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Effective URL: https://www.mdpi.com/
Submission: On June 03 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://www.mdpi.com/
Submission: On June 03 via api from US — Scanned from DE
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<div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div>
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<select id="journal" tabindex="-1" name="journal" class="chosen-select" style="display: none;">
<option value="">All Journals</option>
<option value="acoustics"> Acoustics </option>
<option value="amh"> Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option>
<option value="actuators"> Actuators </option>
<option value="admsci"> Administrative Sciences </option>
<option value="adolescents"> Adolescents </option>
<option value="arm"> Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option>
<option value="aerobiology"> Aerobiology </option>
<option value="aerospace"> Aerospace </option>
<option value="agriculture"> Agriculture </option>
<option value="agriengineering"> AgriEngineering </option>
<option value="agrochemicals"> Agrochemicals </option>
<option value="agronomy"> Agronomy </option>
<option value="ai"> AI </option>
<option value="air"> Air </option>
<option value="algorithms"> Algorithms </option>
<option value="allergies"> Allergies </option>
<option value="alloys"> Alloys </option>
<option value="analytica"> Analytica </option>
<option value="analytics"> Analytics </option>
<option value="anatomia"> Anatomia </option>
<option value="anesthres"> Anesthesia Research </option>
<option value="animals"> Animals </option>
<option value="antibiotics"> Antibiotics </option>
<option value="antibodies"> Antibodies </option>
<option value="antioxidants"> Antioxidants </option>
<option value="applbiosci"> Applied Biosciences </option>
<option value="applmech"> Applied Mechanics </option>
<option value="applmicrobiol"> Applied Microbiology </option>
<option value="applnano"> Applied Nano </option>
<option value="applsci"> Applied Sciences </option>
<option value="asi"> Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option>
<option value="appliedchem"> AppliedChem </option>
<option value="appliedmath"> AppliedMath </option>
<option value="aquacj"> Aquaculture Journal </option>
<option value="architecture"> Architecture </option>
<option value="arthropoda"> Arthropoda </option>
<option value="arts"> Arts </option>
<option value="astronomy"> Astronomy </option>
<option value="atmosphere"> Atmosphere </option>
<option value="atoms"> Atoms </option>
<option value="audiolres"> Audiology Research </option>
<option value="automation"> Automation </option>
<option value="axioms"> Axioms </option>
<option value="bacteria"> Bacteria </option>
<option value="batteries"> Batteries </option>
<option value="behavsci"> Behavioral Sciences </option>
<option value="beverages"> Beverages </option>
<option value="BDCC"> Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option>
<option value="biochem"> BioChem </option>
<option value="bioengineering"> Bioengineering </option>
<option value="biologics"> Biologics </option>
<option value="biology"> Biology </option>
<option value="blsf"> Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="biomass"> Biomass </option>
<option value="biomechanics"> Biomechanics </option>
<option value="biomed"> BioMed </option>
<option value="biomedicines"> Biomedicines </option>
<option value="biomedinformatics"> BioMedInformatics </option>
<option value="biomimetics"> Biomimetics </option>
<option value="biomolecules"> Biomolecules </option>
<option value="biophysica"> Biophysica </option>
<option value="biosensors"> Biosensors </option>
<option value="biotech"> BioTech </option>
<option value="birds"> Birds </option>
<option value="blockchains"> Blockchains </option>
<option value="brainsci"> Brain Sciences </option>
<option value="buildings"> Buildings </option>
<option value="businesses"> Businesses </option>
<option value="carbon"> C </option>
<option value="cancers"> Cancers </option>
<option value="cardiogenetics"> Cardiogenetics </option>
<option value="catalysts"> Catalysts </option>
<option value="cells"> Cells </option>
<option value="ceramics"> Ceramics </option>
<option value="challenges"> Challenges </option>
<option value="ChemEngineering"> ChemEngineering </option>
<option value="chemistry"> Chemistry </option>
<option value="chemproc"> Chemistry Proceedings </option>
<option value="chemosensors"> Chemosensors </option>
<option value="children"> Children </option>
<option value="chips"> Chips </option>
<option value="civileng"> CivilEng </option>
<option value="cleantechnol"> Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option>
<option value="climate"> Climate </option>
<option value="ctn"> Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option>
<option value="clinpract"> Clinics and Practice </option>
<option value="clockssleep"> Clocks & Sleep </option>
<option value="coasts"> Coasts </option>
<option value="coatings"> Coatings </option>
<option value="colloids"> Colloids and Interfaces </option>
<option value="colorants"> Colorants </option>
<option value="commodities"> Commodities </option>
<option value="complications"> Complications </option>
<option value="compounds"> Compounds </option>
<option value="computation"> Computation </option>
<option value="csmf"> Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option>
<option value="computers"> Computers </option>
<option value="condensedmatter"> Condensed Matter </option>
<option value="conservation"> Conservation </option>
<option value="constrmater"> Construction Materials </option>
<option value="cmd"> Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option>
<option value="cosmetics"> Cosmetics </option>
<option value="covid"> COVID </option>
<option value="crops"> Crops </option>
<option value="cryptography"> Cryptography </option>
<option value="crystals"> Crystals </option>
<option value="cimb"> Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option>
<option value="curroncol"> Current Oncology </option>
<option value="dairy"> Dairy </option>
<option value="data"> Data </option>
<option value="dentistry"> Dentistry Journal </option>
<option value="dermato"> Dermato </option>
<option value="dermatopathology"> Dermatopathology </option>
<option value="designs"> Designs </option>
<option value="diabetology"> Diabetology </option>
<option value="diagnostics"> Diagnostics </option>
<option value="dietetics"> Dietetics </option>
<option value="digital"> Digital </option>
<option value="disabilities"> Disabilities </option>
<option value="diseases"> Diseases </option>
<option value="diversity"> Diversity </option>
<option value="dna"> DNA </option>
<option value="drones"> Drones </option>
<option value="ddc"> Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option>
<option value="dynamics"> Dynamics </option>
<option value="earth"> Earth </option>
<option value="ecologies"> Ecologies </option>
<option value="econometrics"> Econometrics </option>
<option value="economies"> Economies </option>
<option value="education"> Education Sciences </option>
<option value="electricity"> Electricity </option>
<option value="electrochem"> Electrochem </option>
<option value="electronicmat"> Electronic Materials </option>
<option value="electronics"> Electronics </option>
<option value="ecm"> Emergency Care and Medicine </option>
<option value="encyclopedia"> Encyclopedia </option>
<option value="endocrines"> Endocrines </option>
<option value="energies"> Energies </option>
<option value="eng"> Eng </option>
<option value="engproc"> Engineering Proceedings </option>
<option value="entropy"> Entropy </option>
<option value="environsciproc"> Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option>
<option value="environments"> Environments </option>
<option value="epidemiologia"> Epidemiologia </option>
<option value="epigenomes"> Epigenomes </option>
<option value="ebj"> European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option>
<option value="ejihpe"> European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option>
<option value="fermentation"> Fermentation </option>
<option value="fibers"> Fibers </option>
<option value="fintech"> FinTech </option>
<option value="fire"> Fire </option>
<option value="fishes"> Fishes </option>
<option value="fluids"> Fluids </option>
<option value="foods"> Foods </option>
<option value="forecasting"> Forecasting </option>
<option value="forensicsci"> Forensic Sciences </option>
<option value="forests"> Forests </option>
<option value="fossstud"> Fossil Studies </option>
<option value="foundations"> Foundations </option>
<option value="fractalfract"> Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option>
<option value="fuels"> Fuels </option>
<option value="future"> Future </option>
<option value="futureinternet"> Future Internet </option>
<option value="futurepharmacol"> Future Pharmacology </option>
<option value="futuretransp"> Future Transportation </option>
<option value="galaxies"> Galaxies </option>
<option value="games"> Games </option>
<option value="gases"> Gases </option>
<option value="gastroent"> Gastroenterology Insights </option>
<option value="gastrointestdisord"> Gastrointestinal Disorders </option>
<option value="gastronomy"> Gastronomy </option>
<option value="gels"> Gels </option>
<option value="genealogy"> Genealogy </option>
<option value="genes"> Genes </option>
<option value="geographies"> Geographies </option>
<option value="geohazards"> GeoHazards </option>
<option value="geomatics"> Geomatics </option>
<option value="geometry"> Geometry </option>
<option value="geosciences"> Geosciences </option>
<option value="geotechnics"> Geotechnics </option>
<option value="geriatrics"> Geriatrics </option>
<option value="glacies"> Glacies </option>
<option value="gucdd"> Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option>
<option value="grasses"> Grasses </option>
<option value="hardware"> Hardware </option>
<option value="healthcare"> Healthcare </option>
<option value="hearts"> Hearts </option>
<option value="hemato"> Hemato </option>
<option value="hematolrep"> Hematology Reports </option>
<option value="heritage"> Heritage </option>
<option value="histories"> Histories </option>
<option value="horticulturae"> Horticulturae </option>
<option value="hospitals"> Hospitals </option>
<option value="humanities"> Humanities </option>
<option value="humans"> Humans </option>
<option value="hydrobiology"> Hydrobiology </option>
<option value="hydrogen"> Hydrogen </option>
<option value="hydrology"> Hydrology </option>
<option value="hygiene"> Hygiene </option>
<option value="immuno"> Immuno </option>
<option value="idr"> Infectious Disease Reports </option>
<option value="informatics"> Informatics </option>
<option value="information"> Information </option>
<option value="infrastructures"> Infrastructures </option>
<option value="inorganics"> Inorganics </option>
<option value="insects"> Insects </option>
<option value="instruments"> Instruments </option>
<option value="ijerph"> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option>
<option value="ijfs"> International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option>
<option value="ijms"> International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option>
<option value="IJNS"> International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option>
<option value="ijpb"> International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option>
<option value="ijt"> International Journal of Topology </option>
<option value="ijtm"> International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option>
<option value="ijtpp"> International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option>
<option value="ime"> International Medical Education (IME) </option>
<option value="inventions"> Inventions </option>
<option value="IoT"> IoT </option>
<option value="ijgi"> ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option>
<option value="J"> J </option>
<option value="jal"> Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option>
<option value="jcdd"> Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option>
<option value="jcto"> Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option>
<option value="jcm"> Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option>
<option value="jcs"> Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option>
<option value="jcp"> Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option>
<option value="jdb"> Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option>
<option value="jeta"> Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option>
<option value="jfb"> Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option>
<option value="jfmk"> Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option>
<option value="jof"> Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option>
<option value="jimaging"> Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option>
<option value="jintelligence"> Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option>
<option value="jlpea"> Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option>
<option value="jmmp"> Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option>
<option value="jmse"> Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option>
<option value="jmahp"> Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option>
<option value="jmp"> Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option>
<option value="jnt"> Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option>
<option value="jne"> Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option>
<option value="ohbm"> Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option>
<option value="jpm"> Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option>
<option value="jpbi"> Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option>
<option value="jor"> Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option>
