we want to know what happened to the genomic DNA that allowed [the
dogs] to live and breed and survive in a radioactive environment,” Ostrander
says. 

Veterinarians used blow guns to sedate the dogs for capture. The neutering and
spaying, blood testing, radiation scanning, weighing, and all medicine care were
administered in a surgical area. The drug used to dart was harmless and the
effects wore off after several hours.
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DOGS ABANDONED IN A RADIATED LANDSCAPE

The Chernobyl disaster spewed 400 times more radioactive material into the
atmosphere than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Winds distributed it in a
patchwork of high and low radioactivity.

Now, 37 years after the accident, most of the radiation comes from long-lived
cesium and strontium, but other radionuclides, such as plutonium and uranium,
also are in the soil. Radioactive particles emit energy powerful enough to rip
electrons from molecules inside cells. This can sever chemical bonds in DNA,
which can cause mutations. Cells have mechanisms to repair damage, but mutations
can spark cancer, reduce life spans, and impair fertility.

Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Left: Once darted, the veterinarians had to track down the dogs quickly because
the sedative was fast-acting and the animals fell asleep within minutes.
Right: After the dogs were darted, they were gently placed in the back of a van
to transport to the makeshift surgical building for treatment.


The Nobel Prize-winning book Chernobyl Prayer reconstructed the terrifying early
days of the disaster through oral history, including the trauma people
experience when they had to abandon their pets. "Heartbroken families pinned
notes to their doors: Don’t kill our Zhulka. She’s a good dog." One person
remembered “dogs howling, trying to get on the buses. Mongrels, Alsatians. The
soldiers were pushing them out again, kicking them. They ran after the buses for
ages.”

Soon after, military squads arrived. They shot the dogs to limit the spread of
radioactive contamination and disease. Some eluded their executioners, surviving
in the woods around the plant and near Pripyat.

Fast forward: In 2010, construction began on a New Safe Confinement Structure
over the damaged reactor. Thousands of workers poured in. Around the same time,
Chernobyl became a “disaster tourism” destination. The dogs migrated to those
areas and people fed them. As their numbers grew rapidly, concern about rabies
escalated.

A veterinarian measures a sedated dog’s radiation levels using a scintillator
device. After decontamination the dogs were spayed or neutered, weighed, had
blood taken, and received any needed medical treatment. 
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.


The Clean Futures Fund, founded in 2016 to provide support and health care to
communities affected by disasters, realized that the dogs, too, needed help.
Once the Exclusion Zone Management Authority granted permission to provide the
dogs with veterinary care and population control, the CFF veterinary team set up
a makeshift hospital in one of the old buildings. Mousseau set up a lab and
joined the vets during procedures.


ON THE GROUND IN CHERNOBYL

Jennifer Betz, the veterinarian who now heads the program, outlined their
process. “We capture the dogs, spay/neuter them, vaccinate, microchip, tag them
... and Tim has been putting dosimeters in their ear tags. Then we release them
where they came from so they can live out their lives as happy and healthy as
they possibly can.” The team also provides needed medical care.

These dogs cannot be removed from the zone, she says, “because they can carry
significant amounts of radioactive contaminants, either in their fur or in their
bones.”

There was one exception. In 2018, 36 puppies whose mothers had died received
special permission from the Exclusion Zone Management Authority to be removed to
save them: They wouldn’t have survived. They were decontaminated and adopted by
families in the U.S. and Canada. They’d been exposed to radiation in utero and
for three-to-four weeks before they were rescued. The team will track these dogs
for the rest of their lives, watching for tumors, lymphoma, or other health
issues.

Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Left: After tests and surgery were completed, the dogs were moved to a recovery
room. When they woke and the anesthesia wore off, they were released back into
the Chernobyl area.
Right: The New Safe Confinement structure was rolled into place to enclose the
remains of the number 4 reactor unit. DNA analysis showed that dogs living
around the structure—which are exposed to the highest levels of radiation—are
genetically distinct from two other...Read MoreRead More


Researchers sometimes recover dosimeters worn for months or years, which reveal
total exposure. Dogs living around the reactor endure radiation that is
thousands—or tens of thousand times—higher than normal levels, says Erik
Kambarian, co-founder and chairman of the Clean Futures Fund.


IDENTIFYING THE CANINE SURVIVORS TO MAP GENETIC MUTATIONS

Ostrander’s analysis identified two distinct dog populations, with surprisingly
individual genetics and little gene flow between them. About half live in the
vicinity of the highly radioactive power plant, including three families living
within a spent nuclear fuel storage facility. The other group roams the less
contaminated Chernobyl City, nine miles away, where workers live; that human
population is far smaller since completion of the new containment structure. A
handful of samples came from dogs up to 28 miles away in Slavutych.

Ostrander not only sequenced the dog’s genomes, but she identified their breeds,
which allows her to compare these dogs’ genetics with those of similar ones that
live in other, non-irradiated areas. Both populations carried DNA from German
shepherds and other Eastern European shepherd breeds. The Chernobyl City dogs
seem to have bred with workers’ dogs, carrying boxer and Rottweiler genes.

It’s the first such study done on Chernobyl’s large mammals, notes Andrea
Bonisoli-Alquati, a biologist at California State Polytechnic University,
Pomona, who works in Chernobyl but was not involved in this study. He adds that
it’s providing important genetic tools and methods to study large
populations—and fundamental knowledge on how genetic mutations relate to
disease, particularly in vertebrates.

The next steps are to look at what parts of the genome have changed over the
past 37 years, Mousseau says. The team hopes to answer many questions. What must
happen for pups to be born alive and to be able to grow up? Do genes that have
changed coincide with what we know about radiation effects? he asks. Are there
changes to genes involved in DNA repair, metabolism, aging—or novel responses
that have allowed the dogs to survive? At what levels does significant harm kick
in?



The hope is that these dogs—and this research—will help us better understand the
risks associated with radiation exposure.

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