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WELCOME TO PHILARCHIVE!

PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly
known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the
PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user
account. PhilArchive is a non-profit project supported by the PhilPapers
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There are currently 64,252 works in the archive. These works fall under 5,704
topics.

PhilArchive is developed and operated by the Centre for Digital Philosophy at
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PhilArchive's content over time
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DateOpen access worksJan 20093,633Feb 20093,723Mar 20093,800Apr 20093,897May
20093,969Jun 20094,059Jul 20094,160Aug 20094,280Sep 20094,441Oct 20094,531Nov
20094,610Dec 20094,727Jan 20104,786Feb 20104,869Mar 20104,978Apr 20105,082May
20105,234Jun 20105,334Jul 20105,538Aug 20105,885Sep 20106,258Oct 20106,374Nov
20106,543Dec 20106,837Jan 20117,267Feb 20117,434Mar 20117,625Apr 20117,770May
20118,096Jun 20118,233Jul 20118,378Aug 20118,506Sep 20118,619Oct 20118,807Nov
20118,959Dec 20119,208Jan 20129,393Feb 20129,537Mar 20129,807Apr 20129,979May
201210,117Jun 201210,333Jul 201210,488Aug 201210,649Sep 201210,881Oct
201211,150Nov 201211,338Dec 201211,471Jan 201311,667Feb 201311,888Mar
201312,234Apr 201312,644May 201312,857Jun 201313,131Jul 201313,480Aug
201313,830Sep 201314,228Oct 201314,787Nov 201315,380Dec 201316,287Jan
201417,271Feb 201417,766Mar 201418,252Apr 201418,585May 201418,826Jun
201419,048Jul 201419,346Aug 201419,606Sep 201419,870Oct 201420,129Nov
201420,432Dec 201420,693Jan 201521,162Feb 201522,124Mar 201522,429Apr
201522,813May 201523,054Jun 201523,320Jul 201523,591Aug 201523,935Sep
201524,463Oct 201524,842Nov 201525,140Dec 201525,591Jan 201625,959Feb
201626,469Mar 201626,843Apr 201627,293May 201627,586Jun 201628,058Jul
201628,457Aug 201628,888Sep 201629,238Oct 201629,682Nov 201630,012Dec
201630,332Jan 201730,800Feb 201731,422Mar 201732,028Apr 201732,474May
201732,964Jun 201733,299Jul 201733,673Aug 201734,080Sep 201734,443Oct
201734,901Nov 201735,521Dec 201736,036Jan 201836,556Feb 201837,179Mar
201837,673Apr 201838,053May 201838,518Jun 201839,160Jul 201839,651Aug
201840,097Sep 201840,559Oct 201840,960Nov 201841,363Dec 201841,867Jan
201942,366Feb 201942,862Mar 201943,431Apr 201944,177May 201944,686Jun
201945,309Jul 201945,873Aug 201946,523Sep 201947,124Oct 201947,720Nov
201948,378Dec 201948,995Jan 202049,695Feb 202050,273Mar 202050,848Apr
202051,581May 202052,296Jun 202053,097Jul 202054,083Aug 202054,891Sep
202055,560Oct 202056,198Nov 202056,871Dec 202057,454Jan 202158,116Feb
202158,738Mar 202159,360Apr 202159,885May 202160,477Jun 202161,001Jul
202161,680Aug 202162,338Sep 202162,966Oct 202163,604Nov 202164,172

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1. 2021-12-06
‘Except God, No Substance Can Be Conceived’: Spinoza on Other
Substances.Ruben Noorloos - forthcoming - Analysis.details
This paper argues that Spinoza held substances other than God to be
inconceivable. It uses this claim to develop a novel response to the
Problem of Other Substances, the problem of explaining why some of
Spinoza’s proofs for God’s existence cannot be used to prove the existence
of a non-divine substance instead.
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2. 2021-12-06
Philosophy and Classic Psychedelics: A Review of Some Emerging Themes.Chris
Letheby & Jaipreet Mattu - forthcoming - Journal of Psychedelic
Studies.details
Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as
raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were
largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an
overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic
philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction
in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology,
psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we
highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics,
self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic
profile of the psychedelic (...) experience; (iii) ethical concerns about
the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or
religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic
worldview. (shrink)
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3. 2021-12-06
The Great Brain Suck: And Other American Epiphanies.Eugene Halton - 2008 -
Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.details
“Witty, acerbic, and brilliant. Halton takes on truly basic philosophical
issues, but unlike the great majority of cultural critics today, he is
philosophically prepared and highly competent to do so. Halton’s
extraordinary work is nearly unique among current writers in its relevance,
incisiveness, and philosophical power.” (Bruce Wilshire, Rutgers
University) “The Great Brain Suck is a wholly original book that draws on
Eugene Halton’s careful empirical and conceptual work to offer critical
insights into American life and scholarship. As he details (...) the ways
that the American citizen has given way to the American consumer—the ways
we have been fooled by the commodity magicians of commerce—Halton provides
new, sound, and fascinating perspectives on both contemporary and historic
American themes.” (Russell Belk, York University). (shrink)
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4. 2021-12-05
The Modesty of the Moral Point of View.Karl Schafer - 2016 - In Errol Lord
& Barry Maguire (eds.), Weighing Reasons. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.details
In recent years, several philosophers - including Joshua Gert, Douglas
Portmore, and Elizabeth Harman - have argued that there is a sense in which
morality itself does not treat moral reasons as consistently overriding.2
My aim in the present essay is to develop and extend this idea from a
somewhat different perspective. In doing so, I offer an alternative way of
formalizing the idea that morality is modest about the weight of moral
reasons in this way, thereby making more explicit (...) the connections
between this thesis and similar issues in the epistemic sphere. In
addition, I discuss how these ideas can transform our thinking about
familiar questions in ethics such as the nature of self-effacement, the
significance of reflective endorsement, the weight that moral reasons ought
to be given in all things consideration, and the plausibility of “indirect”
moral theories. Finally, I show that these ideas are compatible even with
pictures of morality – such as Kant’s – on which morality might seem to
anything but modest about its own importance. In doing so, I stress that it
is possible to see morality as modest about the weight of specifically
moral reasons, while also seeing all practical reasons as grounded in
morality more indirectly – namely, by seeing morality as determining the
weight that both moral and non-moral considerations deserve to have in all
things considered deliberation. (shrink)
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5. 2021-12-05
Universality and Accommodating Differences: Religious, Racial, Sexual,
Gendered.Helga Varden - forthcoming - In The Kantian Mind.details
An enduring source of skepticism towards Kant’s practical philosophy is his
deep conviction that morality must be understood in terms of universality.
Whether we look to Kant’s fundamental moral principle (the Categorical
Imperative) or to his fundamental principle of right (the Universal
Principle of Right), universality lies at the core of the analyses. A
central worry of his critics is that by making universality the bedrock of
morality in these ways, Kant fails to appreciate the importance of
difference in individual (...) lives, societies, and legal-political
institutions when these are realized well. Below I argue that Kant’s
philosophy neither advocates moralized hyper-reflective, alienating ways of
being nor seeks to justify Kant’s own and others’ prejudices in the name of
morality’s universality. To see this, we need to understand both Kant’s
account of human nature – of the predisposition to good and the propensity
to evil – and how Kant’s theory of freedom sets the moral framework within
which important non-moralizable concerns of human nature are accommodated.
We can then appreciate the ways in which Kant sees both unreflective and
reflective normative elements as working together as an integrated whole in
emotionally healthy, morally good human beings, historical cultures, and
legal-political institutional systems. (shrink)
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6. 2021-12-05
The Sellarsian Fate of Mental Fictionalism.László Kocsis & Krisztián Pete -
forthcoming - In Tamas Demeter, Ted Parent & Adam Toon (eds.), Mental
Fictionalism: Philosophical Explorations. New York: Routledge. pp. chapter
6.details
This chapter argues that mental fictionalism can only be a successful
account of our ordinary folk-psychological practices if it can in some way
preserve its original function, namely its explanatory aspect. A too strong
commitment to the explanatory role moves fictionalism unacceptably close to
the realist or eliminativist interpretation of folk psychology. To avoid
this, fictionalists must degrade or dispense with this explanatory role.
This motivation behind the fictionalist movement seems to be rather similar
to that of Sellars when he (...) came up with the Myth of Jones, his
proto-theory of mental concepts. He was faced with the problem of
preserving the explanatory status of mental concepts without turning them
into proper theoretical entities. By introducing the Sellarsian
proto-theory of concepts related to the mental and outlining its main
points, this chapter aims to provide a critique of the two versions of
mental fictionalism that are arguably the strongest: Adam Toon’s
prop-oriented pretence theory and Tamás Demeter’s expressive storyism.
(shrink)
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7. 2021-12-05
Free Energy: A User's Guide.Stephen Francis Mann, Ross Alexander Pain &
Michael Kirchhoff - details
Over the last fifteen years, an ambitious explanatory framework has been
proposed to unify explanations across biology and cognitive science. Active
inference, whose most famous tenet is the free energy principle, has
inspired excitement and confusion in equal measure. Here, we lay the ground
for proper critical analysis of active inference, in three ways. First, we
give simplified versions of its core mathematical models. Second, we
outline the historical development of active inference and its relationship
to other theoretical approaches. Third, (...) we describe three different
kinds of claim -- labelled mathematical, empirical and general -- routinely
made by proponents of the framework, and suggest dialectical links between
them. Overall, we aim to increase philosophical understanding of active
inference so that it may be more readily evaluated. -/- This is a
manuscript draft of the Introduction to the Topical Collection "The Free
Energy Principle: From Biology to Cognition", forthcoming in Biology &
Philosophy. (shrink)
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8. 2021-12-05
To Maleappropriate: Coining a Term for a Familiar Pattern of
Behaviour.Susanne Bobzien - unknowndetails
In this 2 1/2 page piece(ling) I introduce the terms 'to maleappropriate',
'maleappropriation', 'maleappropriator', etc., for a familiar phenomenon
and pattern of behaviour, following a couple of autobiographical remarks
and followed but some brief suggestions about how to handle the phenomenon.
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9. 2021-12-05
Financial Gerontology.Erik Selecky & Andrzej Klimczuk - 2021 - In Danan Gu
& Matthew E. Dupre (eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population
Aging. Springer Verlag. pp. 1861–1864.details
Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between
finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis
W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie affirm that
financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of
finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging
on economies or the financial resilience of older people.