<option value="jrfm"> Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option>
<option value="jsan"> Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option>
<option value="jtaer"> Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option>
<option value="jvd"> Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option>
<option value="jox"> Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option>
<option value="jzbg"> Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option>
<option value="journalmedia"> Journalism and Media </option>
<option value="kidneydial"> Kidney and Dialysis </option>
<option value="kinasesphosphatases"> Kinases and Phosphatases </option>
<option value="knowledge"> Knowledge </option>
<option value="laboratories"> Laboratories </option>
<option value="land"> Land </option>
<option value="languages"> Languages </option>
<option value="laws"> Laws </option>
<option value="life"> Life </option>
<option value="limnolrev"> Limnological Review </option>
<option value="lipidology"> Lipidology </option>
<option value="liquids"> Liquids </option>
<option value="literature"> Literature </option>
<option value="livers"> Livers </option>
<option value="logics"> Logics </option>
<option value="logistics"> Logistics </option>
<option value="lubricants"> Lubricants </option>
<option value="lymphatics"> Lymphatics </option>
<option value="make"> Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option>
<option value="machines"> Machines </option>
<option value="macromol"> Macromol </option>
<option value="magnetism"> Magnetism </option>
<option value="magnetochemistry"> Magnetochemistry </option>
<option value="marinedrugs"> Marine Drugs </option>
<option value="materials"> Materials </option>
<option value="materproc"> Materials Proceedings </option>
<option value="mca"> Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option>
<option value="mathematics"> Mathematics </option>
<option value="medsci"> Medical Sciences </option>
<option value="msf"> Medical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="medicina"> Medicina </option>
<option value="medicines"> Medicines </option>
<option value="membranes"> Membranes </option>
<option value="merits"> Merits </option>
<option value="metabolites"> Metabolites </option>
<option value="metals"> Metals </option>
<option value="meteorology"> Meteorology </option>
<option value="methane"> Methane </option>
<option value="mps"> Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option>
<option value="metrology"> Metrology </option>
<option value="micro"> Micro </option>
<option value="microbiolres"> Microbiology Research </option>
<option value="micromachines"> Micromachines </option>
<option value="microorganisms"> Microorganisms </option>
<option value="microplastics"> Microplastics </option>
<option value="minerals"> Minerals </option>
<option value="mining"> Mining </option>
<option value="modelling"> Modelling </option>
<option value="molbank"> Molbank </option>
<option value="molecules"> Molecules </option>
<option value="mti"> Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option>
<option value="muscles"> Muscles </option>
<option value="nanoenergyadv"> Nanoenergy Advances </option>
<option value="nanomanufacturing"> Nanomanufacturing </option>
<option value="nanomaterials"> Nanomaterials </option>
<option value="ndt"> NDT </option>
<option value="network"> Network </option>
<option value="neuroglia"> Neuroglia </option>
<option value="neurolint"> Neurology International </option>
<option value="neurosci"> NeuroSci </option>
<option value="nitrogen"> Nitrogen </option>
<option value="ncrna"> Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option>
<option value="nursrep"> Nursing Reports </option>
<option value="nutraceuticals"> Nutraceuticals </option>
<option value="nutrients"> Nutrients </option>
<option value="obesities"> Obesities </option>
<option value="oceans"> Oceans </option>
<option value="onco"> Onco </option>
<option value="optics"> Optics </option>
<option value="oral"> Oral </option>
<option value="organics"> Organics </option>
<option value="organoids"> Organoids </option>
<option value="osteology"> Osteology </option>
<option value="oxygen"> Oxygen </option>
<option value="parasitologia"> Parasitologia </option>
<option value="particles"> Particles </option>
<option value="pathogens"> Pathogens </option>
<option value="pathophysiology"> Pathophysiology </option>
<option value="pediatrrep"> Pediatric Reports </option>
<option value="pets"> Pets </option>
<option value="pharmaceuticals"> Pharmaceuticals </option>
<option value="pharmaceutics"> Pharmaceutics </option>
<option value="pharmacoepidemiology"> Pharmacoepidemiology </option>
<option value="pharmacy"> Pharmacy </option>
<option value="philosophies"> Philosophies </option>
<option value="photochem"> Photochem </option>
<option value="photonics"> Photonics </option>
<option value="phycology"> Phycology </option>
<option value="physchem"> Physchem </option>
<option value="psf"> Physical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="physics"> Physics </option>
<option value="physiologia"> Physiologia </option>
<option value="plants"> Plants </option>
<option value="plasma"> Plasma </option>
<option value="platforms"> Platforms </option>
<option value="pollutants"> Pollutants </option>
<option value="polymers"> Polymers </option>
<option value="polysaccharides"> Polysaccharides </option>
<option value="poultry"> Poultry </option>
<option value="powders"> Powders </option>
<option value="proceedings"> Proceedings </option>
<option value="processes"> Processes </option>
<option value="prosthesis"> Prosthesis </option>
<option value="proteomes"> Proteomes </option>
<option value="psychiatryint"> Psychiatry International </option>
<option value="psychoactives"> Psychoactives </option>
<option value="psycholint"> Psychology International </option>
<option value="publications"> Publications </option>
<option value="qubs"> Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option>
<option value="quantumrep"> Quantum Reports </option>
<option value="quaternary"> Quaternary </option>
<option value="radiation"> Radiation </option>
<option value="reactions"> Reactions </option>
<option value="realestate"> Real Estate </option>
<option value="receptors"> Receptors </option>
<option value="recycling"> Recycling </option>
<option value="religions"> Religions </option>
<option value="remotesensing"> Remote Sensing </option>
<option value="reports"> Reports </option>
<option value="reprodmed"> Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option>
<option value="resources"> Resources </option>
<option value="rheumato"> Rheumato </option>
<option value="risks"> Risks </option>
<option value="robotics"> Robotics </option>
<option value="ruminants"> Ruminants </option>
<option value="safety"> Safety </option>
<option value="sci"> Sci </option>
<option value="scipharm"> Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option>
<option value="sclerosis"> Sclerosis </option>
<option value="seeds"> Seeds </option>
<option value="sensors"> Sensors </option>
<option value="separations"> Separations </option>
<option value="sexes"> Sexes </option>
<option value="signals"> Signals </option>
<option value="sinusitis"> Sinusitis </option>
<option value="smartcities"> Smart Cities </option>
<option value="socsci"> Social Sciences </option>
<option value="siuj"> Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option>
<option value="societies"> Societies </option>
<option value="software"> Software </option>
<option value="soilsystems"> Soil Systems </option>
<option value="solar"> Solar </option>
<option value="solids"> Solids </option>
<option value="spectroscj"> Spectroscopy Journal </option>
<option value="sports"> Sports </option>
<option value="standards"> Standards </option>
<option value="stats"> Stats </option>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-101" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="cmd" title="Corrosion and Materials Degradation" id="ms-opt-101">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-103" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="covid" title="COVID" id="ms-opt-103">COVID</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-104" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="crops" title="Crops" id="ms-opt-104">Crops</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-105" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="cryptography" title="Cryptography" id="ms-opt-105">Cryptography</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-106" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="crystals" title="Crystals" id="ms-opt-106">Crystals</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-107" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="cimb" title="Current Issues in Molecular Biology" id="ms-opt-107">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-108" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="curroncol" title="Current Oncology" id="ms-opt-108">Current Oncology</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-111" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="dentistry" title="Dentistry Journal" id="ms-opt-111">Dentistry Journal</label></li>
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Psychology and Education</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-168" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gases" title="Gases" id="ms-opt-168">Gases</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-169" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastroent" title="Gastroenterology Insights" id="ms-opt-169">Gastroenterology Insights</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-170" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastrointestdisord" title="Gastrointestinal Disorders" id="ms-opt-170">Gastrointestinal Disorders</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-171" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastronomy" title="Gastronomy" id="ms-opt-171">Gastronomy</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-172" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gels" title="Gels" id="ms-opt-172">Gels</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-173" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="genealogy" title="Genealogy" id="ms-opt-173">Genealogy</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-174" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="genes" title="Genes" id="ms-opt-174">Genes</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-175" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geographies" title="Geographies" id="ms-opt-175">Geographies</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-176" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geohazards" title="GeoHazards" id="ms-opt-176">GeoHazards</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-177" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geomatics" title="Geomatics" id="ms-opt-177">Geomatics</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-181" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geriatrics" title="Geriatrics" id="ms-opt-181">Geriatrics</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-182" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="glacies" title="Glacies" id="ms-opt-182">Glacies</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-185" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hardware" title="Hardware" id="ms-opt-185">Hardware</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-186" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="healthcare" title="Healthcare" id="ms-opt-186">Healthcare</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-187" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hearts" title="Hearts" id="ms-opt-187">Hearts</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-188" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hemato" title="Hemato" id="ms-opt-188">Hemato</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-189" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hematolrep" title="Hematology Reports" id="ms-opt-189">Hematology Reports</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-190" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="heritage" title="Heritage" id="ms-opt-190">Heritage</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-191" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="histories" title="Histories" id="ms-opt-191">Histories</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-192" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="horticulturae" title="Horticulturae" id="ms-opt-192">Horticulturae</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-194" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="humanities" title="Humanities" id="ms-opt-194">Humanities</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-195" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="humans" title="Humans" id="ms-opt-195">Humans</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-196" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology" id="ms-opt-196">Hydrobiology</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-198" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hydrology" title="Hydrology" id="ms-opt-198">Hydrology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-199" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hygiene" title="Hygiene" id="ms-opt-199">Hygiene</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-200" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="immuno" title="Immuno" id="ms-opt-200">Immuno</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-201" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="idr" title="Infectious Disease Reports" id="ms-opt-201">Infectious Disease Reports</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-202" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="informatics" title="Informatics" id="ms-opt-202">Informatics</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-204" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="infrastructures" title="Infrastructures" id="ms-opt-204">Infrastructures</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-205" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="inorganics" title="Inorganics" id="ms-opt-205">Inorganics</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-206" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="insects" title="Insects" id="ms-opt-206">Insects</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-207" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="instruments" title="Instruments" id="ms-opt-207">Instruments</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-208" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijerph" title="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health" id="ms-opt-208">International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-209" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijfs" title="International Journal of Financial Studies" id="ms-opt-209">International Journal of Financial Studies</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-210" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijms" title="International Journal of Molecular Sciences" id="ms-opt-210">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-214" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijtm" title="International Journal of Translational Medicine" id="ms-opt-214">International Journal of Translational Medicine</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-215" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijtpp" title="International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power" id="ms-opt-215">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion
