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HOCKEY

gale
views 2,378,221 updated May 18 2018

HOCKEY

HOCKEY in the United States originated during the summer of 1894. American and
Canadian college students participating in a tennis tournament in Niagara Falls,
Canada, learned that during the winter months they played different versions of
the same game. The Canadians played hockey, the Americans a game they called
"ice polo." Boasting of their prowess, the students challenged each other to a
competition. In a series of matches staged that next winter in Montreal, Ottawa,
Toronto, and Kingston, the Canadians won all the hockey games and managed to tie
two of the ice polo contests. Within a few years American colleges and amateur
clubs along the Eastern Seaboard had forsaken ice polo for hockey.

At approximately the same time, Minnesotans learned about hockey from their
neighbors in Manitoba; players from the upper peninsula of Michigan also
challenged Canadians in hockey games. The debut of the Western Pennsylvania and
Interscholastic Hockey leagues brought hockey also to Pittsburgh and its
environs. By the turn of the twentieth century, hockey had become popular in
three separate regions of the United States.

EARLY LEAGUES

In 1904, a northern Michigan dentist named J. L. Gibson found enough eager
investors from mining companies to form the first professional hockey league.
Although the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL) enjoyed some
success, it survived only three seasons, disappearing in 1907.

Two years later, in 1909, mining entrepreneur Michael John O'Brien and his son
Ambrose joined forces with P. J. Doran, owner of the Montreal Wanderers whose
team had been excluded from the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA), to organize
the National Hockey Association (NHA), the immediate predecessor of the National
Hockey League (NHL). When the NHA began play on 5 January 1910, it had five
teams based in three small Ontario towns, Colbalt, Haileybury, and Renfrew, and
two teams in Montreal, the Wanderers and an all French-Canadian squad known as
Les Canadiens.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

So popular did the NHA become that it competed effectively against the CHA. When
representatives of the rival leagues met to discuss a merger, NHA officials
agreed to take only two clubs from the CHA, the Ottawa Senators and the Montreal
Shamrocks, causing the collapse of the CHA. The now seven-team NHA became the
top professional hockey league in North America.

Because they could not afford to neglect the family business in British Columbia
to play hockey in eastern Canada, Frank and Lester Patrick left the NHA and
founded the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1911. The PCHA carried
out innovations in the rules and style of play that have been incorporated into
the modern game, such as tabulating assists (the NHA did the same in 1913),
permitting goaltenders to sprawl to make saves (the NHA required them to remain
standing), and adding blue lines to divide the ice into zones (the NHA left the
ice surface unmarked). PCHA rules also permitted the players to pass the puck
forward while in the neutral zone, whereas the NHA permitted only backward
passing and required skaters to carry the puck (that is, to push the puck along
the ice with their sticks) toward the opponent's goal. In 1913 the NHA and the
PCHA agreed to play an annual five-game series to determine the championship of
professional hockey and claim the coveted Stanley Cup, named for Lord Frederick
Arthur Stanley, the governor-general of Canada.

THE ADVENT OF THE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE

During the World War I the NHA teams lost players to military service,
attendance declined, and owners reduced salaries. With so many players in the
armed forces, the NHA board of directors voted to dismantle their partnership
and, in November 1917, reorganized as the National Hockey League. The National
Hockey League inaugurated play on 19 December 1917as a four-team circuit, with
the Canadiens and Wanderers based in Montreal, the Senators in Ottawa, and the
Arenas in Toronto. (Quebec had received the rights to a franchise, but the
owners did not put a team on the ice in 1917). After a fire on 2 January 1918
reduced the Westmount Arena to ashes and left the Wanderers homeless, the team
withdrew from the league, having played only four games.

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Survival of the fittest was the law for both franchises and players during the
early years of the National Hockey League. The teams struggled to fill their
arenas and to make profits. The players endured a vicious brand of hockey in
which fists and sticks took their toll. They also accepted extraordinarily low
salaries, even by the standards of the day. Harry Cameron, the highest paid
player on the Stanley Cup champion Toronto Arenas in 1918, earned a paltry $900
per year. The Montreal Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators dominated the NHL from
1917 until 1926. Between them, they represented the league in six of the first
nine Stanley Cup series played against teams from the Pacific Coast Hockey
Association or the Western Canada Hockey League.