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10. 2021-12-05
Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation in Aging.Jorge Felix &
Andrzej Klimczuk - 2021 - In Danan Gu & Matthew E. Dupre (eds.),
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Cham: Springer Verlag.
pp. 4558–4565.details
Social entrepreneurship is usually understood as an economic activity which
focuses at social values, goals, and investments that generates surpluses
for social entrepreneurs as individuals, groups, and startups who are
working for the benefit of communities, instead of strictly focusing mainly
at the financial profit, economic values, and the benefit generated for
shareholders or owners. Social entrepreneurship combines the production of
goods, services, and knowledge in order to achieve both social and economic
goals and allow for solidarity building. From a (...) broader perspective,
entities that are focused on social entrepreneurship are identified as
parts of the social and solidarity economy. These are, for example, social
enterprises, cooperatives, mutual organizations, self-help groups,
charities, unions, fair trade companies, community enterprises, and time
banks. Social innovation is a key element of social entrepreneurship.
Social innovation is usually understood as new strategies, concepts,
products, services, and organizational forms that allow for the
satisfaction of needs. Such innovations are created in particular in the
contact areas of various sectors of the social system. For example, these
are spaces between the public sector, the private sector, and civil
society. These innovations not only allow the solving of problems but also
extend possibilities for public action. (shrink)
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11. 2021-12-05
There Are Nowadays Professors of Philosophy, but Not Philosophers.Pierre
Hadot, tr Simmons, J. Aaron & ed Marshall, Mason - 2005 - Journal of
Speculative Philosophy 19 (3):229-237.details
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12. 2021-12-04
The Thesis Argument of Kant’s Third Antinomy.Corey W. Dyck - 2021 - In
Camilla Serck-Hanssen & Beatrix Himmelmann (eds.), The Court of Reason:
Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress. De Gruyter. pp.
475-484.details
The Thesis of Kant’s Third Antinomy asserts that, because it is “necessary
to assume another causality through freedom” in order to derive all the
appearances of the world, “causality in accordance with the laws of nature
is not the only one” (A444/B472). The argument Kant supplies in support of
this, however, has been the subject of interpretative disagreement since at
least Schopenhauer, with the most plausible reconstructions being dismissed
as question-begging, resting on a conflation relating to the principle of
sufficient (...) reason, or attacking a straw-man of the Antithesis
position. In this paper, I attempt to provide a novel interpretation of the
argument for the Thesis position, one that offers a more compelling case
against a charitably interpreted Antithesis position. (shrink)
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13. 2021-12-04
"Overcoming Ontological Transcendence: The Hermeneutic Significance of
Heidegger's 'On the Essence of Ground'" (Unpublished 2009).Matthew C.
Halteman - manuscriptdetails
Though commentators have paid little thematic attention to Heidegger’s 1928
treatise “On the Essence of Ground” (OEG), recently available subsequent
writings suggest that Heidegger himself saw OEG as a pivotal step on the
way to “overcoming” his analysis of fundamental ontological transcendence.
Among these writings is a set of rarely discussed lettered notes originally
scribbled into his personal copy of OEG in which Heidegger offers a
point-for-point deconstruction of the treatise’s fundamental ontological
interpretation of transcendence. I argue that examining the (...) interplay
between these two tiers of analysis may illuminate the murky trail that
cuts between the beaten track of Being and Time and the increasingly
well-trodden paths of Contributions to Philosophy and other later writings.
Part one motivates the reading I propose by situating OEG in the broader
contexts of its reception in the secondary literature, its engagement by
Heidegger himself in subsequent writings, and my own interpretation—in view
of Heidegger’s remarks—of its utility for illuminating the catalyst’s role
played by the transcendence problem in the development of his overall
project. Against this backdrop, part two advances a selective reading of
the most important developments in OEG’s main text and lettered notes,
elucidating in the process their hermeneutic significance for returning to
and “turning” from the progressive elaboration of transcendence that both
initiates and eventually exhausts Heidegger’s fundamental ontological
inquiries. The picture that emerges, I conclude, is that OEG is
hermeneutically a significantly more important work (for Heidegger
certainly, but potentially also for his interpreters) than its marginal
status in the secondary literature might lead one to believe. (shrink)
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14. 2021-12-04
Misinformation and the Limits of Individual Responsibility.Boyd Millar -
2021 - Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 10 (12):8-21.details
The issue of how best to combat the negative impacts of misinformation
distributed via social media hangs on the following question: are there
methods that most individuals can reasonably be expected to employ that
would largely protect them from the negative impact that encountering
misinformation on social media would otherwise have on their beliefs? If
the answer is “yes,” then presumably individuals bear significant
responsibility for those negative impacts; and, further, presumably there
are feasible educational remedies for the problem of (...) misinformation.
However, I argue that the answer is “no.” Accordingly, I maintain that
individuals do not bear significant responsibility for the negative impacts
at issue; and, further, I maintain that the only effective remedies for the
problem of misinformation involve changing the information environment
itself. (shrink)
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15. 2021-12-04
The Depth(s) of the Twentieth Century.Galen J. Strawson - 2010 - Analysis
70 (4):607.details
many things were back to front in 20th century analytic philosophy.
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16. 2021-12-04
Against Narrativity.Galen Strawson - unknowndetails
I argue against two popular claims. The first is a descriptive, empiri- cal
thesis about the nature of ordinary human experience: ‘each of us
constructs and lives a “narrative” . . . this narrative is us, our
identities’ (Oliver Sacks); ‘self is a perpetually rewritten story . . . in
the end, we become the autobiographical narratives by which we “tell about”
our lives’ (Jerry Bruner); ‘we are all virtuoso novelists. . . . We try to
make all of our (...) material cohere into a single good story. And that
story is our autobiography. The chief fictional char- acter . . . of that
autobiography is one’s self’ (Dan Dennett). The second is a normative,
ethical claim: we ought to live our lives narratively, or as a story; a
‘basic condition of making sense of ourselves is that we grasp our lives in
a narrative’ and have an understanding of our lives ‘as an unfolding story’
(Charles Taylor). A person ‘creates his identity [only] by forming an
autobiograph- ical narrative – a story of his life’, and must be in
possession of a full and ‘explicit narrative [of his life] to develop fully
as a person’ (Marya Schechtman). (shrink)
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17. 2021-12-04
The Physician as Friend to the Patient.Nir Ben-Moshe - forthcoming - In The
Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Friendship.details
My question in the chapter is this: could (and should) the role of the
physician be construed as that of a friend to the patient? I begin by
briefly discussing the “friendship model” of the physician-patient
relationship—according to which physicians and patients could, and perhaps
should, be friends—as well as its history and limitations. Given these
limitations, I focus on the more one-sided idea that the physician could,
and perhaps should, be a friend to the patient (a “physician-qua-friend
model” of (...) the physician-patient relationship). I show that given
recent developments in our understanding of the physician-patient
relationship, this idea is far from asinine. I then make the case that the
most plausible conception of the physician-qua-friend model incorporates
the following components: (a) a common goal, that is, one that physician
and patient share; (b) certain forms of equality between physician and
patient; (c) an ideal of a caring physician. Finally, I show how the model
can be instantiated in a certain type of physician-patient interaction,
namely, in physician-assisted dying. (shrink)
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18. 2021-12-03
Theorizing the Normative Significance of Critical Histories for
International Law.Damian Cueni & Matthieu Queloz - forthcoming - Journal of
the History of International Law.details
Though recent years have seen a proliferation of critical histories of
international law, their normative significance remains under-theorized,
especially from the perspective of general readers rather than writers of
such histories. How do critical histories of international law acquire
their normative significance? And how should one react to them? We
distinguish three ways in which critical histories can be normatively
significant: (i) by undermining the overt or covert conceptions of history
embedded within present practices in support of their authority; (ii) (...)
by disappointing the normative expectations that regulate people’s
reactions to critical histories; and (iii) by revealing continuities and
discontinuities in the functions that our practices serve. By giving us a
theoretical grip on the different ways in which history can be normatively
significant and call for different reactions, this account helps us think
about the overall normative significance of critical histories and how one
and the same critical history can pull us in different directions. (shrink)
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19. 2021-12-03
Aristotle and Linearity in Substance, Measure, and Motion.Paul Taborsky -
forthcoming - Axiomathes:1-25.details
The model of a closed linear measure space, which can be used to model
Aristotle’s treatment of motion (kinesis), can be analogically extended to
the qualitative ‘spaces’ implied by his theory of contraries in Physics I
and in Metaphysics Iota, and to the dimensionless ‘space’ of the unity of
matter and form discussed in book Eta of the Metaphysics. By examining
Aristotle’s remarks on contraries, the subject of change, continuity, and
the unity of matter and form, Aristotle’s thoughts on motion, (...) on
contraries, and on the unity of substance can be brought together under a
single interpretive framework, which can provide an approach to
interpreting his ontology. (shrink)
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20. 2021-12-03
The Inescapability of Moral Luck.Taylor W. Cyr - forthcoming - Thought: A
Journal of Philosophy.details
I argue that any account attempting to do away with resultant or
circumstantial moral luck is inconsistent with a natural response to the
problem of constitutive moral luck. It is plausible to think that we
sometimes contribute to the formation of our characters in such a way as to
mitigate our constitutive moral luck at later times. But, as I argue here,
whether or not we succeed in bringing about changes to our characters is
itself a matter of resultant and (...) circumstantial moral luck. I
conclude with a dilemma, both of horns of which require accepting some form
of moral luck. (shrink)
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21. 2021-12-03
The Noetic Feeling of Confusion.Juliette Vazard & Catherine Audrin -
forthcoming - Philosophical Psychology.details
Feeling confused can sometimes lead us to give up on the task, frustrated.
What is less emphasized is that confusion may also promote happy
(epistemic) endings to our inquiries. It has recently been argued that
confusion motivates effortful investigative behaviors which can help us
acquire hard-to-get epistemic goods (DiLeo et al., 2019; D’Mello &
Graesser, 2012). While the motivational power of confusion and its benefits
for learning has been uncovered in recent years, the exact nature of the
phenomenon remains obscure. (...) In this paper we attempt to shed light on
the nature and epistemic value of an experience we are all familiar with:
the experience of being confused at an object, a statement, etc. We first
review the psychological literature on confusion, where it is most often
considered to be an epistemic emotion. We then propose a refined account of
confusion, by drawing on the literature on metacognitive or noetic
feelings, both in psychology and in the philosophy of mind. In particular,
we claim that confusion centrally involves the experience of the limits of
one’s cognitive capacities, because it results from a monitoring of our
cognitive activities as we encounter a cognitive obstacle while processing
a given content. Finally we show how our account may explain findings about
the role of the experience of confusion in motivating deeper inquiry into
complex problems and bringing about epistemic success in these cases.