and Power</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-216" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ime" title="International Medical Education" id="ms-opt-216">International Medical Education</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-217" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="inventions" title="Inventions" id="ms-opt-217">Inventions</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-218" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="IoT" title="IoT" id="ms-opt-218">IoT</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-219" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="ijgi" title="ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information" id="ms-opt-219">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-220" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="J" title="J" id="ms-opt-220">J</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-221" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jal" title="Journal of Ageing and Longevity" id="ms-opt-221">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-222" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jcdd" title="Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease" id="ms-opt-222">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-223" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jcto" title="Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology" id="ms-opt-223">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</label>
</li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-224" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jcm" title="Journal of Clinical Medicine" id="ms-opt-224">Journal of Clinical Medicine</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-226" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jcp" title="Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy" id="ms-opt-226">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-227" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jdb" title="Journal of Developmental Biology" id="ms-opt-227">Journal of Developmental Biology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-228" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jeta" title="Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses" id="ms-opt-228">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-229" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jfb" title="Journal of Functional Biomaterials" id="ms-opt-229">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-230" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jfmk" title="Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology" id="ms-opt-230">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-231" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jof" title="Journal of Fungi" id="ms-opt-231">Journal of Fungi</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-236" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jmse" title="Journal of Marine Science and Engineering" id="ms-opt-236">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</label></li>
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Medicine</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-354" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="proteomes" title="Proteomes" id="ms-opt-354">Proteomes</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-376" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="safety" title="Safety" id="ms-opt-376">Safety</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-377" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sci" title="Sci" id="ms-opt-377">Sci</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-378" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="scipharm" title="Scientia Pharmaceutica" id="ms-opt-378">Scientia Pharmaceutica</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-379" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sclerosis" title="Sclerosis" id="ms-opt-379">Sclerosis</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-380" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="seeds" title="Seeds" id="ms-opt-380">Seeds</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-381" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sensors" title="Sensors" id="ms-opt-381">Sensors</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-382" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="separations" title="Separations" id="ms-opt-382">Separations</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-383" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sexes" title="Sexes" id="ms-opt-383">Sexes</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-384" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="signals" title="Signals" id="ms-opt-384">Signals</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-385" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sinusitis" title="Sinusitis" id="ms-opt-385">Sinusitis</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-386" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="smartcities" title="Smart Cities" id="ms-opt-386">Smart Cities</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-387" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="socsci" title="Social Sciences" id="ms-opt-387">Social Sciences</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-388" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="siuj" title="Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal" id="ms-opt-388">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-389" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="societies" title="Societies" id="ms-opt-389">Societies</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-392" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="solar" title="Solar" id="ms-opt-392">Solar</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-393" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="solids" title="Solids" id="ms-opt-393">Solids</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-394" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="spectroscj" title="Spectroscopy Journal" id="ms-opt-394">Spectroscopy Journal</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-396" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="standards" title="Standards" id="ms-opt-396">Standards</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-398" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="stresses" title="Stresses" id="ms-opt-398">Stresses</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-399" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="surfaces" title="Surfaces" id="ms-opt-399">Surfaces</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-400" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="surgeries" title="Surgeries" id="ms-opt-400">Surgeries</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-403" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="suschem" title="Sustainable Chemistry" id="ms-opt-403">Sustainable Chemistry</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-413" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="therapeutics" title="Therapeutics" id="ms-opt-413">Therapeutics</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-414" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="thermo" title="Thermo" id="ms-opt-414">Thermo</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-415" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="timespace" title="Time and Space" id="ms-opt-415">Time and Space</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-417" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="tourismhosp" title="Tourism and Hospitality" id="ms-opt-417">Tourism and Hospitality</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-418" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="toxics" title="Toxics" id="ms-opt-418">Toxics</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-419" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="toxins" title="Toxins" id="ms-opt-419">Toxins</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-420" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="transplantology" title="Transplantology" id="ms-opt-420">Transplantology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-421" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="traumacare" title="Trauma Care" id="ms-opt-421">Trauma Care</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-422" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="higheredu" title="Trends in Higher Education" id="ms-opt-422">Trends in Higher Education</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-423" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="tropicalmed" title="Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease" id="ms-opt-423">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-424" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="universe" title="Universe" id="ms-opt-424">Universe</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-425" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="urbansci" title="Urban Science" id="ms-opt-425">Urban Science</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-426" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="uro" title="Uro" id="ms-opt-426">Uro</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-427" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="vaccines" title="Vaccines" id="ms-opt-427">Vaccines</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-428" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="vehicles" title="Vehicles" id="ms-opt-428">Vehicles</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-429" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="venereology" title="Venereology" id="ms-opt-429">Venereology</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-430" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="vetsci" title="Veterinary Sciences" id="ms-opt-430">Veterinary Sciences</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-431" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="vibration" title="Vibration" id="ms-opt-431">Vibration</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-432" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="virtualworlds" title="Virtual Worlds" id="ms-opt-432">Virtual Worlds</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-433" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="viruses" title="Viruses" id="ms-opt-433">Viruses</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-434" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="vision" title="Vision" id="ms-opt-434">Vision</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-435" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="waste" title="Waste" id="ms-opt-435">Waste</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-436" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="water" title="Water" id="ms-opt-436">Water</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-437" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="wind" title="Wind" id="ms-opt-437">Wind</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-438" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="women" title="Women" id="ms-opt-438">Women</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-439" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="world" title="World" id="ms-opt-439">World</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-440" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="wevj" title="World Electric Vehicle Journal" id="ms-opt-440">World Electric Vehicle Journal</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-441" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="youth" title="Youth" id="ms-opt-441">Youth</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-442" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="zoonoticdis" title="Zoonotic Diseases" id="ms-opt-442">Zoonotic Diseases</label></li>
</ul>
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VISITOR_INFO1_LIVETries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with
integrated YouTube videos.