GROWTH AND CONTRACTION

In 1924 the NHL expanded into the United States when the Boston Bruins entered
the league. Before the 1925–1926 season, the New York Americans and the
Pittsburgh Pirates came in, and Canadians feared that the Americans were about
to steal their national game.

Between 1926 and 1942 the NHL grew from a tiny circuit of Canadian teams into
the major North American professional hockey league. The growth of the NHL was
not lost on the owners of teams in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and the
Western Canada Hockey League. In 1926 the Patrick brothers concluded they could
no longer compete with the NHL and so dissolved their league, selling many of
the players' contracts to NHL teams.

With the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, teams from smaller markets, such
as the Ottawa Senators and the Pittsburgh Pirates, struggled to compete and
eventually suspended operations. In 1941, after moving to Brooklyn, the New York
Americans also withdrew from the NHL. The six surviving NHL teams were the
Boston Bruins, the Chicago Black Hawks, the Detroit Red Wings, the Montreal
Canadiens, the New York Rangers, and the Toronto Maple Leafs. Many regard the
twenty-five year period between 1942 and 1967 as the "Golden Age of Hockey." Yet
competition among the "Original Six" was uneven. The Bruins, Black Hawks, and
Rangers struggled; the Maple Leafs, Red Wings, and Canadiens dominated.

The stability that had characterized the National Hockey League between 1942 and
1967 gave way to the tumult of the years 1968 through 1979. The prospect of
substantial profits and the threat of a new professional hockey league combined
to induce NHL owners to add six new teams: the Los Angeles Kings, the Minnesota
North Stars, the Philadelphia Flyers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, the Oakland
Seals, and the St. Louis Blues. In 1970 the NHL expanded to fourteen teams,
adding the Buffalo Sabers and the Vancouver Canucks, and split into two
divisions, with the Original Six clubs playing in the East and the expansion
teams in the West. Predictably, the Original Six teams dominated the NHL
immediately after expansion. The Montreal Canadiens won Stanley Cups in 1971 and
1973, and then enjoyed a sting of four consecutive championships between
1975–1976 and 1978–1979.

THE WORLD HOCKEY ASSOCIATION, 1972–1979

The invention of Gary Davidson and Dennis Murphy, who had also organized the
American Basketball Association, the World Hockey Association (WHA) began play
in 1972 and for seven years competed with the NHL. With franchises in Chicago,
Cleveland, Edmonton, Houston, Los Angeles, Minnesota, New England (later
Hartford, Connecticut), New York, Ottawa, Philadelphia, Quebec, and Winnipeg,
the league gained immediate credibility when such established NHL stars as
Gordie Howe, Bobby Hull, Frank Mahovlich, and Jacques Plante signed with
association teams. Along with the NHL players who vaulted to the new league, the
WHA advertised a host of young talent, including Mike Gartner, Mark Howe, Mark
Messier, and Wayne Gretzky, each of whom later made his mark in the NHL.

The WHA operated on a slender budget before going out of existence in 1979, with
four franchises, the Edmonton Oilers, Quebec Nordiques, Hartford Whalers, and
Winnipeg Jets, joining the NHL. During its existence, however, the league
offered an exciting brand of hockey, only slightly inferior to the quality of
play in the NHL, and the inter-league competition for players succeeded in
raising the average salaries in both leagues. The principal response of the NHL
to the WHA was additional expansion, planting franchises in Atlanta (later
Calgary) and Long Island in 1972, and in Kansas City (later Colorado and New
Jersey) and Washington in 1974. Such preemptive strikes forestalled the
establishment of WHA teams in those markets.

THE EUROPEANS ARRIVE

The American Olympic hockey squad excited new interest in the sport with the
celebrated "Miracle on Ice" in 1980, while the New York Islanders and the
Edmonton Oilers ruled the NHL throughout the decade. More important, the
demographic composition of the NHL began to change. The percentage of Canadian
players declined from 82.1 percent in 1980 to 75.5 percent by 1989, while the
number of U.S. and European players rose.