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22. 2021-12-03
The Authority of the Sacred Victim.Molly Brigid McGrath - 2020 - Social
Philosophy and Policy 37 (2):132-152.details
Suffering can make sacred, so it may partly be nature, and not culture
alone, that leads us to apprehend a sacred aspect in victims of oppression.
Those who recognize this sacredness show piety—a special form of
respect—toward members of oppressed groups. The result is a system of
social constructions often dismissed as “identity politics.” This essay
starts with an analysis of the intentionality of piety and sacredness and
how they relate to suffering, sacrifice, sanctions, pollution, and
purification. It then argues (...) that the sacralization of oppressed
groups is an expression of the perennial human disposition to acknowledge
sacredness and to respond piously. The essay then analyzes this sacred
status as socially constructed. Based on the sacred-making power of
suffering, the sacred status elicits piety, gives its bearers special
authority, surrounds them with sanctions, and calls for symbolic
sacrificial punishments of the impious. By dissecting sacrificial politics
as a system of social constructions, we see that, although the oppressed
groups are made sacred, certain people in the oppressor groups—“the
Pious”—continue to exercise fundamental power. This essay, by displaying
the inner logic of this cultural phenomenon, helps us both to sympathize
with and to critique the system and then to pose questions about what good
or bad the system might be doing. (shrink)
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23. 2021-12-03
“Edmund Husserl: Transcending Ideology.”.Molly Brigid Flynn - 2013 - In Lee
Trepanier John von Heyking (ed.), Teaching in an Age of Ideology. Lexington
Books.details
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24. 2021-12-03
Philosophy and the Integrity of the Person: The Phenomenology of Robert
Sokolowski.Molly McGrath - 2019 - In Michela Ferri (ed.), The Reception of
Husserlian Phenomenology in North America. Springer Verlag. pp.
187-204.details
This chapter offers an overview of the philosophy of Robert S. Sokolowski
with a focus on his account of what philosophy is, how philosophy arises
out of pre-philosophical life, and how it is related back to
pre-philosophical life. It also situates Sokolowsk’s achievements in
articulating the relationship between Husserlian phenomenology and modern
and pre-modern styles of philosophizing.
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25. 2021-12-03
Structuralist heroes and points of heresy: recognizing Gilles Deleuze’s
(anti-)structuralism.Iain Campbell - forthcoming - Continental Philosophy
Review:1-20.details
This article is concerned with the status and stakes of Gilles Deleuze’s
“break” with structuralism. With a particular focus on a transitional text
of Deleuze, the 1967/1972 article “How Do We Recognize Structuralism?,” it
asks how Deleuze understood structuralism and why, after his encounter with
Félix Guattari and Guattari’s own transitional text, 1969’s “Machine and
Structure,” Deleuze felt the need to break with structuralism. It argues
that reading these two texts together allows us to see that Deleuze already
perceived tensions (...) within the structuralist project, and argues that
Guattari’s non-structural account of the machine allowed Deleuze to clarify
this perception, and see it as necessitating a departure from
structuralism. To close, however, it turns to recent work by philosophers
such as Étienne Balibar and Patrice Maniglier that re-examines the
structuralist moment and identifies an ongoing legacy that the
“poststructuralism” of Deleuze and Guattari may be part of. By considering
Deleuze and Guattari’s break with structuralism in light of this work, this
article considers how the polemical rejection of structuralism by Deleuze
and Guattari may not fully account for the ongoing legacy of the
structuralist program and the persistence of a structuralist problematic in
their thought. (shrink)
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26. 2021-12-03
Africapitalism, Ubuntu, and Sustainability.Matthew Crippen - 2021 -
Environmental Ethics 43 (3):235-259.details
Ubuntu originated in small-scale societies in precolonial Africa. It
stresses metaphysical and moral interconnectedness of humans, and newer
Africapitalist approaches absorb ubuntu ideology, with the aims of
promoting community wellbeing and restoring a love of local place that
global free trade has eroded. Ecological degradation violates these goals,
which ought to translate into care for the nonhuman world, in addition to
which some sub-Saharan thought systems promote environmental concern as a
value in its own right. The foregoing story is reinforced (...) by field
research on African hunting operations that appear—counterintuitively—to
reconcile conservation with business imperatives and local community
interests. Though acknowledging shortcomings, I maintain these hunting
enterprises do, by and large, adopt Africapitalist and ubuntu attitudes to
enhance community wellbeing, environmental sustainability, and long-term
economic viability. I also examine how well-intentioned Western
conservation agendas are neocolonial impositions that impede local control
while exacerbating environmental destruction and socioeconomic hardship.
Ubuntu offers a conciliatory epistemology, which Africapitalism
incorporates, and I conclude by considering how standard moral theories and
political divisions become less antagonistic within these sub-Saharan
frameworks, so even opponents can find common cause. (shrink)
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27. 2021-12-03
Descartes on the Unity of the Virtues.Saja Parvizian - forthcoming -
Journal of Philosophical Research.details
Commentators have neglected a tension in Descartes’ virtue theory. In some
texts, Descartes seems to argue that there are distinct virtues. In other
texts, Descartes seems to argue that there is only a single virtue–the firm
and constant resolution to use the will well. In this paper, I reconcile
this tension. I argue that Descartes endorses a specific version of the
unity of the virtues thesis, namely, the identity of the virtues.
Nonetheless, Descartes has the resources to draw conceptual distinctions
(...) between various virtues. Distinct virtues are conceptually generated
when we regard the firm and constant resolution to use the will well in
different ways, that is, based on the different ways this resolution
manifests in moral situations. (shrink)
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28. 2021-12-02
Selectionism and Diaphaneity.Paweł Jakub Zięba - forthcoming -
Axiomathes:1-31.details
Brain activity determines which relations between objects in the
environment are perceived as differences and similarities in colour, smell,
sound, etc. According to selectionism, brain activity does not create those
relations; it only selects which of them are perceptually available to the
subject on a given occasion. In effect, selectionism entails that
perceptual experience is diaphanous, i.e. that sameness and difference in
the phenomenal character of experience is exhausted by sameness and
difference in the perceived items. It has been argued (...) that
diaphaneity is undermined by phenomenological considerations and empirical
evidence. This paper considers five prominent arguments of this sort and
shows that none of them succeeds. (shrink)
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29. 2021-12-02
Disagreement and Authority: Comparing Ecclesial and Scientific
Practices.Louis Caruana - 2015 - In A. J. Carroll, M. Kerkwijk, M. Kirwan &
J. Sweeney (eds.), Towards a Kenotic Vision of Authority in the Catholic
Church. Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp.
91-102.details
In recent years, disagreement as a philosophical topic has started to
attract considerable attention, giving rise to rich debates not only on the
logical nature of disagreement but also on specifically political and
religious forms of it. Moreover, in some recent documents of the Catholic
Church, we see corresponding attempts at understanding religious pluralism,
dialogue among religions, and doctrinal tensions that sometimes arise
within various parts of the Church itself. In such debates, many assume
that the realm of the humanities (...) is clearly distinct from that of the
natural sciences and, as a consequence, the dynamics of disagreement within
the two realms is distinct as well. This paper challenges this assumption.
Sociological studies of science are undermining the idea of a strict
dichotomy between the dynamics of disagreement within the sciences and that
within other areas of inquiry. Engaging in comparative methodology, this
paper critically evaluates the dynamics of ecclesial disagreement and the
associated idea of doctrinal authority by comparing them with what happens
in the sciences. (shrink)
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30. 2021-12-02
The First Workers’ Government in History: Karl Marx’s Addenda to
Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871.Daniel Gaido - 2021 -
Historical Materialism 29 (1):49-112.details
In Marxist circles it is common to refer to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in
France for a theoretical analysis of the historical significance of the
Paris Commune, and to Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray’s History of the Commune
of 1871 for a description of the facts surrounding the insurrection of the
Paris workers and its repression by the National Assembly led by Adolphe
Thiers. What is less well-known is that Marx himself oversaw the German
translation of Lissagaray’s book and made numerous additions (...) to it.
In this article we describe Marx’s addenda to Lissagaray’s work, showing
how they contribute to concretising his analysis of the Paris Commune and
how they relate to the split in the International Working Men’s Association
between Marxists and anarchists that took place after the Commune’s defeat.
We also show how Marx’s additions to the German version of Lissagaray’s
book were linked to his involvement with the recently created Socialist
Workers’ Party of Germany and to his criticism of the programme it had
adopted at the congress celebrated in the city of Gotha. (shrink)
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31. 2021-12-02
Consensus Gentium: Reflections on the 'Common Consent' Argument for the
Existence of God.Thomas Kelly - 2011 - In Kelly James Clark & Raymond J.
VanArragon (eds.), Evidence and Religious Belief. Oxford University
Press.details
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32. 2021-12-02
What Are Definitions of Life Good For? Transdisciplinary and Other
Definitions in Astrobiology.Tarja Knuuttila & Andrea Loettgers - 2017 -
Biology and Philosophy 32 (6):1185-1203.details
The attempt to define life has gained new momentum in the wake of novel
fields such as synthetic biology, astrobiology, and artificial life. In a
series of articles, Cleland, Chyba, and Machery claim that definitions of
life seek to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for applying the
concept of life—something that such definitions cannot, and should not do.
We argue that this criticism is largely unwarranted. Cleland, Chyba, and
Machery approach definitions of life as classifying devices, thereby
neglecting their other (...) epistemic roles. We identify within the
discussions of the nature and origin of life three other types of
definitions: theoretical, transdisciplinary, and diagnostic definitions.
The primary aim of these definitions is not to distinguish life from
nonlife, although they can also be used for classificatory purposes. We
focus on the definitions of life within the budding field of astrobiology,
paying particular attention to transdisciplinary definitions, and
diagnostic definitions in the search for biosignatures from other planets.
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33. 2021-12-02
Hey, Google, leave those kids alone: Against hypernudging children in the
age of big data.James Smith & Tanya de Villiers-Botha - forthcoming - AI
and Society:1-11.details
Children continue to be overlooked as a topic of concern in discussions
around the ethical use of people’s data and information. Where children are
the subject of such discussions, the focus is often primarily on privacy
concerns and consent relating to the use of their data. This paper
highlights the unique challenges children face when it comes to online
interferences with their decision-making, primarily due to their
vulnerability, impressionability, the increased likelihood of disclosing
personal information online, and their developmental capacities. (...)
These traits allow for practices such as hypernudging to be executed on
them more accurately and with more serious consequences, specifically by
potentially undermining their autonomy. We argue that children are
autonomous agents in the making and thus require additional special
protections to ensure that the development of their autonomy is
safeguarded. This means that measures should be taken to prohibit most
forms of hypernudging children and thus ensure that they are protected from
this powerful technique of digital manipulation. (shrink)
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34. 2021-12-02
The Arrival of the Smartest: In Favour of a Pluralistic Account of the
Evolution of Cognition.Giorgio Airoldi - 2021 - Aufklärung 8.details
The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in
evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary
hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most
theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe that
the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account can
greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it
evolved.