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
YSCRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube
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Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
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videos from YouTube the user has seen.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEYStores the user's video player preferences
using embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
YtIdbMeta#databasesUsed to track user’s interaction with embedded content.
Expiry: PersistentType: IDB
yt-remote-cast-availableStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-cast-installedStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-connected-devicesStores the user's video player preferences
using embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-device-idStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-fast-check-periodStores the user's video player preferences
using embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-appStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-nameStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
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pagead/gen_204Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites,
in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the
website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same
advertisement.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
csiCollects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website -
This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to
the specific visitor.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
* pub.mdpi-res.com
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RECENT ARTICLES
28 pages, 46615 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Coherent Vortex Rolls on Particle Dynamics in Unstably Stratified
Turbulent Channel Flows
by Domenico Zaza and Michele Iovieno
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112725
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
This work investigates the dynamics of heavy particles dispersed in turbulent
channel flows under unstable thermal stratification conditions using
point-particle direct numerical simulations (PP-DNS), to quantify the influence
of large-scale coherent vortex rolls, arising from the combined effects of shear
and buoyancy, on [...] Read more.
This work investigates the dynamics of heavy particles dispersed in turbulent
channel flows under unstable thermal stratification conditions using
point-particle direct numerical simulations (PP-DNS), to quantify the influence
of large-scale coherent vortex rolls, arising from the combined effects of shear
and buoyancy, on the spatial distribution and preferential sampling behavior of
inertial particles. We examined three particle Stokes numbers (St+=0.6,60,120)
and two friction Richardson numbers, Riτ=0.272 and Riτ=27.2, which exemplify the
regimes below and above the critical condition for vortex roll formation,
respectively. The results indicate that the flow reorganization into large-scale
longitudinal vortices significantly alters the topological features of small
scales in the near-wall region impinged by the thermal plumes, resulting in a
prevalence of vorticity-dominated topologies. The interplay between this
phenomenon and the tendency of particles to preferentially sample
strain-dominated topologies leads to a distinctive asymmetric particle
distribution in the near-wall planes. Inertial particles markedly accumulate in
the strain-dominated regions where the coherent thermal plumes emerge from the
walls, while avoiding the vorticity-dominated impingement zones. This peculiar
particle response to the vortex rolls is most pronounced when the particle
response time matches the characteristic timescale of the large-scale coherent
motions in the cross-stream planes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 215 KiB)
28 pages, 39930 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Analysis and Optimization of Residential Elements from the Perspective of
Multi-Child Families in the Yangtze River Delta Region
by Xi Zhou, Fan Ye, Fang Zhang and Dengyu Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061649
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Over the last few decades, policy changes have resulted in changes in family
structure and cyclical changes within families. The structure of multi-child
families will have a significant influence on housing demand and supply,
necessitating a thorough demand study. This study examines the [...] Read more.
Over the last few decades, policy changes have resulted in changes in family
structure and cyclical changes within families. The structure of multi-child
families will have a significant influence on housing demand and supply,
necessitating a thorough demand study. This study examines the requirements of
739 multi-child families in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region at different
stages and graphically displays the variables influencing their level of housing
satisfaction, offering a scientific reference for the design and optimization of
housing. Firstly, the residential elements that impact families with multiple
children were categorized into 3 categories, 14 subcategories, and 65
influencing elements based on expert consultation and word frequency data.
Secondly, 739 families in the YRD region were chosen for investigation, and
importance–performance analysis (IPA) was employed to study and assess the
residential elements of multi-child families. The IPA study findings were
compared to those obtained from on-site surveys and network data crawling.
Finally, the residential elements to be optimized were quantitatively
determined, and the relevant optimization techniques were provided in
conjunction with door-to-door interviewing. This study examines the needs of
multi-child families at various phases, as well as the factors that impact their
residential satisfaction, and provides optimization solutions for the long-term
use and renewal of residential structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and
Real Estate)
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 920 KiB)
18 pages, 19107 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Screening and Optimization of Soil Remediation Strategies Assisted by Machine
Learning
by Bowei Zhang, Xin Wang and Chongxuan Liu
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061157
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
A numerical approach assisted by machine learning was developed for screening
and optimizing soil remediation strategies. The approach includes a reactive
transport model for simulating the remediation cost and effect of applicable
remediation technologies and their combinations for a target site. The simulated
[...] Read more.
A numerical approach assisted by machine learning was developed for screening
and optimizing soil remediation strategies. The approach includes a reactive
transport model for simulating the remediation cost and effect of applicable
remediation technologies and their combinations for a target site. The simulated
results were used to establish a relationship between the cost and effect using
a machine learning method. The relationship was then used by an optimization
method to provide optimal remediation strategies under various constraints and
requirements for the target site. The approach was evaluated for a site
contaminated with both arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a former
shipbuilding factory in Guangzhou City, China. An optimal strategy was obtained
and successfully implemented at the site, which included the partial excavation
of the contaminated soils and natural attenuation of the residual contaminated
soils. The advantage of the approach is that it can fully consider the natural
attenuation capacity in designing remediation strategies to reduce remediation
costs and can provide cost-effective remediation strategies under variable
constraints for policymakers. The approach is general and can be applied for
screening and optimizing remediation strategies at other remediation sites. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remediation of
Contaminated Sites: Volume II)
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18 pages, 1839 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Analysing Spatiotemporal Variability of Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Water
Surface Temperature in Coastal Lagoons of the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean Sea,
Spain)
by Lara Talavera, José Antonio Domínguez-Gómez, Nuria Navarro and Inmaculada
Rodríguez-Santalla
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(6), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060941
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Coastal lagoons are highly productive transitional water bodies threatened by
human factors and vulnerable to global climate change effects. Monitoring
biophysical parameters in these ecosystems is crucial for their preservation. In
this work, we used Sentinel-2 and Landsat imagery combined with in situ [...]
Read more.