The Russians arrived in force during the late 1980s and early 1990s, especially
after the disintegration of the Eastern Bloc in 1989 and the collapse of Soviet
Union in 1991. By 1998, 22.5 percent of NHL players came from outside Canada and
the United States. Swedes, Finns, Czechs, Slovaks, Latvians, Russians, and a
smattering of Germans composed the international roster of the NHL. The influx
of Americans, Europeans, and Russians resonated with fans. NHL attendance grew
throughout the decade. In 1979 average attendance was 12,747 per game. Ten years
later, it had climbed to 14,908.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Fundamental changes also took place off the ice during the 1980s and 1990s,
especially in the reorganization of the National Hockey League Players
Association (NHLPA). By the end of the 1980s, many players feared that Alan
Eagleson, the executive director of the NHLPA since its inception in 1967, had
grown too close to management to represent the players effectively. Eagleson
survived two attempts to oust him in 1989. Only after his resignation in 1991,
however, did players learn that he had embezzled from the pension fund and
committed fraud in the process of arranging international hockey tournaments.
Convicted of these charges in January 1998, Eagleson was fined and imprisoned,
becoming the first Honored Member to have his plaque removed from the Hockey
Hall of Fame.

On 1 January 1992, lawyer and agent Bob Goode-now assumed control of the NHLPA.
In April 1992, after only four months in office, Goodenow called the first
players' strike in league history. The strike cost NHL president John Ziegler
his job, and the NHL Board of Governors elected Gary Bettman, the former senior
vice president of the National Basketball Association, as the first
commissioner.

Even before Bettman assumed control of the NHL, team owners determined to
increase its exposure. That aspiration was, in part, the rationale for expanding
the league again during the 1990s. Two new franchises, the Tampa Bay Lightning
and a second version of the Ottawa Senators, began play in 1992, and the Board
of Governors also awarded franchises to Anaheim and Florida.

Despite its growing popularity, the NHL suffered through a series of crises
during the 1990s, including franchise relocations, the financial and legal
problems of various NHL owners, and a damaging lockout in 1994–1995 that
shortened the regular season to 48 games. The lockout temporarily halted the
momentum that Bettman had kindled, but during the late 1990s the league still
managed to expand into new markets and attract new fans. The Nashville Predators
began play in 1998; Atlanta also received an expansion franchise, the Thrashers,
in 1999. For the 2000–2001 season, Minneapolis-St. Paul, which had lost its team
when the North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993, got the Minnesota Wild, while the
Blue Jackets began play in Columbus, Ohio. Although continuing to prosper, at
the beginning of the twenty-first century, the NHL was threatened by the
financial instability of small-market Canadian teams, dramatically escalating
player salaries, and the prospect of another protracted labor dispute.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bernstein, Ross. Frozen Memories: Celebrating a Century of Minnesota Hockey.
Minneapolis: Nordin Press, 1999.

Diamond, Dan, et al. The NHL Official Guide and Record Book. New York: Total
Sports Publishing, 2000.

Diamond, Dan, et al., eds. Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the
National Hockey League, 2d ed. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrew McMeel, 2000.

Falla, Jack, et al. Quest for the Cup: A History of the Stanley Cup Finals,
1893–2001. Berkeley, Calif: Thunder Bay, 2001.

McFarlane, Brian. The History of Hockey. Champaign, Ill.: Sports Publishing,
1997.

McKinley, Michael. Etched in Ice: A Tribute to Hockey's Defining Moments.
Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone, 2002.

———. Putting a Roof on Winter: Hockey's Rise from Sport to Spectacle. Toronto:
Douglas and McIntyre, 2000.

Mark G.Malvasi

See alsoRecreation ; Sports .

Dictionary of American History Malvasi, Mark G.
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HOCKEY

gale
views 2,454,105 updated May 29 2018

Hockey

North American hockey is a fast and violent game, played on ice, which began in
Canada in the mid-nineteenth century. The six-member teams, wearing skates and
heavy pads, use sticks with which to propel a flat rubber disk known as the
puck. It is thought that hockey derives its name from the French word for a
shepherd's crook, in reference to the shape of the sticks with their curved
playing end. The origins of ice hockey are much debated, and have been sought in
several other sports such as hurly, shinty, bandy, field hockey (played with a
small, hard ball) or the Native American Mic Mac game; but there seems to be
general agreement that the earliest match that can be identified with any
certainty as hockey was played in 1855 on a frozen harbor by soldiers of the
Royal Canadian Regiment in Kingston, Ontario. It remained an outdoor game for
the next 20 years, played by nine-man teams, and—influenced by the rules of
rugby—no forward passing.

Students at Montreal's McGill University played the first indoor game in 1875,
and developed the first hockey league in 1877. In 1883, the McGill team won the
first game to be termed a "world championship" and, ten years later, teams were
competing for the Stanley Cup, donated by Canada's governor-general, Lord
Stanley, in a national championship. By then, the game had spread across the
border to Yale and Johns Hopkins universities in the United States, and to
Europe.