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35. 2021-12-02
Out of Time: Modernity, Historicity, and Temporality in Ernst Jünger’s War
Journals.Marilyn Stendera - 2021 - In Justin Clemens & Nicolas Hausdorf
(eds.), Ernst Jünger - Philosophy Under Occupation. Melbourne: Index
Journal/Memo Review. pp. 89-117.details
The diaries that detail Ernst Jünger’s time in occupied Paris can be as
frustrating as they are captivating. Their tone is often both elegiac and
detached, at once keenly aware of and distant from the suffering occurring
all around their author. This ambiguity becomes particularly apparent in
the contrast between the remarkable everyday encounters the diaries
describe and their broader cosmic and world-historical ruminations. In this
paper, I want to suggest that this tension can be read as a response to
(...) the imperatives through which totalising thought shapes how subjects
operating under its confines relate to time itself. This dynamic, which can
already be found in Jünger’s own earlier work, is dramatized in the way
that the diaries construct the alternative temporal perspective of the
witness. The witness here is one who survives outside of, and yet also
remains caught between, two temporal imaginaries characteristic of
modernity: Totalising historicization – the sweeping narrative of progress
that demands the sacrifice of the present individual and individual present
– and mechanised temporality, that is, instrumentalised clock time.
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36. 2021-12-01
Transcendental Philosophy as a Scientific Research Programme.Michael Lewin
- 2021 - Kantian Journal 40 (3):93-126.details
Transcendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head,
mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both
prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the
concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood
architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite
form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and
followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series
(...) of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this
context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of
transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and
methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental
philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first
part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I
argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos
can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of
philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of
transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the
standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s
methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of
transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the
component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the
different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the
methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a
metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical
projects. -/- Keywords: transcendental philosophy, Kant, programmatics,
architectonics, metaphilosophy, ideas of reason, Lakatos, research
programmes. (shrink)
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37. 2021-12-01
More Than Fitness. A Robustness-Based Proposal of a Logical Space to
Classify Processes Behind Evolutionary Phenomena.Giorgio Airoldi - 2018 -
Kairos 20 (1):89-112.details
The assumption that natural selection alone is sufficient to explain not
only which traits get fixed in a population/species, but also how they
develop, has been questioned since Darwin’s times, and increasingly in the
last decades. Alternative theories, linked to genetic and phenotypic
processes, or to the theory of complex systems, have been proposed to
explain the rise of the phenotypic variety upon which natural selection
acts. In this article, we illustrate the current state of the issue and we
propose (...) a logical space based on phenotypic robustness that allows a
classification of evolutionary phenomena and can provide a framework for
unifying all these accounts. (shrink)
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38. 2021-12-01
A Blooming and Buzzing Confusion: Buffon, Reimarus, and Kant on Animal
Cognition.Hein van den Berg - 2018 - Studies in History and Philosophy of
Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and
Biomedical Sciences 72:1-9.details
Kant’s views on animals have received much attention in recent years.
According to some, Kant attributed the capacity for objective perceptual
awareness to non-human animals, even though he denied that they have
concepts. This position is difficult to square with a conceptualist reading
of Kant, according to which objective perceptual awareness requires
concepts. Others take Kant’s views on animals to imply that the mental life
of animals is a blooming, buzzing confusion. In this article I provide a
historical reconstruction of (...) Kant’s views on animals, relating them
to eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition. I reconstruct the views
of Buffon and Reimarus and show that (i) both Buffon and Reimarus adopted a
conceptualist position, according to which concepts structure the cognitive
experience of adult humans, and (ii) that both described the mental life of
animals as a blooming, buzzing confusion. Kant’s position, I argue, is
virtually identical to that of Reimarus. Hence Kant’s views on animals
support a conceptualist reading of Kant. The article further articulates
the historical antecedents of the Kantian idea that concepts structure
human cognitive experience and provides a novel account of how the ideas of
similarity and difference were conceptualized in eighteenth-century debates
on animal cognition. (shrink)
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39. 2021-12-01
Price's Subject Naturalism and Liberal Naturalism.Lionel Shapiro -
forthcoming - In Mario De Caro & David Macarthur (eds.), Routledge Handbook
of Liberal Naturalism. Routledge.details
This chapter first seeks to identify Huw Price's reasons for holding that
"object naturalism" can be undermined by "subject-naturalistic" inquiry. It
then addresses five questions about how his project bears on the prospects
for a liberal naturalism. (1) Does Price’s strategy depend on his
requirement that the relevant inquiry into human discourse and thought be
conducted in natural-scientific terms? (2) Is Price’s strategy even
compatible with that requirement? (3) Does the worldview Price arrives at
amount to a liberal naturalism, i.e. (...) a naturalism that could be
obtained by relaxing a more restrictive version? (4) Is Price’s strategy
consistent with a liberal naturalism? (5) Should a proponent of Price’s
strategy accept a liberal naturalism? (shrink)
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40. 2021-12-01
On the Systematicity of Descartes' Ethics: Generosity, Metaphysics, and
Scientia.Saja Parvizian - 2018 - Dissertation, University of Illinois at
Chicagodetails
Descartes is not widely recognized for his ethics; indeed, most readers are
unaware that he had an ethics. However, Descartes placed great importance
on his ethics, claiming that ethics is the highest branch of his
philosophical system. I aim to understand the systematic relationship
Descartes envisions between his ethics and the rest of his philosophy,
particularly his metaphysics and epistemology. I defend three main theses.
First, I argue against the recent trend in the literature that claims that
the chief virtue (...) in Descartes’ ethics—generosity—is acquired in the
Meditations. On this view, the presence of moral virtue in the Meditations
shows that ethical practice is intertwined with metaphysics and
epistemology. I argue that generosity cannot be acquired in the Meditations
because acquiring generosity presupposes several metaphysical and physical
truths that the meditator cannot access given her epistemic position. Thus,
I maintain that metaphysics and epistemology is foundational to ethics.
Second, I resolve the tension between Descartes’ description of distinct
virtues, and his insistence that there is only a single virtue—the
disposition to judge well. Drawing from his theory of conceptual
distinction in his metaphysics, I argue that Descartes offers a unique
account of the unity of the virtues. Although Descartes describes different
virtues, he thinks that all of them are identical to each other because
they are reducible to the disposition to judge well. Nonetheless, we can
conceptually distinguish between the virtues because we can regard the
disposition to judge well in different ways given the various applications
it has in different types of moral situations. Third, I show that some of
Descartes’ ethical concepts inform his epistemology. I draw from Descartes’
theory of virtue to address “the problem of knowledge preservation,” that
is, how to render perfect knowledge— scientia—stable in light of the
instability of clear and distinct perceptions. I argue that Descartes
intends to preserve scientia by grounding items of scientia in virtuous
habits of belief. These habits of belief are established through repeated
engagement with cognitive routes to clear and distinct perceptions, and are
ultimately grounded in memory. This reading has the advantage of explaining
Descartes’ notoriously confusing remarks about memory in response to the
Cartesian circle. (shrink)
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41. 2021-12-01
“Reason's Sympathy” and Others' Ends in Kant.Benjamin Vilhauer -
forthcoming - European Journal of Philosophy.details
Kant’s notion of (what I will call) rational sympathy solves a problem
about how we can voluntarily fulfill our imperfect duty to adopt those ends
of others which have value only because they have been set by rational
agents, ends which I will refer to as merely permissible ends (MPEs).
Others’ MPEs are individuated in terms of their own concepts of their MPEs,
and we can only adopt their MPEs in terms of their concepts, since to adopt
them in terms (...) of different concepts would be to adopt different ends.
Others’ concepts of their MPEs may contain marks of the first person, and
should contain no marks of law apart from permissibility. Rational sympathy
allows us to adopt ends individuated in terms of concepts with marks of
these kinds because rational sympathy allows us to voluntarily adopt
others’ first-person perspectives in imagination, and to voluntarily shape
our contingent feelings so that such concepts motivate us despite their
underdetermination by law. (shrink)
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42. 2021-12-01
Epistemological and Ethical Aspects of Time in Scientific Research.Daria
Jadreškić - 2020 - Dissertation, Leibniz University Hannoverdetails
This dissertation explores the influence of time constraints on different
research practices. The first two parts present case studies, which serve
as a basis for discussing the epistemological and ethical implications of
temporal limitations in scientific research. Part I is a case study on
gravitational wave research, conducted by the LIGO Scientific
Collaboration. This exemplifies fundamental research – without immediate
societal applications, open-ended in terms of timeline and in terms of
research goals. It is based, in part, on qualitative interviews (...)
conducted with gravitational wave physicists. I show that considerations
about time and speed play a role in every stage of research: goal setting,
method design, and the evaluation and communication of results. Part II
provides a case study on translational medicine, an approach explicitly
dedicated to accelerating research in order to develop and implement new
therapies. This epitomizes applied research with high social stakes,
motivated by non-epistemic goals. Here, epistemic trade-offs between speed
and reliability intersect with ethical trade-offs between different types
of harms. In Part III, the insights from both of these case studies are
used as the basis for a more general discussion concerning the pragmatic
aspects of epistemic practices, especially in relation to current debates
centered on the role of values in science. A particular focus is on the
value of speed and the ability to generate reliable results, either via
choice of methods, or via decisions about which goals to set, as well as
decisions about when to stop further testing. The primary thesis of the
dissertation is that pragmatic considerations stemming from limitations of
resources are a necessary feature of the pursuit of epistemic aims, and
that the epistemic is thus inherently pragmatic. (shrink)
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43. 2021-12-01
Matter, Place, and Being From a Scotistic Point of View: A Bypass to the
Psycho-Physical Problem?Liran Shia Gordon - 2016 - Philosophy and Theology
28 (1):101-140.details
The aim of this paper is to apply the metaphysics of John Duns Scotus in
constructing a new conception of matter which does not stand in opposition
to the mental realm, but is rather composed of both physical and mental
elements. The paper is divided into four parts. Section one addresses
Scotus’ claim that matter is intelligible and actual in itself. Section two
aims to show that matter can be seen as a deprived thinking being. Section
three analyzes Scotus’ conception (...) of place. The final section brings
together the conclusions of the three preceding parts to confront the
Cartesian psycho-physical problem anew and to suggest a viable solution.