Coastal lagoons are highly productive transitional water bodies threatened by
human factors and vulnerable to global climate change effects. Monitoring
biophysical parameters in these ecosystems is crucial for their preservation. In
this work, we used Sentinel-2 and Landsat imagery combined with in situ data to
(1) develop preliminary algorithms for retrieving the Chl-a concentration and
water surface temperature of six lagoons located in the Ebro Delta (NE
Mediterranean Sea, Spain), and to (2) compute maps and trend lines for analysing
their spatiotemporal evolution from 2015 to 2022. Our findings showed that the
algorithms’ accuracy ranged from 72% to 78% and had limited potential under high
Chl-a concentration regimes. Even so, they revealed the lagoons’ trophic status,
usual fluctuations, and deviations of both parameters attributed to seasonal
(i.e., light and temperature) and short-term physical (i.e., winds) forcing, as
well as valuable spatial patterns potentially useful for conservation efforts
and land use planning. Future work will focus on the acquisition of a larger in
situ data sample under a range of environmental conditions to improve the
algorithms’ robustness, which in turn will allow the investigation of natural
and human factors controlling the dynamics of the two investigated parameters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wetland Evolution Based on Remote
Sensing Data)
12 pages, 1732 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Fast-Growing Bio-Based Construction Materials as an Approach to Accelerate
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
by Livia Cosentino, Jorge Fernandes and Ricardo Mateus
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114850
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) ensure future human
well-being. However, they face challenges due to the pressing need to reduce
carbon emissions, with nearly 40% originating from the construction sector. With
the current global environmental and energy crisis, there is [...] Read more.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) ensure future human
well-being. However, they face challenges due to the pressing need to reduce
carbon emissions, with nearly 40% originating from the construction sector. With
the current global environmental and energy crisis, there is a pressing need to
address building carbon emissions and prioritise investments in passive
strategies for improving indoor thermal comfort. Exploring fast-growing
bio-based materials like bamboo, straw, hemp, and flax directly addresses these
concerns, fostering environmental sustainability. Material selection in
construction is crucial for advancing the SDGs, for example, promoting
sustainable cities and communities (SDG11) and responsible consumption and
production (SDG12). This paper proposes a comparative analysis of conventional
and bio-based construction materials, focusing on their production stages
through life cycle analysis. Tools such as Building Emissions Accounting for
Materials (BEAM) and the Methodology for Relative Assessment of Sustainability
(MARS) enable a detailed comparison. The results highlight the benefits of
bio-based materials in storing carbon more rapidly and their lower environmental
impact compared to conventional alternatives. Moreover, bio-based materials
contribute to indoor moisture regulation and a healthier indoor environment,
underscoring their potential to accelerate progress towards the UN SDGs through
informed material choices in design practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Sustainable Building:
Innovation, Development and Characterisation of New Material Products and
Systems)
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 381 KiB)
16 pages, 3625 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Interleukin-8/CXCR1 Signaling Contributes to the Progression of Pulmonary
Adenocarcinoma Resulting in Malignant Pleural Effusion
by Yi-Ming Chang, Wen-Yen Huang, Shih-Hsien Yang, Chia-Ing Jan, Shin Nieh,
Yaoh-Shiang Lin, Su-Feng Chen and Yu-Chun Lin
Cells 2024, 13(11), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13110968 (registering DOI)
- 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PADC) treatment limited efficacy in preventing tumor
progression, often resulting in malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MPE is filled
with various mediators, especially interleukin-8 (IL-8). However, the role of
IL-8 and its signaling mechanism within the fluid microenvironment (FME)
implicated in tumor [...] Read more.
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PADC) treatment limited efficacy in preventing tumor
progression, often resulting in malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MPE is filled
with various mediators, especially interleukin-8 (IL-8). However, the role of
IL-8 and its signaling mechanism within the fluid microenvironment (FME)
implicated in tumor progression warrants further investigation. Primary cultured
cells from samples of patients with MPE from PADC, along with a commonly
utilized lung cancer cell line, were employed to examine the role of IL-8 and
its receptor, CXCR1, through comparative analysis. Our study primarily assessed
migration and invasion capabilities, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),
and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. Additionally, IL-8 levels in MPE fluid
versus serum, along with immunohistochemical expression of IL-8/CXCR1 signaling
in tumor tissue and cell blocks were analyzed. IL-8/CXCR1 overexpression
enhanced EMT and CSC properties. Furthermore, the immunocytochemical examination
of 17 cell blocks from patients with PADC and MPE corroborated the significant
correlation between upregulated IL-8 and CXCR1 expression and the co-expression
of IL-8 and CXCR1 in MPE with distant metastasis. In summary, the IL-8/ CXCR1
axis in FME is pivotal to tumor promotion via paracrine and autocrine signaling.
Our study provides a therapeutic avenue for improving the prognosis of PADC
patients with MPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Immune Microenvironment for
Effective Therapy II)
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 55842 KiB)
12 pages, 2509 KiB
Open AccessBrief Report
Comparative Mitogenomics and Phylogenetic Implications for Nine Species of the
Subfamily Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
by Siyu Pang, Qianwen Zhang, Lili Liang, Yanting Qin, Shan Li and Xun Bian
Insects 2024, 15(6), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060413
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Currently, the subfamily Meconematinae encompasses 1029 species, but
whole-mitochondrial-genome assemblies have only been made available for 13. In
this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of nine additional
species in the subfamily Meconematinae were sequenced. The size ranged from
15,627 bp to 17,461 [...] Read more.
Currently, the subfamily Meconematinae encompasses 1029 species, but
whole-mitochondrial-genome assemblies have only been made available for 13. In
this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of nine additional
species in the subfamily Meconematinae were sequenced. The size ranged from
15,627 bp to 17,461 bp, indicating double-stranded circular structures. The
length of the control region was the main cause of the difference in
mitochondrial genome length among the nine species. All the mitogenomes
including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2
ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a control region (CR). The majority strand
encoded 23 genes, and the minority strand encoded 14 genes. A phylogenetic
analysis reaffirmed the monophyletic status of each subfamily, but the
monophysitism of Xizicus, Xiphidiopsis and Phlugiolopsis was not supported. Full
article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Insects)
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15 pages, 2039 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Tribological Behavior of Hydrocarbons in Rolling Contact
by Daniel Merk, Thomas Koenig, Janine Fritz and Joerg W. H. Franke
Lubricants 2024, 12(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060201
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the analysis of tribological contacts, the focus is often on a singular
question or result. However, this entails the potential risk that the overall
picture and the relationships could be oversimplified or even that wrong
conclusions could be drawn. In this article, [...] Read more.
In the analysis of tribological contacts, the focus is often on a singular
question or result. However, this entails the potential risk that the overall
picture and the relationships could be oversimplified or even that wrong
conclusions could be drawn. In this article, a comprehensive consideration of
test results including component and lubricant analyses is demonstrated by using
the example of rolling contact. For this purpose, thrust cylindrical roller
bearings of type 81212 with unadditized base oils were tested in the
mixed-friction area. Our study shows that by using an adapted and innovative
surface analysis, a deeper dive into the tribo-film is feasible even without
highly sophisticated analytical equipment. The characterization of the layers
was performed by the three less time-consuming spatially resolved analysis
methods of µXRF, ATR FTIR microscopy and Raman spectroscopy adapted by
Schaeffler. This represents a bridge between industry and research. The
investigations show that especially undocumented and uncontrolled contamination
of the test equipment could lead to surprising findings, which would result in
the wrong conclusions. Simple substances, like hydrocarbons, are demanding test
specimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Germany: Latest Research
and Development)
13 pages, 454 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Upper Limb Control on the Less-Affected Side on Upper Limb Function,
Respiration, Balance, and Activities of Daily Living in Stroke
by Ju-O Kim, Mi-Young Lee and Byoung-Hee Lee
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060937
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of upper
limb control exercises on upper limb function, respiration, balance, and
activities of daily living in patients with stroke. Materials and Methods: The
28 patients who met the selection criteria were randomly [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of upper
limb control exercises on upper limb function, respiration, balance, and
activities of daily living in patients with stroke. Materials and Methods: The
28 patients who met the selection criteria were randomly assigned to two groups
of 14 patients each. Subsequently, upper limb control exercises using real-time
feedback were applied. The same interventional exercise was applied to both the
less-affected and affected limbs of the study participants, who were classified
into a less-affected side upper limb control group and an affected side upper
limb control exercise group. Interventional exercises, 30 min each, were
performed five times weekly for 4 weeks, and follow-up examinations were
performed 2 weeks after the end of exercise. Electronic muscle strength
measurements and an electronic goniometer were used to evaluate upper limb
function. A spirometer was used to measure respiration. Balance ability was
evaluated using a force plate pressure distribution measuring system with a
sensor that detects the movement of the body center on the ground. Daily life
movements were evaluated using the Korean version of the modified Barthel index.
