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URL: https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/can-americas-canals-double-as-solar-farms
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CAN AMERICA’S CANALS DOUBLE AS SOLAR FARMS?

Studies show that putting solar panels over waterways could boost clean energy
and conserve water. The first U.S. pilot project is getting underway in
California.

26 July 2023


A 1 MW canal-top solar project in India (Sam Panthaky/AFP/Getty Images)
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Maria Gallucci

Some 8,000 miles of federally owned canals snake across the United States,
channeling water to replenish crops, fuel hydropower plants and supply drinking
water to rural communities. In the future, these narrow waterways could serve an
additional role: as hubs of solar energy generation.

A coalition of environmental groups is urging the federal government to consider
carpeting its canals with solar panels. The concept was pioneered in India
a decade ago and will soon be tested in California for the first time. Early
research suggests that suspending solar arrays over canals can not only generate
electricity in land-constrained areas but may also reduce water evaporation in
drought-prone regions.

Last week, more than 125 climate advocacy groups, led by the Center for
Biological Diversity, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Interior calling
on the agency to deploy solar over its 8,000 miles of canals and aqueducts. The
agency’s Bureau of Reclamation owns and operates the infrastructure, often in
partnership with local irrigation and water districts.

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Such a move would potentially generate over 25 gigawatts of renewable energy —
enough to power nearly 20 million homes — and reduce water evaporation by tens
of billions of gallons, according to the letter. To come up with the national
numbers, the groups extrapolated from previous research led by the University of
California, Merced that analyzed the potential benefits of covering California’s
4,000 miles of canals.

“We’re trying to elevate this as a good solution that you should be doing,”
Brett Hartl, the government affairs director at the Center for Biological
Diversity, said about the letter. “You don’t have to pave over thousands of
acres of land…at the expense of lost habitat.”

The solar-canal campaign reflects a broader tension that’s building as the U.S.
transitions away from fossil fuels toward cleaner energy sources.

Sprawling utility-scale solar systems are facing pushback in rural Midwestern
communities and in Maine, Texas, Virginia and elsewhere. Local opponents have
argued that big solar projects would take farmland out of production, reduce
property values and possibly harm wildlife. The American Clean Power
Association, an industry trade group, has argued that community opposition is
making it harder for solar developers to build projects at the rate that’s
needed to address climate change.

The Biden administration is pushing to permit 25 gigawatts of solar, wind and
geothermal energy projects on public lands by 2025, the bulk of which will
likely include utility-scale projects in the western United States. Solar canals
could, in theory, provide a way to meet some of those goals without disturbing
ecosystems or affecting communities.

“It builds on the conventional wisdom that you’d better build solar over
existing infrastructure first before you take natural lands or productive
farmland out of use,” said Roger Bales, an engineering professor at UC Merced
who specializes in water and climate research. Existing sites can include
rooftops, landfills, parking lots and former industrial lands.

For all their promise, solar canals remain more of an idea than a widely
deployed reality. But efforts are underway to start installing and testing
projects in water-scarce parts of the country. 


A rendering of a solar-array prototype spanning a canal in Central California
(Solar AquaGrid)


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Most notably, Solar AquaGrid, a company based in the Bay Area, is designing
a solar array prototype that will cover nearly 2 miles of irrigation canals in
the Central Valley, a vast agricultural region where cotton, tomatoes, almonds
and hundreds of other crops are grown. The California Department of Water
Resources is providing $20 million for the pilot project, and the Turlock
Irrigation District, which operates 250 miles of canals through the valley, has
volunteered its waterways.

The initiative, known as Project Nexus, is expected to break ground this fall
and start operating in 2024, ideally before the next irrigation season begins in
the spring. Brandi McKuin, a project scientist at UC Merced, will collect data
for two years along with Bales and other UC researchers to see how well the
solar array produces electricity, prevents evaporation and improves water
quality.

“We need to get to the heart of those questions before we make any
recommendations about how to do this more widely,” McKuin told the Associated
Press.

McKuin previously led a 2021 study of California’s solar-canal potential, which
found that the technology could be an “economically feasible” way to help meet
the Golden State’s clean energy goals.

As part of that analysis, the California researchers consulted with experts in
India, where a handful of solar canals are already operating.

India’s first project, a 1-megawatt array, was completed in 2012 in the western
state of Gujarat and uses steel trusses to support thousands of panels over
a 2,460-foot stretch of irrigation canal. Another project, a 2.5 MW installation
in Punjab state, uses tensioned cables.

Both systems are more expensive and technically complex than conventional
ground-mounted solar arrays. Maintaining solar canals also presents its own set
of complications, including having to build ramps for technicians to climb and
clean solar panels.

But the projects have shown benefits, as well. Putting solar panels above the
water helped keep the equipment cool, which in turn improved their efficiency
and electricity output. Shade from the panels helped prevent water loss through
evaporation and controlled the growth of aquatic weeds, reducing pesticide use
and the need for water treatment.

“The study found that, across a wide range of climate conditions, the
co-benefits do matter” when it comes to assessing solar canals, Bales said.
“We’re trying now not to view this as an energy project but as a broader
infrastructure investment.”

Outside of California, at least two other solar-canal initiatives are in the
early stages of development.

The Gila River Indian Community in south-central Arizona is set to receive up to
$233 million from the Inflation Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
for a number of water-conservation projects, including installing solar-panel
shade covers over tribal irrigation canals. Salt River Project, one of Arizona’s
largest public utilities, is partnering with Arizona State University to collect
data from two canal sites to determine whether solar canals might work there.

A $25 million provision in the Inflation Reduction Act also provides funding for
the Bureau of Reclamation to design, study and implement projects that put solar
panels over “water conveyance facilities” like canals.

Hartl of the Center for Biological Diversity said that, while he’s following the
California pilot project with interest, he hopes that solar developers and
government agencies don’t wait until the project concludes to start pursuing
deployments in other places.

“This really checks a lot of boxes,” he said of solar canals. “We’re really
trying to come to the table with a positive, constructive solution.”


 * Solar
 * Land use

Maria Gallucci is a clean energy reporter at Canary Media, where she covers
hard-to-decarbonize sectors and efforts to make the energy transition more
affordable and equitable.

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