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44. 2021-12-01
Berkeley and Leibniz.Stephen Puryear - forthcoming - In Samuel C. Rickless
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Berkeley. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
pp. 503-521.details
This chapter explores the relationship between the views of Leibniz and
Berkeley on the fundamental nature of the created universe. It argues that
Leibniz concurs with Berkeley on three key points: that in the final
analysis there are only perceivers and their contents (subjective
idealism), that there are strictly speaking no material or corporeal
substances, and that bodies or sensible things reduce to the contents of
perceivers (phenomenalism). It then reconstructs his central argument for
phenomenalism, which rests on his belief (...) in the infinite division of
matter, his doctrine of the ideality of relations, and the traditional
principle of the convertibility of being and unity. Finally, it explores
Leibniz’s belief that a body having its being in one perceiver can be
“founded” on other perceivers, and considers Berkeley’s reasons for
opposing such a view. (shrink)
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45. 2021-12-01
Language and Reality.Menno Lievers - 2021 - In Second Thoughts. Tilburg,
Netherlands: pp. 261-277.details
An introduction to philosophy of language since Frege, focusing on the 20th
century.
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46. 2021-12-01
Time in Physical and Narrative Structure.Bas C. Van Fraassen - 1991 - In
John B. Bender & David E. Wellbery (eds.), Chronotypes: The Construction of
Time. Stanford University Press. pp. 19-37.details
When the reader turns to a text, he conceives of the narrated events as
ordered in time. When the natural philosopher turns to the world, he also
conceives of its events as ordered in time—or lately, in space-time. But
each has the task of constituting this order on the basis of clues present
in what is to be ordered. Interrogating the parallels to be found in their
problems and methods, I shall argue that in both cases the definiteness of
the (...) relation between the order and what is ordered resides mainly in
how the matter is to be conceived, and is underdetermined by the facts.
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47. 2021-11-30
No Good Arguments for Causal Closure.Keith Buhler - 2020 - Metaphysica 21
(2):223-236.details
Many common arguments for physicalism begin with the principle that the
cosmos is “causally closed.” But how good are the arguments for causal
closure itself? I argue that the deductive, a priori arguments on behalf of
causal closure tend to beg the question. The extant inductive arguments
fare no better. They commit a sampling error or a non-sequitur, or else
offer conclusions that remain compatible with causal openness. In short, we
have no good arguments that the physical world is causally (...) closed.
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48. 2021-11-30
Beyond the Limits of Imagination: Abductive Inferences From Imagined
Phenomena.Michael Traynor - 2021 - Synthese (Online First):1-23.details
The present paper proposes a route to modal claims that allows us to infer
to certain possibilities even if they are sensorily unimaginable and beyond
the evidential capacity of stipulative imagining. After a brief
introduction, Sect. 2 discusses imaginative resistance to help carve a
niche for the kinds of inferences about which this essay is chiefly
concerned. Section 3 provides three classic examples, along with a
discussion of their similarities and differences. Section 4 recasts the
notion of potential explanation in (...) Lipton’s (Inference to the best
explanation, Routledge, Abingdon, 2004) in order to accommodate inferences
to possibility claims; Sect. 5 then attempts to characterise a principle
underlying such inferences. Section 6 concludes by discussing how the
proposal relates to other modal epistemologies, with emphasis on the
potential of such inferences to produce genuinely new ideas. (shrink)
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49. 2021-11-30
The Identity of the Self Over Time is Normative.David L. Thompson -
manuscriptdetails
The temporal unity of the self cannot be accounted for by the continuity of
causal, factual, or contiguous relations between independently definable
mental events, as proposed by Locke and Parfit. The identity of the self
over time is normative: it depends on the institutional context of social
rules external to the self that determine the relationship between past
commitments and current responsibilities. (2005).
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50. 2021-11-30
Truth in Ethics and Epistemology: A Defense of Normative Realism.Nathan
Nobis - 2005 - Dissertation, University of Rochesterdetails
In this work I defend moral realism, the thesis that there are objective
moral truths, by defending “epistemic realism.” Epistemic realism is the
thesis that epistemic judgments, e.g., judgments that some belief is
epistemically reasonable, or justified, or known or should be held, are
sometimes true and made true by stance-independent epistemic facts and
properties. -/- One might think that epistemic realism needs no defense
because it is obviously true and nearly universally accepted. But there are
influential arguments against moral (...) realism, which is analogous to
epistemic realism: moral realists think that moral judgments, e.g., that
something is morally good, or ought to be done, are sometimes true because
there are stance-independent moral facts and properties. Moral irrealists
deny this for a variety of semantic, metaphysical, psychological and
epistemological reasons. They argue that moral judgments are neither true
nor false since they are non-cognitive expressions of emotion or commands,
or are never true since they fail to refer, or that their truth is
“relative.” -/- Drawing on the moral irrealisms of Ayer, Stevenson, Hare,
Mackie, Harman, and more recent thinkers, I construct parallel arguments
for epistemic irrealisms. On these views, epistemic judgments are also
merely expressive, a kind of command, always false, or relativistic in
truth conditions: even “epistemic platitudes” like “justified beliefs are
better than unjustified beliefs” and “ideally, one’s beliefs ought to be
consistent” are understood not as epistemic propositions that might be
believed (much less believed truly), or as attempts to accurately represent
epistemic facts, or as attributions of epistemic properties. -/- The
implications of these claims are highly at odds with common epistemological
assumptions, even those that moral irrealists tend to accept. I argue that
these implications are rationally unacceptable and that, therefore, the
premises that support them should be rejected. Since these premises are
those given in defense of moral irrealisms, I thereby defend both moral and
epistemic realism. Thus, I argue that “oughts,” “shoulds” and other
evaluative judgments are equally legitimate in both ethics and
epistemology. (shrink)
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51. 2021-11-30
The Beauty of What is Unfolding: Philosophy, Biology, and Laudato Si'.Louis
Caruana - 2021 - Gregorianum 102 (3):617-631.details
One of the aims of the encyclical "Laudato Si’" is to help us “marvel at
the manifold connections existing among creatures”, to show how we are also
involved, and to motivate us thereby to care for our common home. Are there
new dimensions of beauty available to us today because of recent advances
in biology? In this paper I seek to answer this question by first recalling
the basic criteria for beauty, as expressed by Aristotle and Aquinas, and
then evaluating (...) their applicability as regards three ways in which
some prominent twentieth century philosophers of biology have sought to
overcome the limitations of reductionism. The overall argument refers
especially to the works of Jakob von Uexküll and Georges Canguilhem. The
results indicate that harmony, proportion, and integrity in the natural
order should be more evident than ever before, especially as regards the
way the organism and its environment codetermine each other. This insight
allows a deeper appreciation of the message of "Laudato Si’". (shrink)
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52. 2021-11-30
Hannah Arendt and International Relations.Shinkyu Lee - 2021 - In Nukhet
Sandal (ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. New
York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-30.details
International relations (IR) scholars have increasingly integrated Hannah
Arendt into their works. Her fierce critique of the conventional ideas of
politics driven by rulership, enforcement, and violence has a particular
resonance for theorists seeking to critically revisit the basic assumptions
of IR scholarship. Arendt’s thinking, however, contains complexity and
nuance that need careful treatment when extended beyond domestic politics.
In particular, Arendt’s vision of free politics—characterized by the
dualistic emphasis on agonistic action and institutional stability—raises
two crucial issues that need (...) further elaboration for IR research that
appropriates her thinking. One involves the orientation of her
international thoughts. Although Arendt shows “idealistic” aspirations for
authentic politics practiced by diverse equals in an institutionally
articulated space of freedom, she never loses interest in the extant
situation of “non-idealistic” politics. Engaging with Arendt’s theory
orientation requires a careful analysis of difficult topics, such as her
distinctive conception of the political and her critiques of the
nation-state and international law. The other topic that needs
clarification when Arendt’s thoughts are applied to IR involves specific
ways of associating different sites of power. A close examination of
Arendt’s council-based federalism reveals her distinctive idea of
international politics, based on her acute awareness of the fundamental
complexity that lies in power association and state agency. Bringing IR
topics like state agency into conversation with her works generates
illuminating questions for Arendt scholarship. Likewise, the ongoing debate
on agonistic and institutional features of Arendt’s thoughts can provide
crucial insights into critical studies of international politics. (shrink)
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53. 2021-11-30
Responsibility for Collective Epistemic Harms.Will Fleisher & Dunja Seselja
- forthcoming - Philosophy of Science.details
Discussion of epistemic responsibility typically focuses on belief
formation and actions leading to it. Similarly, accounts of collective
epistemic responsibility have addressed the issue of collective belief
formation and associated actions. However, there has been little discussion
of collective responsibility for preventing epistemic harms, particularly
those preventable only by the collective action of an unorganized group. We
propose an account of collective epistemic responsibility which fills this
gap. Building on Hindriks' (2019) account of collective moral
responsibility, we introduce the Epistemic (...) Duty to Join Forces. Our
theory provides an account of the responsibilities of scientists to prevent
epistemic harms during inquiry. (shrink)
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54. 2021-11-30
Modern Views on Virtue Ethics.Carmen Dobre, Rosalind Hursthouse, G. E. M.
Anscombe, Jeremy Bentham, Aristotle, Daniel Russell, Alasdair MacIntyre &
John and Mendus Susan Horton - 2021 - Sofia Philosophical Review 14
(1):72-86.details
Abstract: This paper analyzes some influential ideas in virtue ethics.
Alasdair MacIntyre, in his work After Virtue, and Elizabeth Anscombe, in
his controversial essay “Modern Moral Philosophy”, brought fresh ideas into
moral philosophy of their time changing views on contemporary morality.
They strongly influenced moral philosophers who then followed their ideas.
The two philosophers criticized contemporary moral philosophies such as
emotivism, utilitarianism, deontology. Elizabeth Anscombe criticized also
the use of the concepts of duty and moral obligation in the absence of
(...) God as the context God had no place. For solving the quests of modern
morality, both MacIntyre and Anscombe proposed that the only solution was
the returning to ancient Aristotelian virtues. (shrink)
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55. 2021-11-30
Brandom and the Pragmatist Quest for Semantic Objectivity.Jaakko
Reinikainen - 2021 - Acta Philosophica Fennica 97:55-78.details
The aim of this paper is to critically examine the concept of semantic
objectivity inherent in Robert Brandom`s works, most importantly Making It
Explicit. Concerning Brandom`s theoretical aims, I shall argue that there
is some discrepancy between his formal and informal characterisations of
the criteria by which his account is to be judged as adequate. After
expounding on the discrepancy, I shall propose to reconstruct a mostly
implicit line of argument in MIE, highlighted by the more recent
developments of Brandom`s (...) work, which I think suffices to smooth it
over. (shrink)
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56. 2021-11-30
Open Future, Supervaluationism and the Growing-Block Theory: A
Stage-Theoretical Account.Roberto Loss - forthcoming - Synthese.details
I present a ‘stage-theoretical’ interpretation of the supervaluationist
semantics for the growing-block theory of time according to which the
‘nodes’ on the branching tree of historical possibilities are taken to be
possible stages of the growth of the growing-block. As I will argue, the
resulting interpretation (i) is very intuitive, (ii) can easily ward off an
objection to supervaluationist treatments of the growing-block theory
presented by Fabrice Correia and Sven Rosenkranz, and (iii) is also not
saddled by the problems affecting (...) the supervaluationist version of
the growing-block theory defended by R. A. Briggs and Graeme A. Forbes.