Results: When examining the results, the upper limb function on the paralyzed
side showed an increase in the electromyographic strength of shoulder joint
depression and flexion angle. Improvements were also observed in respiration
(forced vital capacity [L] and forced expiratory volume in 1 s [L]), balance
(95% confidence ellipse area [mm2] and center of pressure displacement [mm]),
and daily life activities, all of which showed statistically significant
differences in the time × group interaction effect (p < 0.05). Conclusions:
Thus, it was found that the upper limb control exercise on the less-affected
side had a significant effect when the exercise was performed together with
treatment on the affected side in patients with stroke. It is anticipated that
this study will provide basic data for evaluating both the trunk and upper limbs
of the less-affected and affected sides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Acute Stroke
Rehabilitation)
9 pages, 265 KiB
Open AccessArticle
The Role of Serum Dickkopf1 and CKAP4 Levels in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer and
Measuring the Disease Severity: A Prospective Study
by Esra Dişçi, Rıfat Peksöz, Esra Laloğlu, Mehmet İlhan Yıldırgan, Yavuz
Albayrak, Mehmet Akif Şirin, Enes Ağırman and Sabri Selçuk Atamanalp
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060933
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common types
of cancer. Although the disease is treatable in its early stages, five-year
survival falls below 20% in the later stages. CEA and CA19-9 are tumor markers
used in the diagnosis and [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common types
of cancer. Although the disease is treatable in its early stages, five-year
survival falls below 20% in the later stages. CEA and CA19-9 are tumor markers
used in the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease in clinical practice;
however, their diagnostic effectiveness is insufficient. Therefore, the
identification of biomarkers that can be easily studied from serum and can
diagnose CRC and determine its severity is highly important. In this context,
dickkopf1 (DKK1) and cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) are both
promising biomarkers. Materials and Methods: Serum DKK1 and CKAP4 levels were
measured in 55 patients with CRC and 40 healthy controls. The patients with CRC
were divided into groups based on pathological stages and histological
differentiation. The serum levels of both proteins in patients with CRC were
measured preoperatively and 10 and 30 days postoperatively. Results: Serum DKK1
and CKAP4 were significantly higher in the CRC group than in the healthy
controls (p < 0.05). Serum levels of both proteins rose in line with the disease
stage and grade but decreased following surgical resection. A positive
correlation was observed between tumor diameter and protein blood levels. The
diagnostic efficacy of DKK1 and CKAP4 in CRC (approximately 95%) was higher than
that of markers such as CEA and CA19-9. Conclusions: The DKK1 and CKAP4 serum
values of patients with CRC are promising biomarkers. They can potentially be
used in CRC management, namely, in the diagnosis and treatment of tumor response
access and in tumor aggressiveness prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disorders -
Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Risk Factors)
10 pages, 476 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Comparison of Perinatal Outcome of Delta and Omicron Variant of COVID-19
Infection—A Retrospective Observational Study
by Natasa Karadzov Orlic, Vesna Mandic-Markovic, Svetlana Jankovic, Relja Lukic,
Zagorka Milovanovic, Dragana Maglic, Dunja Popov, Marko Stankovic, Suzana
Drobnjak, Dasa Preradovic and Zeljko Mikovic
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060935
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present work was to compare the
characteristics of delta and omicron variants of COVID-19 infection in pregnant
women, the association of infection with comorbidity, clinical manifestation of
the disease, type of delivery, and pregnancy outcome. [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present work was to compare the
characteristics of delta and omicron variants of COVID-19 infection in pregnant
women, the association of infection with comorbidity, clinical manifestation of
the disease, type of delivery, and pregnancy outcome. Material and Methods: The
study was designed as an observational, retrospective study of a single center.
The analysis included the cohort of women who had SARS-CoV-2 infection during
pregnancy and/or childbirth in the period from 1 March 2020 to 30 June 2023.
Results: Out of a total of 675 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 130
gave birth with the delta and 253 with the omicron variant. In our retrospective
analysis, pregnant women with both SARS-CoV-2 variants had a mild clinical
history in most cases. In the omicron period, a significantly lower incidence of
pregnancy loss (p < 0.01) and premature birth (p = 0.62) admission of mothers
and newborns to the intensive care unit (p < 0.05) was recorded. Conclusions: In
our retrospective analysis, pregnant women with COVID-19 infection generally
exhibited a milder clinical manifestation with both variants (delta and omicron)
of the viral infection. During the delta-dominant period, ten percent of
affected pregnant women experienced a severe clinical history. However, during
the omicron-dominant period infection, a significantly lower incidence of
complications, pregnancy loss, preterm delivery, and admission of mothers and
neonates to the intensive care unit was recorded. This can be partly explained
by the greater presence of pregnant women with natural or induced vaccine
immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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21 pages, 960 KiB
Open AccessCase Report
Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy, Ketamine Infusion, and Deep Repetitive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression: A
Case Report
by Keming Gao
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060936
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Options for treatment-resistant bipolar depression
(TRBPD) are limited. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown efficacy in
TRBPD. However, the cognitive deficits and memory concerns associated with ECT
are problematic for a significant number of patients. It remains unclear what
the [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Options for treatment-resistant bipolar depression
(TRBPD) are limited. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown efficacy in
TRBPD. However, the cognitive deficits and memory concerns associated with ECT
are problematic for a significant number of patients. It remains unclear what
the next step is for patients with TRBPD who fail ECT. Materials and Methods: In
this case report, we present a patient with TRBPD who sequentially received 12
sessions of brief-pulse right unilateral ECT, 22 sessions of ketamine infusion
at 0.5–0.75 mg/kg for 40 min, and 39 sessions of deep repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Results: The patient had some benefit from ECT, but
declined continuation of ECT due to memory concerns. The patient tolerated
ketamine infusion well but had limited benefit. However, the patient responded
well to acute treatment with dTMS and maintained relative stability for more
than 2 years. Conclusions: This case suggests that patients with TRBPD who fail
ECT and/or ketamine infusion might benefit from dTMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatry)
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15 pages, 1908 KiB
Open AccessReview
The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in
the Pathogenesis of Sepsis
by Undurti N. Das
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060934
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
I propose that a deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and an alteration in
their (EFAs) metabolism could be a major factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis
and sepsis-related mortality. The failure of corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α, and
anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies can be attributed to [...] Read more.
I propose that a deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and an alteration in
their (EFAs) metabolism could be a major factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis
and sepsis-related mortality. The failure of corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α, and
anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies can be attributed to this altered EFA
metabolism in sepsis. Vitamin C; folic acid; and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 serve
as co-factors necessary for the activity of desaturase enzymes that are the
rate-limiting steps in the metabolism of EFAs. The altered metabolism of EFAs
results in an imbalance in the production and activities of pro- and
anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines resulting in both hyperimmune and
hypoimmune responses seen in sepsis. This implies that restoring the metabolism
of EFAs to normal may form a newer therapeutic approach both in the prevention
and management of sepsis and other critical illnesses. Full article
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30 pages, 1860 KiB
Open AccessArticle
An Enhanced Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Formation Control Using a
Novel Fractional Swarming Strategy Approach
by Abdul Wadood, Al-Fahad Yousaf and Aadel Mohammed Alatwi
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(6), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8060334
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper addresses the enhancement of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
swarm formation control in challenging terrains through the novel fractional
memetic computing approach known as fractional-order velocity-pausing particle
swarm optimization (FO-VPPSO). Existing particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithms often suffer from premature convergence [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the enhancement of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
swarm formation control in challenging terrains through the novel fractional
memetic computing approach known as fractional-order velocity-pausing particle
swarm optimization (FO-VPPSO). Existing particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithms often suffer from premature convergence and an imbalanced
exploration–exploitation trade-off, which limits their effectiveness in complex
optimization problems such as UAV swarm control in rugged terrains. To overcome
these limitations, FO-VPPSO introduces an adaptive fractional order β and a
velocity pausing mechanism, which collectively enhance the algorithm’s
adaptability and robustness. This study leverages the advantages of a
meta-heuristic computing approach; specifically, fractional-order
velocity-pausing particle swarm optimization is utilized to optimize the flying
path length, mitigate the mountain terrain costs, and prevent collisions within
the UAV swarm. Leveraging fractional-order dynamics, the proposed hybrid
algorithm exhibits accelerated convergence rates and improved solution
optimality compared to traditional PSO methods. The methodology involves
integrating terrain considerations and diverse UAV control parameters.