In the spirit of most sport during the Victorian era, when competing for
financial gain was considered ungentlemanly and socially unacceptable, hockey
flowered as an amateur game. This changed in the first decade of the twentieth
century, which saw the advent of professional hockey. The world's first
professional team, the Portage Lakers of Houghton, Michigan, was American,
albeit using imported Canadian players. It was organized in 1903 by J. L.
Gibson, a dentist, who, in 1904, established the first professional circuit, the
International Pro Hockey League. Other leagues soon sprang up in Canada: the
Ontario Professional League, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, and the
National Hockey Association. By this time most teams were using only seven
players a side, but the NHA, for reasons of economy, dropped yet another man
from the ice, and six a side eventually became the standard team composition.

The most innovative of the leagues was the PCHA formed by the wealthy Patrick
family. They led the way in building arenas for indoor hockey played on
artificial ice. They also pioneered rules that allowed the goalie to move about,
permitted forward passing, and credited with an "assist" those players setting
up a goal-scorer. The league expanded to the American northwest and in 1917 the
Seattle Metropolitans became the first U.S. team to win the Stanley Cup.

In 1917 the NHA gave way to the National Hockey League, which was to become the
dominant professional league in the world. The NHL had teams in Toronto,
Montreal, Hamilton and Ottawa, and after 1926, when it shrewdly bought out the
Pacific Coast League and acquired all its players for $250,000, it had no rival.
It began to admit American franchises, of which the first was the Boston Bruins
in 1924, followed by short-lived teams such as the Pittsburgh Pirates,
Philadelphia Quakers, St. Louis Eagles, and the New York (later Brooklyn)
Americans. American teams that endured included three that entered in 1926: the
New York Rangers, the Detroit Cougars (later the Falcons, later the Red Wings),
and the Chicago Blackhawks. Canadian franchises that flourished for a time, only
to disappear, included the Ottawa Senators (which had won four cups during the
1920s), Hamilton Tigers, Montreal Wanderers, Montreal Maroons, and Quebec
Bulldogs.

When World War II ended, only six teams remained in the NHL but many consider
the period between 1945 and 1967 to have been the golden age of hockey. It was
certainly the era of elegant skaters and scorers such as Maurice "Rocket"
Richard and Jean Beliveau of the Montreal Canadiens, Frank Mahovlich of the
Toronto Maple Leafs, and Andy Bathgate of the Rangers; and of powerful forwards
such as Johnny "The Beast" Bucyk of the Bruins, and Gordie Howe and "Terrible"
Ted Lindsay of the Red Wings. There has never been a trio of goaltenders to
match Chicago's Glen Hall, Montreal's Jacques Plante (inventor of the goalie
mask), and Detroit's Terry Sawchuk. Rock-hard defensemen like Doug Harvey and
Elmer "Moose" Vasko contended with players who had perfected the slap-shot which
could propel the puck over 100 mph—shooters such as "The Golden Jet" Bobby Hull
and Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion.

The expansion of the NHL to six more American cities in 1968 and the appearance
in 1971 of 12 more teams in the rival World Hockey Association diluted the
quality of the sport. Players of exceptional talent, however, such as the
magical Bobby Orr, could still shine. Orr revolutionized his position when he
became the first defenseman to win the scoring trophy. The bidding wars for
players that ensued during the 1970s drove up salaries and costs, thus causing
many franchises to go under during the decade, and the frenzy stopped only in
1979 when the WHA folded and its four remaining teams were accepted into the
NHL. One of the players who came in to the NHL from the WHA was Wayne Gretzky of
the Edmonton Oilers, who went on to set innumerable scoring records in the 1980s
and 1990s before retiring amid fanfare in 1999.

Up until the 1980s the overwhelming majority of professional players were
Canadian, but developments in world hockey soon began to change that. An amateur
team from the United States had caused an upset in the 1960 Winter Olympics when
they returned with the gold medal, but that victory did not have nearly the
impact of the 1980 "Miracle On Ice" when an under-dog American squad, amid Cold
War tensions, defeated the seemingly unstoppable Soviets to reach the Olympic
finals where they beat Finland for the gold. A number of players on this team
went on to the NHL and their example encouraged many more young Americans to
take up the game and do well at it. These new recruits to the big league were
joined by a flood of highly skilled players from newly democratized countries in
Eastern Europe seeking employment in North America.