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57. 2021-11-30
Normative Formal Epistemology as Modelling.Joe Roussos - forthcoming - The
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.details
I argue that normative formal epistemology (NFE) is best understood as
modelling, in the sense that this is the reconstruction of its methodology
on which NFE is doing best. I focus on Bayesianism and show that it has the
characteristics of modelling. But modelling is a scientific enterprise,
while NFE is normative. I thus develop an account of normative models on
which they are idealised representations put to normative purposes.
Normative assumptions, such as the transitivity of comparative credence,
are characterised (...) as modelling idealisations motivated normatively. I
then survey the landscape of methodological options: what might formal
epistemologists be up to? I argue the choice is essentially binary:
modelling or theorising. If NFE is theorising it is doing very poorly:
generating false claims with no clear methodology for separating out what
is to be taken seriously. Modelling, by contrast, is a successful
methodology precisely suited to the management of useful falsehoods.
Regarding NFE as modelling is not costless, however. First, our normative
inferences are less direct and are muddied by the presence of descriptive
idealisations. Second, our models are purpose-specific and limited in their
scope. I close with suggestions for how to adapt our practice. (shrink)
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58. 2021-11-30
Boredom and Cognitive Engagement: A Functional Theory of Boredom.Andreas
Elpidorou - forthcoming - Review of Philosophy and Psychology.details
The functional theory of boredom maintains that boredom ought to be defined
in terms of its role in our mental and behavioral economy. Although the
functional theory has recently received considerable attention,
presentations of this theory have not specified with sufficient precision
either its commitments or its consequences for the ontology of boredom.
This essay offers an in-depth examination of the functional theory. It
explains what boredom is according to the functional view; it shows how the
functional theory can account (...) for the known characteristics of
boredom; and it articulates the theory’s basic commitments, virtues, and
limitations. Ultimately, by furthering our understanding of the functional
theory of boredom, the essay contributes to a better theoretical grounding
of boredom. (shrink)
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59. 2021-11-29
The Effective and Ethical Development of Artificial Intelligence: An
Opportunity to Improve Our Wellbeing.James Maclaurin, Toby Walsh, Neil
Levy, Genevieve Bell, Fiona Wood, Anthony Elliott & Iven Mareels - 2019 -
Melbourne VIC, Australia: Australian Council of Learned Academies.details
This project has been supported by the Australian Government through the
Australian Research Council (project number CS170100008); the Department of
Industry, Innovation and Science; and the Department of Prime Minister and
Cabinet. ACOLA collaborates with the Australian Academy of Health and
Medical Sciences and the New Zealand Royal Society Te Apārangi to deliver
the interdisciplinary Horizon Scanning reports to government. The aims of
the project which produced this report are: 1. Examine the transformative
role that artificial intelligence may play in (...) different sectors of
the economy, including the opportunities, risks and challenges that
advancement presents. 2. Examine the ethical, legal and social
considerations and frameworks required to enable and support broad
development and uptake of artificial intelligence. 3. Assess the future
education, skills and infrastructure requirements to manage workforce
transition and support thriving and internationally competitive artificial
intelligence industries. (shrink)
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60. 2021-11-29
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Jobs and Work in New Zealand.James
Maclaurin, Colin Gavaghan & Alistair Knott - 2021 - Wellington, New
Zealand: New Zealand Law Foundation.details
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a diverse technology. It is already having
significant effects on many jobs and sectors of the economy and over the
next ten to twenty years it will drive profound changes in the way New
Zealanders live and work. Within the workplace AI will have three dominant
effects. This report (funded by the New Zealand Law Foundation) addresses:
Chapter 1 Defining the Technology of Interest; Chapter 2 The changing
nature and value of work; Chapter 3 AI and (...) the employment
relationship; Chapter 4 Consumers, professions and society. The report
includes recommendations to the New Zealand Government. (shrink)
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61. 2021-11-29
The Ethics of Terraforming: A Critical Survey of Six Arguments.Ian Stoner -
forthcoming - In Martin Beech, Joseph Seckbach & Richard Gordon (eds.),
Terraforming Mars. Beverly, MA: Wiley-Scrivener. pp. 101-116.details
If we had the ability to terraform Mars, would it be morally permissible to
do it? This article surveys three preservationist arguments for the
conclusion that we should not terraform Mars and three interventionist
arguments that we should. The preservationist arguments appeal to a duty to
conserve objects of special scientific value, a duty to preserve special
wilderness areas, and a duty not to display vices characteristic of past
colonial endeavors on Earth. The interventionist arguments appeal to a duty
to (...) fulfill our pioneering nature, a duty to extend the lifespan of
our species, and a duty to restore the ecosystems Mars may once have
housed. The preservationist arguments are stronger than the interventionist
arguments; terraforming Mars is probably morally wrong. (shrink)
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62. 2021-11-29
Spinoza and the Inevitable Perfection of Being.Sanja Särman - 2019 -
Dissertation, details
Metaphysics and ethics are two distinct fields in academic philosophy. The
object of metaphysics is what is, while the object of ethics is what ought
to be. Necessitarianism is a modal doctrine that appears to obliterate this
neat distinction. For it is commonly assumed that ought (at least under
normal circumstances) implies can. But if necessitarianism is true then I
can only do what I actually do. Hence what I ought to do becomes limited to
what I in fact do. (...) This is one widespread way of construing the
danger that necessitarianism poses for ethics. There is, however, another
way in which this collapse of what is with what ought to be can be
construed. One could think of what is as already being what ought to be, of
the two being one. On this picture, everything that is, is already
valuable. In this thesis I explore the theory that being is intrinsically
valuable. I do so by investigating the philosophy of perfection present in
the works of the early modern rationalist Spinoza. For in his philosophy of
perfection, I argue, we find being and value to be perfectly aligned.
Hence, my reading challenges a widespread interpretation, according to
which (ontological) perfection is divested of normativity in Spinozism. The
position that all being is intrinsically valuable since it is perfect may
be thought to be incompatible with human perfectionism. For what room can
there be for human progress toward an ideal of perfection if all that
exists, is necessarily perfect? The goal of the thesis is to respond to
this question by providing a systematic interpretation of the metaphysics
of human perfectibility in Spinoza’s philosophy. In order to achieve this
goal, I undertake two tasks. First, I examine Spinoza’s multi-faceted
philosophy of perfection. I distinguish between ontological and
teleological perfection. Moreover, I argue that since Spinoza maintains
that everything is perfect to the extent that it is, perfection shoulders
the role of a transcendental within his system. In order to highlight the
normative significance of transcendental perfection, I compare Spinoza’s
thought with the transcendental theory of the good in Thomas Aquinas. In
addition, I distinguish between ontological and speculative perfection.
Speculative perfection is conscious awareness of ontological perfection.
Second, I show how infinity plays an essential role in Spinoza’s ethics by
indicating how we, by availing ourselves of this notion, are able to
acquire a perspective on reality from which its ontological perfection may
be discovered. On this basis, I am able to demonstrate the (relatively
understudied) ethical and soteriological importance of Spinoza’s conception
of infinity. I argue that it is because (a) Spinoza’s ideal of human
perfection is speculative, and because (b) one will be able to establish
the (ontological) perfection of things by deducing it from the divine
essence only when one considers this essence absolutely infinite, that (c)
the absolute infinity of the divine essence plays a significant role in
Spinoza’s account of human perfection as consisting in conscious awareness
of the value of all being. (shrink)
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63. 2021-11-29
Bounded Reflectivism and Epistemic Identity.Nick Byrd - 2022 -
Metaphilosophy 53 (1).details
Reflectivists consider reflective reasoning crucial for good judgment and
action. Anti-reflectivists deny that reflection delivers what reflectivists
seek. Alas, the evidence is mixed. So, does reflection confer normative
value or not? This paper argues for a middle way: reflection can confer
normative value, but its ability to do this is bound by such factors as
what we might call epistemic identity: an identity that involves particular
beliefs—for example, religious and political identities. We may
reflectively defend our identities’ beliefs rather than (...) reflect
open-mindedly to adopt whatever beliefs cohere with the best arguments and
evidence. This bounded reflectivism is explicated with an algorithmic model
of reflection synthesized from philosophy and science that yields testable
predictions, psychometric implications, and realistic metaphilosophical
suggestions—for example, overcoming motivated reflection may require
embracing epistemic identity rather than veiling it (à la Rawls 1971). So
bounded reflectivism should be preferred to views offering anything less.
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64. 2021-11-29
Same-Tracking Real Kinds in the Social Sciences.Theodore Bach - forthcoming
- Synthese.details
The kinds of real or natural kinds that support explanation and prediction
in the social sciences are difficult to identify and track because they
change through time, intersect with one another, and they do not always
exhibit their properties when one encounters them. As a result, conceptual
practices directed at these kinds will often refer in ways that are
partial, equivocal, or redundant. To improve this epistemic situation, it
is important to employ open-ended classificatory concepts, to understand
when different research (...) programs are tracking the same real kind, and
to maintain an ongoing commitment to interact causally with real kinds to
focus reference on those kinds. A tempting view of these non-idealized
epistemic conditions should be avoided: that they signal an ontological
structure of the social world so plentiful that it would permit ameliorated
(norm-driven, conceptually engineered) classificatory schemes to achieve
their normative aims regardless of whether they defer (in ways to be
described) to real-kind classificatory schemes. To ground these
discussions, the essay appeals to an overlooked convergence in the
systematic naturalistic frameworks of Richard Boyd and Ruth Millikan.