Simulations under varying conditions, including complex terrains and dynamic
threats, substantiate the effectiveness of the approach, resulting in superior
fitness functions for multi-UAV swarms. To validate the performance and
efficiency of the proposed optimizer, it was also applied to 13 benchmark
functions, including uni- and multimodal functions in terms of the mean average
fitness value over 100 independent trials, and furthermore, an improvement at
percentages of 29.05% and 2.26% is also obtained against PSO and VPPSO in the
case of the minimum flight length, as well as 16.46% and 1.60% in mountain
terrain costs and 55.88% and 31.63% in collision avoidance. This study
contributes valuable insights to the optimization challenges in UAV
swarm-formation control, particularly in demanding terrains. The FO-VPPSO
algorithm showcases potential advancements in swarm intelligence for real-world
applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Optimization, and Control
of Fractional-Order Neural Networks and Nonlinear Systems)
22 pages, 659 KiB
Open AccessArticle
New Lie Symmetries and Exact Solutions of a Mathematical Model Describing Solute
Transport in Poroelastic Materials
by Roman Cherniha, Vasyl’ Davydovych and Alla Vorobyova
Math. Comput. Appl. 2024, 29(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29030043
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
A one-dimensional model for fluid and solute transport in poroelastic materials
(PEMs) is studied. Although the model was recently derived and some exact
solutions, in particular steady-state solutions and their applications, were
studied, special cases occurring when some parameters vanish were not analysed
[...] Read more.
A one-dimensional model for fluid and solute transport in poroelastic materials
(PEMs) is studied. Although the model was recently derived and some exact
solutions, in particular steady-state solutions and their applications, were
studied, special cases occurring when some parameters vanish were not analysed
earlier. Since the governing equations are nonintegrable in nonstationary cases,
the Lie symmetry method and modern tools for solving ODE systems are applied in
order to construct time-dependent exact solutions. Depending on parameters
arising in the governing equations, several special cases with new Lie
symmetries are identified. Some of them have a highly nontrivial structure that
cannot be predicted from a physical point of view or using Lie symmetries of
other real-world models. Applying the symmetries obtained, multiparameter
families of exact solutions are constructed, including those in terms of
elementary and special functions (hypergeometric, Whittaker, Bessel and modified
Bessel functions). A possible application of the solutions obtained is
demonstrated, and it is shown that some exact solutions can describe (at least
qualitatively) the solute transport in PEM. The obtained exact solutions can
also be used as test problems for estimating the accuracy of approximate
analytical and numerical methods for solving relevant boundary value problems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Mathematical and
Computational Applications 2024)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1062 KiB)
16 pages, 6762 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Transition Metal-Based Polyoxometalates for Oxygen Electrode Bifunctional
Electrocatalysis
by Jadranka Milikić, Filipe Gusmão, Sara Knežević, Nemanja Gavrilov, Anup Paul,
Diogo M. F. Santos and Biljana Šljukić
Batteries 2024, 10(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060197
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) with transition metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) of Keggin
structure and lamellar-stacked multi-layer morphology were synthesized. They
were subsequently explored as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen
electrodes, i.e., oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) reaction, for
aqueous rechargeable metal-air batteries in [...] Read more.
Polyoxometalates (POMs) with transition metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) of Keggin
structure and lamellar-stacked multi-layer morphology were synthesized. They
were subsequently explored as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen
electrodes, i.e., oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) reaction, for
aqueous rechargeable metal-air batteries in alkaline media. The lowest Tafel
slope (85 mV dec−1) value and the highest OER current density of 93.8 mA cm−2
were obtained for the Fe-POM electrocatalyst. Similar OER electrochemical
catalytic activity was noticed for the Co-POM electrocatalyst. This behavior was
confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, where Fe-POM gave the
lowest charge transfer resistance of 3.35 Ω, followed by Co-POM with Rct of
15.04 Ω, during the OER. Additionally, Tafel slope values of 85 and 109 mV dec−1
were calculated for Fe-POM and Co-POM, respectively, during the ORR. The ORR at
Fe-POM proceeded by mixed two- and four-electron pathways, while ORR at Co-POM
proceeded exclusively by the four-electron pathway. Finally, capacitance studies
were conducted on the synthesized POMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode,
Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)
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19 pages, 3768 KiB
Open AccessReview
Increase in Modulation Speed of Silicon Photonics Modulator with Quantum-Well
Slab Wings: New Insights from a Numerical Study
by Kensuke Ogawa
Photonics 2024, 11(6), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060535
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
A Silicon Photonics modulator is a high-speed photonic integrated circuit for
optical data transmission in high-capacity optical networks. Silicon Photonics
modulators in the configuration of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, in which a
PN-junction rib-waveguide phase shifter is inserted in each arm of the
interferometer, [...] Read more.
A Silicon Photonics modulator is a high-speed photonic integrated circuit for
optical data transmission in high-capacity optical networks. Silicon Photonics
modulators in the configuration of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, in which a
PN-junction rib-waveguide phase shifter is inserted in each arm of the
interferometer, are studied in this paper because of their superior performance
of high-quality optical data generation in a wide range of spectral bands and
their simplicity in fabrication processes suitable to production in foundries.
Design, fabrication, and fundamental characteristics of Silicon Photonics
Mach–Zehnder modulators are reviewed as an introduction to these high-speed PICs
on the Silicon Photonics platform. Modulation speed, or modulation bandwidth, is
a key performance item, as well as optical loss, in the application to
high-speed optical transmitters. Limiting factors on modulation speed are
addressed in equations. Electrical resistance–capacitance coupling, which causes
optical modulation bandwidth–optical loss trade-off, is the most challenging
limiting factor that limits high-speed modulation. Expansion of modulation
bandwidth is not possible without increasing optical loss in the conventional
approaches. A new idea including quantum-mechanical effect in the design of
Silicon Photonics modulators is proposed and proved in computational analysis to
resolve the bandwidth loss trade-off. By adding high-mobility quantum-well
overlayers to the side slab wings of the rib-waveguide phase shifter, the
modulation bandwidth is doubled without increasing optical loss to achieve a 200
Gbaud modulation rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Advances in Integrated Optics)
17 pages, 2031 KiB
Open AccessReview
Phytosterols: Physiological Functions and Potential Application
by Mingyue Shen, Lanlan Yuan, Jian Zhang, Xufeng Wang, Mingyi Zhang, Haizhen Li,
Ying Jing, Fengjiao Zeng and Jianhua Xie
Foods 2024, 13(11), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111754
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Dietary intake of natural substances to regulate physiological functions is
currently regarded as a potential way of promoting health. As one of the
recommended dietary ingredients, phytosterols that are natural bioactive
compounds distributed in plants have received increasing attention for their
health effects. [...] Read more.
Dietary intake of natural substances to regulate physiological functions is
currently regarded as a potential way of promoting health. As one of the
recommended dietary ingredients, phytosterols that are natural bioactive
compounds distributed in plants have received increasing attention for their
health effects. Phytosterols have attracted great attention from scientists
because of many physiological functions, for example, cholesterol-lowering,
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, the
physiological functions of phytosterols, the purification, structure analysis,
synthesis, and food application of phytosterols have been widely studied.
Nowadays, many bioactivities of phytosterols have been assessed in vivo and in
vitro. However, the mechanisms of their pharmacological activities are not yet
fully understood, and in-depth investigation of the relationship between
structure and function is crucial. Therefore, a contemporaneous overview of the
extraction, beneficial properties, and the mechanisms, as well as the current
states of phytosterol application, in the food field of phytosterols is provided
in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)
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16 pages, 1948 KiB
Open AccessSystematic Review
Changes of the Alveolar Bone Ridge Using Bone Mineral Grafts and Collagen
Membranes after Tooth Extraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Nansi López-Valverde, Bruno Macedo de Sousa and José Antonio Blanco Rueda
Bioengineering 2024, 11(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060565
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: Alveolar preservation techniques for esthetic or functional
purposes, or both, are a frequently used alternative for the treatment of
post-extraction sockets, the aim of which is the regeneration of the lesion and
the preservation of the alveolar bone crest. Methods: Studies published [...]
Read more.