There was plenty of work for the newcomers. The NHL was committed to a
relentless policy of expansion, targeted particularly in the American west and
sun belts, with the expectation that, by 2001, there would be 30 teams in the
league, 24 of them in the United States. The aim was to penetrate large media
markets that would provide the kind of giant television contracts that American
networks were handing to professional baseball, basketball, and football
leagues. The NHL had not yet hit television paydirt by 1999 (largely because
Americans still preferred watching televised bowling and stock car races to
seeing hockey on the small screen), while spiraling costs had caused the demise
of small-market clubs in Canada and stretched the resources of many franchises
in America.

As the millennium approached, the fate of hockey looked uncertain. College
hockey in the United States, and women's hockey throughout the world, seemed set
for more success; in Russia, however, once mighty teams were in a state of
poverty-stricken post-communist collapse. Canada seemed destined to breed great
players, while being unable to afford to watch them play in person. In the
United States, the question was whether the National Hockey League could afford
to continue relying largely on gate revenues, with so little financial
assistance from television. Faster than football, more violent than pro
wrestling, at once graceful and crude, hockey had yet to completely win over the
American sports fan.

—Gerry Bowler

FURTHER READING:

Coffey, Wayne R. 1980 U.S. Hockey Team. Woodbridge, Connecticut, Blackbirch
Press, 1993.

Dryden, Ken, and Roy MacGregor. Home Game. Toronto, McClelland and Stewart,
1991.

Farrington, S. Kip, Jr. Skates, Sticks, and Men: The Story of Amateur Hockey in
the United States. New York, McKay, 1971.

Hockey's Heritage. Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt, 1982.

Hubbard, Kevin, and Stan Fischler. Hockey America. Indianapolis, Masters Press,
1997.

McFarlane, Brian. One Hundred Years of Hockey. Toronto, Ontario, Deneau, 1989.

McKinley, Michael, Derik Murray, Ken Koo, and Ken Dryden. Hockey Hall of Fame
Legends: The Official Book. 1995.

Potvin, Denis, with Stan Fischler. Power on Ice. New York, Harper & Row, 1977.

Powers, John, and Arthur C. Kaminsky. One Goal: A Chronicle of the 1980 U.S.
Olympic Hockey Team. New York, Harper & Row, 1984.

Rockwell, Bart. World's Strangest Hockey Stories. Mahwah, New Jersey, Watermill
Press, 1993.

Wendel, Tim. Going for the Gold: How the U.S. Won at Lake Placid. Westport,
Connecticut, L. Hill, 1980.

Whitehead, Eric. The Patricks, Hockey's Royal Family. Garden City, New York,
Doubleday, 1980.

St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture
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HOCKEY

oxford
views 2,209,558 updated May 21 2018

hockey claims a very ancient pedigree since there are tomb-drawings and
classical reliefs showing men hitting a ball with curved sticks. Variations were
certainly played in the medieval period but, like most games, it was formalized
and regulated in the 19th cent. Blackheath had a hockey club before 1861 and
Teddington introduced the hard ball into the game in the 1870s. The National
Association was formed in 1886, mainly by London clubs, and the first women's
hockey club was founded at Wimbledon in 1889. Wales played Ireland in 1895 and
men's hockey entered the Olympics in 1908. The game was introduced into India by
British army officers and flourished exceedingly. The Federation of
International Hockey was established in 1924.

J. A. Cannon

The Oxford Companion to British History JOHN CANNON
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HOCKEY

oxford
views 3,389,987 updated Jun 27 2018

hock·ey / ˈhäkē/ • n. 1. short for ice hockey.2. short for field hockey.

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English
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HOCKEY

oxford
views 2,856,313 updated May 18 2018

hockey (field hockey) Game played by two teams of 11 players, in which a hooked
stick is used to strike a small, solid ball into the opponents' goal. The field
of play classically measures 91.47 × 54.9m (300 × 180ft), usually grassed. There
are two 35-minute halves. To score, a player must be within the semi-circle
marked out in front of the goal. Body contact is forbidden and a ball cannot be
hit above shoulder height. The modern game dates from the formation of the
English Hockey Association in 1875, and has been an Olympic sport since 1908.
Recent developments in the UK include the introduction of a national club league
system. See also ice hockey

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HOCKEY

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hockey XVI (?). of unkn. orig.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology T. F. HOAD
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