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65. 2021-11-29
Reconciliation of Time Perspectives as a Criterion for Therapy
Completion.Gerhard Stemberger, Elena Trombini & Giancarlo Trombini - 2021 -
Gestalt Theory 43 (1):101-119.details
Summary Giancarlo Trombini presents the continuation of his research on the
question of which criteria can be used to assess the progress of therapy in
an objectively verifiable way and to make the decision on the completion of
therapy. In the first phase of his research, the phenomenological criterion
of a qualitative change in the patient’s relations toward the positive and
higher complexity was proposed for this purpose. In terms of the working
method in analytic therapy, this meant concretely: attention (...) should
be paid to what development is shown in the comparison of the relationships
that occur in the dream narrative and in the subsequent associations. This
criterion was therefore given the name manifest dream/association
comparison —comparison between the manifest dream and the subsequent
associations. The idea can easily be transferred to those therapy methods,
which do not primarily work with reports of dream memories and subsequent
associations—also, in other ways of working, it is possible to pay
attention, in the way suggested by Trombini, to the qualitative development
of the relationships which are thematized by the clients in the course of
an hour. To this first criterion, another phenomenological criterion is now
added in the present article: that of the “concluding therapeutic turn”. If
the patient’s development reaches this turn in the course of the therapy in
one session, this indicates, according to Trombini, that the therapy can
soon be concluded. The fulfillment of this criterion can be recognized by
the fact that in the sequence of dream narration and subsequent
associations in a session, a relational dynamic toward the positive and
higher complexity becomes recognizable and that is, at the same time,
connected with a reconciliation of the three temporal reference systems.
The achievement of this CTT indicates that the patient is aware of the
changes made in therapy and makes it evident to the therapist that the
therapy is nearing completion. (shrink)
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66. 2021-11-29
A Defence of Manipulationist Noncausal Explanation: The Case for
Intervention Liberalism.Nicholas Emmerson - forthcoming -
Erkenntnis.details
Recent years have seen growing interest in modifying interventionist
accounts of causal explanation in order to characterise noncausal
explanation. However, one surprising element of such accounts is that they
have typically jettisoned the core feature of interventionism:
interventions. Indeed, the prevailing opinion within the philosophy of
science literature suggests that interventions exclusively demarcate causal
relationships. This position is so prevalent that, until now, no one has
even thought to name it. We call it “intervention puritanism”
(I-puritanism, for short). In this (...) paper, we mount the first
sustained defence of the idea that there are distinctively noncausal
explanations which can be characterized in terms of possible interventions;
a position we call “intervention liberalism” (I-liberalism, for short).
While many have followed James Woodward (2003) in committing to
I-puritanism, we trace support for I-liberalism back to the work of Jaegwon
Kim (1974). Furthermore, we analyse two recent sources of scepticism
regarding I-liberalism: debate surrounding mechanistic constitution; and
attempts to provide a monistic account of explanation. We show that neither
literature provides compelling reasons for adopting I-puritanism. Finally,
we present a novel taxonomy of available positions upon the role of
possible interventions in explanation: weak causal imperialism; strong
causal imperialism; monist intervention puritanism; pluralist intervention
puritanism; monist intervention liberalism; and finally, the specific
position defended in this paper, pluralist intervention liberalism.
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67. 2021-11-29
Structuring Wellbeing.Christopher Frugé - forthcoming - Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research.details
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, EarlyView.
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68. 2021-11-29
Self-Contradictions of the Will: Reply to Jens Timmermann.Pauline Kleingeld
- 2021 - Kant-Studien 112 (4):611-622.details
In this article, I reply to Jens Timmermann’s critical discussion of my
essay “Contradiction and Kant’s Formula of Universal Law”. I first consider
Timmermann’s reasons for rejecting my interpretation of the Formula of
Universal Law. I argue that the self-contradiction relevant to determining
a maxim’s moral status should not be sought in the imagined world in which
the maxim is a universal law. I then discuss Timmermann’s suggestion that
something like a volitional self-contradiction is found within the will of
the (...) immoral agent. I deny this and clarify that the relevant
contradiction is diagnosed counterfactually in moral reflection. Finally, I
explain the differences between Timmermann’s account, Korsgaard’s Practical
Contradiction interpretation, and my own Volitional Self-Contradiction
interpretation. (shrink)
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1. 2021-12-06
‘Except God, No Substance Can Be Conceived’: Spinoza on Other
Substances.Ruben Noorloos - forthcoming - Analysis.details
This paper argues that Spinoza held substances other than God to be
inconceivable. It uses this claim to develop a novel response to the
Problem of Other Substances, the problem of explaining why some of
Spinoza’s proofs for God’s existence cannot be used to prove the existence
of a non-divine substance instead.
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2. 2021-12-06
YtMp3 Youtube To Mp3.Yt Mp3 - unknowndetails
YouTube To MP3 Converter Best Download YouTube to MP3. Ytmp3 320ytmp3
Y2mate. Are you looking for How To Convert YouTube videos, Download MP3
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3. 2021-12-06
YouTube To Mp3.YouTube To Mp3 YtMp3 - unknowndetails
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4. 2021-12-06
KOMENTARI. RECENZIJE. KRITIKE.Nijaz Ibrulj (ed.) - 2021 - Sarajevo:
Academia Analitica - Society for Development of Logic and Analytic
Philosophy in Bosnia and Herzegovina.details
Anyway, whether it's comments, reviews or critical reviews, texts of this
kind they need to show how they are in some work, in someone else's
opinion, in one's utterances, hold together meaning, significance and
reference, and in what way they construct some kind of record, whether it
is about consistency, coherence or correspondence, for some type of true
value. Vincent van Gogh wrote “I exaggerate, sometimes I make changes to
the subject, but still I do not invent the whole picture; (...) on the
contrary, I found a subject already prepared - but undeveloped - in the
real world. ” In doing so, in the interpretation of meaning words spoken,
expressed or uttered by others, in a practical or theoretical context, are
always needed satisfy the principle of benevolence or the principle of
affection (Davidson's Charity principle) which reduces it the number of
misunderstandings in the interpretation of semantic dispositions of
communication and thus the incommensurability of the beliefs of the
subjects of communication is removed. (shrink)
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5. 2021-12-06
Logical Identity: A Holistic Approach.Nijaz Ibrulj - 2021 - The Logical
Foresight 1 (1):109-128.details
It is my intention in this article to present some consequences of Quine’s
thesis on the dependence of ontology on ideology (Quine, 1980), seeking an
argument for my own thesis on the dependence (theoretical) existence of
entities on identity type or ontology dependence on logic and language.If
Quine's thesis is correct, then we can expand the resolution of this
conclusion and say that ontology depends on the identity or on
identification of the "identity criteria for conceptual schemes"
(Davidson, 2001) which (...) is constructed in the theory. Consequently I
will speak about types of identity which adapts choice of ontology and of
which depends ontology of a theory. Here I want to connect the different
types of use of the term identity in Aristotle's writings and the
different types of predications that are based on them with the concept of
identity as the equivalence of symbols in modern logic. I want to
reinterpret Quine's statement: "There is no entity without identity " in
the form of imlication "What (kind of) identity such (kind of ) entity." .
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6. 2021-12-06
New Remarks on the Concept in Logical Use.Nijaz Ibrulj - 2021 - The
Logical Foresight 1 (1):72-85.details
The main thesis of this paper is directed against the traditional
(cognitivetheoretical) definition of the concept which claims that the
concept is the '' thought about the essence of the object being thought'',
i.e. that it is “a set of essential features or essential characteristics
of an object''. But the '' set of essential features or essential
characteristics of an object of thought'' is a '' content’’ of the
thought. The thought about the essence of an object is definition and
(...) the concept is not definition but the part of definition! Besides as
the part of formal structure of thought, the concept possesses calculative
logical properties that in formal logic (be it syllogistics, or the logic
of propositions, or the logic of predicates) come to the front place of
formal logical computation. Without the calculative properties of the
concept, there would be no calculative properties of propositions which
express the thought (thought structures). The calculative properties of a
concept include the (1) degree of its logical generality (degree of
variability), the (2) logical relations it can establish within the whole
of the conceptual content, the (3) operability of the concept in structure
of affirmation and negation, the (4) deducibility of either axiomatic or
probabilistic systems. Therefore, I believe that, from the logical point
of view, the definition of a concept should be applied in favor of its
calculative properties that it possesses. (shrink)
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7. 2021-12-06
Some Characteristics of the Referential and Inferential Predication in
Classical Logic.Nijaz Ibrulj - 2021 - The Logical Foresight 1
(1):1-27.details
In the article we consider the relationship of traditional provisions of
basic logical concepts and confront them with new and modern approaches to
the same concepts. Logic is characterized in different ways when it is
associated with syllogistics (referential – semantical model of logic) or
with symbolic logic (inferential – syntactical model of logic). This is
not only a difference in the logical calculation of (1) concepts, (2)
statements, and (3) predicates, but this difference also appears in the
treatment of (...) the calculative abilities of logical forms, the
ontological-referential status of conceptual content and the
inferential-categorical status of logical forms. The basic markers or
basic ideas that separate ontologically oriented logic from categorically
oriented logic are the (1) concept of truth, the (2) concept of meaning,
the (3) concept of identity, and the (4) concept of predication. Here,
this differences are explicitly demonstrated by the introduction of
differential terminology. From this differential methodology follows a new
set of characterizations of logic. (shrink)
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8. 2021-12-06
A soberania entre a renúncia dos direitos ilimitados do contrato
hobbesiano e a “alienação verdadeira” do pacto rousseauniano.Luiz Carlos
Mariano da Rosa - 2016 - Akrópolis – Revista de Ciências Humanas da UNIPAR
- Universidade Paranaense [Umuarama, PR] 24 (1):71-84.details
Detendo-se na transição do estado de natureza para a sociedade civil, o
artigo contrapõe o caráter contingente e voluntário do contrato hobbesiano
e a necessidade que implica o processo de constituição do social que
determina o pacto rousseauniano, convergindo para a antinomia da relação
envolvendo liberdade e autoridade. Essa, de acordo com a perspectiva de
Hobbes demanda a renúncia dos direitos ilimitados dos sujeitos em função
da soberania estatal e acarreta a instituição do soberano como
representante, detentor de todo o (...) poder coletivo e única fonte da
lei. Segundo a leitura de Rousseau requer a “alienação verdadeira” dos
indivíduos em face da soberania popular e resulta na constituição do povo
soberano, única fonte legítima do poder e seu único detentor, e na
instituição da Vontade Geral como condição para o seu exercício. (shrink)
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9. 2021-12-06
Determinismo e liberdade no processo de construção do conhecimento: da
condição humana entre os muros da escola.Luiz Carlos Mariano da Rosa -
2015 - Revista da Faculdade de Educação da UNEMAT - Universidade Do Estado
de Mato Grosso [Cáceres, MT] 23 (1):75-97.details