Background: Alveolar preservation techniques for esthetic or functional
purposes, or both, are a frequently used alternative for the treatment of
post-extraction sockets, the aim of which is the regeneration of the lesion and
the preservation of the alveolar bone crest. Methods: Studies published in
PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to
January 2024 were consulted. Inclusion criteria were established as intervention
studies, according to the PICOs strategy: adult subjects undergoing dental
extractions (participants), with alveoli treated with bone mineral grafts and
collagen membranes (intervention), compared to spontaneous healing (comparison),
and observing the response to treatment in clinical and radiological measures of
the alveolar bone crest (outcomes). Results: We obtained 561 results and
selected 12 studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias
Tool, and methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute.
Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies (I2 > 75%), a random-effects
meta-analysis was used. Despite the trend, no statistical significance (p >
0.05) was found in the experimental groups. Conclusions: The use of bone mineral
grafts in combination with resorbable collagen barriers provides greater
preservation of the alveolar ridge, although more clinical studies are needed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Engineering for Regenerative
Dentistry)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 110 KiB)
12 pages, 1829 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Leukocyte Telomere Length Mediates the Associations between Blood Lead and
Cadmium with Hypertension among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional
Study
by Changping Ouyang, Yinan Yang, Jinhua Pan, Heming Liu, Xuemei Wang, Shengze
Zhou, Xiaoru Shi, Yanxia Zhang, Dan Wang and Xiaobin Hu
Toxics 2024, 12(6), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060409
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
There is evidence to support the links between lead and cadmium exposure with
hypertension and also with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). The objective of
this study is to investigate the role that LTL may play in the relationship
between lead and cadmium exposure [...] Read more.
There is evidence to support the links between lead and cadmium exposure with
hypertension and also with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). The objective of
this study is to investigate the role that LTL may play in the relationship
between lead and cadmium exposure and hypertension. This study consisted of 3718
participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
1999–2002. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between
blood metals with hypertension, and the mediating model was used to evaluate the
mediating effect of LTL. In the fully adjusted model, both blood lead and
cadmium ln-transformed concentrations were significantly positively associated
with hypertension risk, as were all quartiles of blood lead. Additionally, we
observed positive linear dose–response relationships with hypertension by
restricted cubic spline analysis (both p overall < 0.001, p non-linear = 0.3008
for lead and p non-linear = 0.7611 for cadmium). The ln-transformed blood lead
and cadmium concentrations were associated with shorter LTL. LTL was inversely
related to hypertension and the OR was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.89). Furthermore,
LTL had mediating effects on the associations of blood lead and cadmium with
hypertension risk, and the mediation proportions were 2.25% and 4.20%,
respectively. Our findings suggested that exposure to lead and cadmium raised
the risk of hypertension, while LTL played as a mediating factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traditional and Emerging Pollutants:
Human Exposure Profiles and Health Effects)
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10 pages, 1612 KiB
Open AccessArticle
Generation of Bright–Dark Pulse Pairs in the Er-Doped Mode-Locked Fiber Laser
Based on Doped Fiber Saturable Absorber
by Yaoyao Qi, Qixing Yu, Wei Sun, Yaqing Gao, Yu Zhang, Zhenxu Bai, Jie Ding,
Bingzheng Yan, Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lu and Dapeng Yan
Photonics 2024, 11(6), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060534
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
: This study reports new types of passive mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser
(EDFL) based on a segment of doped fiber saturable absorber (DFSA) with
Tm/Ho-doped fiber (THDF), Yb-doped fiber (YDF), and Er-doped fiber (EDF). By
employing THDF-SA, a bright pulse sequence with a [...] Read more.
: This study reports new types of passive mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser
(EDFL) based on a segment of doped fiber saturable absorber (DFSA) with
Tm/Ho-doped fiber (THDF), Yb-doped fiber (YDF), and Er-doped fiber (EDF). By
employing THDF-SA, a bright pulse sequence with a fundamental repetition rate of
17.86 MHz was obtained. In addition, various mode-locked output states,
including dark pulses, dark–bright pulse pairs, bright–dark pulse pairs, and
second-harmonic pulses, were obtained through polarization modulation and gain
modulation, and the orthogonality of dark–bright pulses in both polarization
directions was verified. Furthermore, using EDF-SA and YDF-SA, dark pulses and
dark–bright pulses were obtained. A comparison of the three experiments revealed
that THDF-SA effectively reduces the mode-locked threshold and improves the
average output power. Compared with bright pulses, dark pulses offer several
advantages such as resisting noise, increasing propagation speed, and
suppressing nonlinear scattering (such as pulse-intrinsic Raman scattering);
thus, the EDFL can find broad application in long-distance transmission,
precision measurement, and other fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lasers and Their
Applications II)
attachment
Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 100 KiB)
16 pages, 3115 KiB
Open AccessArticle
(-)-Gallocatechin Gallate Mitigates Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Diabetic
Nephropathy in db/db Mice
by Xin Xiao, Huifang Ge, Yijun Wang, Xiaochun Wan, Daxiang Li and Zhongwen Xie
Foods 2024, 13(11), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111755
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly predisposes individuals to diabetes and
is a prognostic factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This
study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of (-)–gallocatechin gallate (GCG) in
alleviating signs of MetS-associated DN in db/db mice. We administered GCG [...]
Read more.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly predisposes individuals to diabetes and
is a prognostic factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This
study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of (-)–gallocatechin gallate (GCG) in
alleviating signs of MetS-associated DN in db/db mice. We administered GCG and
monitored its effects on several metabolic parameters, including food and water
intake, urinary output, blood glucose levels, glucose and insulin homeostasis,
lipid profiles, blood pressure, and renal function biomarkers. The main findings
indicated that GCG intervention led to marked improvements in these metabolic
indicators and renal function, signifying its potential in managing MetS and DN.
Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed substantial modifications in gene
expression, notably the downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes such as S100a8,
S100a9, Cd44, Socs3, Mmp3, Mmp9, Nlrp3, IL–1β, Osm, Ptgs2, and Lcn2 and the
upregulation of the anti-oxidative gene Gstm3. These genetic alterations suggest
significant effects on pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In
conclusion, GCG demonstrates therapeutic efficacy for MetS–associated DN,
mitigating metabolic disturbances and enhancing renal health by modulating
inflammatory and oxidative responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Review of Tea:
Processing Technology, Quality Control and Health Benefits)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of an Apple Snack Enriched with Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus
rhamnosus: Evaluation of the Refractance Window Drying Process on Cell Viability
by Helena Nuñez, Aldonza Jaques, Karyn Belmonte, Jamil Elitin, Mónika
Valdenegro, Cristian Ramírez and Andrés Córdova
Foods 2024, 13(11), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111756
(registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a dried apple snack enriched with
probiotics, evaluate its viability using Refractance Window (RWTM) drying, and
compare it with conventional hot air drying (CD) and freeze-drying (FD). Apple
slices were impregnated with Lacticaseibacillus [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to develop a dried apple snack enriched with
probiotics, evaluate its viability using Refractance Window (RWTM) drying, and
compare it with conventional hot air drying (CD) and freeze-drying (FD). Apple
slices were impregnated with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and dried at 45 °C
using RWTM and CD and FD. Total polyphenol content (TPC), color (∆E*), texture,
and viable cell count were measured, and samples were stored for 28 days at 4
°C. Vacuum impregnation allowed for a probiotic inoculation of 8.53 log CFU/gdb.
Retention values of 6.30, 6.67, and 7.20 log CFU/gdb were observed for CD, RWTM,
and FD, respectively; the population in CD, RWTM remained while FD showed a
decrease of one order of magnitude during storage. Comparing RWTM with FD, ∆E*
was not significantly different (p < 0.05) and RWTM presented lower hardness
values and higher crispness than FD, but the RWTM-dried apple slices had the
highest TPC retention (41.3%). Microstructural analysis showed that RWTM
produced a smoother surface, facilitating uniform moisture diffusion and lower
mass transfer resistance. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient was
higher in RWTM than in CD, resulting in shorter drying times. As a consequence,
RWTM produced dried apple snacks enriched with probiotics, with color and TPC
retention comparable to FD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
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Systematic Review
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Published: 29 April 2024
Communication
Advancing Evidence Generation for Circulating Tumor DNA: Lessons Learned from A
Multi-Assay Study of Baseline Circulating Tumor DNA Levels across Cancer Types
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