Investigando a racionalidade científico-técnica e a lógica da dominação na
relação entre o sistema educacional e a formação econômico-social, o
artigo traz como fundamento crítico as análises de Marcuse, Adorno e
Bourdieu, recorrendo à produção de Entre os muros da escola (2008), do
cineasta francês Laurent Cantet, para caracterizar o pluralismo
étnico-racial, socioeconômico e histórico-cultural da realidade social e a
tensão que se impõe ao processo de construção do conhecimento que,
convergindo para a constituição da “natureza” humana, encerra ambivalência
e (...) antagonismo, à medida que se não escapa ao determinismo
histórico-cultural e econômico-social, a sua atividade não possibilita
senão o exercício da liberdade concreta, tendo em vista a dialética que
preside a articulação envolvendo objetividade e subjetividade que implica
a sua experiência formativa. (shrink)
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10. 2021-12-06
Do sistema de conhecimento de Descartes: o “eu” como “coisa em si” e a
“consciência da consciência”.Luiz Carlos Mariano da Rosa - 2015 - Revista
Húmus / UFMA - Universidade Federal Do Maranhão [São Luís, MA] 5
(13):2-31.details
Se o sentido e a finalidade da razão como instrumento de conhecimento
converge para a possibilidade de discernimento envolvendo o verdadeiro e o
falso, o que se impõe ao seu exercício não é senão um método que consiste
na aplicação de determinados preceitos destinados tanto ao entendimento
como à vontade, cuja contradição caracteriza o fundamento metafísico do
erro, segundo Descartes que, conforme assinala o referido artigo, recorre
a uma dúvida que, na investigação dos fundamentos absolutos, encerra uma
radicalidade que tende (...) a se deter nas fronteiras do próprio ato de
duvidar, que implica na experiência do Cogito e traz a prova ontológica da
existência de Deus como única condição capaz de assegurar a realidade do
mundo. (shrink)
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11. 2021-12-06
Do direito de ser homem: da alienação da desigualdade social à autonomia
da sociedade igualitária na teoria política de Jean-Jacques Rousseau.Luiz
Carlos Mariano da Rosa - 2014 - PRACS: Revista Eletrônica de Humanidades
Do Curso de Ciências Sociais da UNIFAP [Macapá, AP] 7 (2):109-133.details
Investigando a desigualdade da societé civile da sua época, Rousseau, se
lhe contrapondo através do Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da
desigualdade entre os homens, não identifica a sua emergência senão em um
pacto iníquo (ilegítimo), que se impõe em função da propriedade privada e
da divisão do trabalho e instaura uma organização que converge para a
alienação, caracterizando-se o Contrato Social como um pacto legítimo que
guarda capacidade de assegurar a constituição de uma sociedade igualitária
e uma (...) ordem política baseada no interesse comum, tendo em vista a
perspectiva da liberdade como condição sine qua non do homem que, se no
Estado de Natureza usufrui uma independência que possibilita a
autodeterminação, no âmbito civil a sua existência social demanda o
desafio da construção da autonomia, o que implica na inter-relação que,
envolvendo liberdade e igualdade, consiste no direito de ser homem e
perfaz a verdadeira democracia -/- . (shrink)
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12. 2021-12-06
Maquiavel e Weber: a lógica do poder e a ética da ação – O
“príncipe-centauro” e o “homem autêntico”.Luiz Carlos Mariano da Rosa -
2013 - Opsis – Revista da Unidade Acadêmica Especial História E Ciências
Sociais, UFG – Universidade Federal de Goiás [Catalão, Goiás, Brasil] 13
(1):180-199.details
Sobrepondo-se ao ideal que se impõe à teoria política que circunscreve a
sua atividade à busca do bem comum e se detém, por essa razão, na
investigação dos princípios capazes de viabilizar a instauração do bom
governo, a perspectiva de Maquiavel, através do fundamento da experiência
e das exemplificações da historialidade, converge para a descoberta de
leis que possibilitem a fundação de um Estado, a obtenção do poder e a sua
conservação, a instituição da ciência empírica da política, que,
caracterizada (...) pela objetividade e realismo, demanda, no âmbito da
relação que envolve ética e política, uma distinção entre a moral privada
e a moral pública, implicando uma correspondência com a interpretação de
Weber, que analisa os fundamentos do poder e imputa ao Estado a condição
de detentor da violência “legítima”, identificando a política como uma
relação de dominação e a possibilidade do exercício de duas éticas, a
saber, a “ética das últimas finalidades” (“ética da convicção”) e a “ética
da responsabilidade”. (shrink)
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13. 2021-12-06
Philosophy and Classic Psychedelics: A Review of Some Emerging
Themes.Chris Letheby & Jaipreet Mattu - forthcoming - Journal of
Psychedelic Studies.details
Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as
raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were
largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an
overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of
academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable
traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic
epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In
this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i)
psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the
epistemic profile of the psychedelic (...) experience; (iii) ethical
concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether
spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a
naturalistic worldview. (shrink)
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14. 2021-12-06
Omegle (Talk to Strangers!).Omegle Talk to Strangers! | Ome Tv | Ometv |
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15. 2021-12-06
Degeneration and Entropy.Eugene Chua - forthcoming - Kriterion - Journal
of Philosophy.details
[Accepted for publication in Lakatos's Undone Work: The Practical Turn and
the Division of Philosophy of Mathematics and Philosophy of Science,
special issue of Kriterion: Journal of Philosophy. Edited by S. Nagler, H.
Pilin, and D. Sarikaya.] -/- Lakatos’s analysis of progress and
degeneration in the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes is
well-known. Less known, however, are his thoughts on degeneration in
Proofs and Refutations. I propose and motivate two new criteria for
degeneration based on the discussion in Proofs and (...) Refutations –
superfluity and authoritarianism. I show how these criteria augment the
account in Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, providing a
generalized Lakatosian account of progress and degeneration. I then apply
this generalized account to a key transition point in the history of
entropy – the transition to an information-theoretic interpretation of
entropy – by assessing Jaynes’s 1957 paper on information theory and
statistical mechanics. (shrink)
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16. 2021-12-06
The Great Brain Suck: And Other American Epiphanies.Eugene Halton - 2008 -
Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.details
“Witty, acerbic, and brilliant. Halton takes on truly basic philosophical
issues, but unlike the great majority of cultural critics today, he is
philosophically prepared and highly competent to do so. Halton’s
extraordinary work is nearly unique among current writers in its
relevance, incisiveness, and philosophical power.” (Bruce Wilshire,
Rutgers University) “The Great Brain Suck is a wholly original book that
draws on Eugene Halton’s careful empirical and conceptual work to offer
critical insights into American life and scholarship. As he details (...)
the ways that the American citizen has given way to the American
consumer—the ways we have been fooled by the commodity magicians of
commerce—Halton provides new, sound, and fascinating perspectives on both
contemporary and historic American themes.” (Russell Belk, York
University). (shrink)
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17. 2021-12-06
2021 WAEC GCE Physics Expo Answer Free Runz.Gce Expo - manuscriptdetails
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18. 2021-12-05
The Modesty of the Moral Point of View.Karl Schafer - 2016 - In Errol Lord
& Barry Maguire (eds.), Weighing Reasons. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.details
In recent years, several philosophers - including Joshua Gert, Douglas
Portmore, and Elizabeth Harman - have argued that there is a sense in
which morality itself does not treat moral reasons as consistently
overriding.2 My aim in the present essay is to develop and extend this
idea from a somewhat different perspective. In doing so, I offer an
alternative way of formalizing the idea that morality is modest about the
weight of moral reasons in this way, thereby making more explicit (...)
the connections between this thesis and similar issues in the epistemic
sphere. In addition, I discuss how these ideas can transform our thinking
about familiar questions in ethics such as the nature of self-effacement,
the significance of reflective endorsement, the weight that moral reasons
ought to be given in all things consideration, and the plausibility of
“indirect” moral theories. Finally, I show that these ideas are compatible
even with pictures of morality – such as Kant’s – on which morality might
seem to anything but modest about its own importance. In doing so, I
stress that it is possible to see morality as modest about the weight of
specifically moral reasons, while also seeing all practical reasons as
grounded in morality more indirectly – namely, by seeing morality as
determining the weight that both moral and non-moral considerations
deserve to have in all things considered deliberation. (shrink)
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19. 2021-12-05
David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - Irfan
Ajvazi.Irfan Ajvazi - 2021 - Idea Books.details
David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
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20. 2021-12-05
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21. 2021-12-05
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22. 2021-12-05
Universality and Accommodating Differences: Religious, Racial, Sexual,
Gendered.Helga Varden - forthcoming - In The Kantian Mind.details
An enduring source of skepticism towards Kant’s practical philosophy is
his deep conviction that morality must be understood in terms of
universality. Whether we look to Kant’s fundamental moral principle (the
Categorical Imperative) or to his fundamental principle of right (the
Universal Principle of Right), universality lies at the core of the
analyses. A central worry of his critics is that by making universality
the bedrock of morality in these ways, Kant fails to appreciate the
importance of difference in individual (...) lives, societies, and
legal-political institutions when these are realized well. Below I argue
that Kant’s philosophy neither advocates moralized hyper-reflective,
alienating ways of being nor seeks to justify Kant’s own and others’
prejudices in the name of morality’s universality. To see this, we need to
understand both Kant’s account of human nature – of the predisposition to
good and the propensity to evil – and how Kant’s theory of freedom sets
the moral framework within which important non-moralizable concerns of
human nature are accommodated. We can then appreciate the ways in which
Kant sees both unreflective and reflective normative elements as working
together as an integrated whole in emotionally healthy, morally good human
beings, historical cultures, and legal-political institutional systems.
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23. 2021-12-05
YouTube To Mp3.YtMp3 YouTube To Mp3 - manuscriptdetails
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24. 2021-12-05
The Sellarsian Fate of Mental Fictionalism.László Kocsis & Krisztián Pete
- forthcoming - In Tamas Demeter, Ted Parent & Adam Toon (eds.), Mental
Fictionalism: Philosophical Explorations. New York: Routledge. pp. chapter
6.details
This chapter argues that mental fictionalism can only be a successful
account of our ordinary folk-psychological practices if it can in some way
preserve its original function, namely its explanatory aspect. A too
strong commitment to the explanatory role moves fictionalism unacceptably
close to the realist or eliminativist interpretation of folk psychology.
To avoid this, fictionalists must degrade or dispense with this
explanatory role. This motivation behind the fictionalist movement seems
to be rather similar to that of Sellars when he (...) came up with the
Myth of Jones, his proto-theory of mental concepts. He was faced with the
problem of preserving the explanatory status of mental concepts without
turning them into proper theoretical entities. By introducing the
Sellarsian proto-theory of concepts related to the mental and outlining
its main points, this chapter aims to provide a critique of the two
versions of mental fictionalism that are arguably the strongest: Adam
Toon’s prop-oriented pretence theory and Tamás Demeter’s expressive
storyism. (shrink)
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25. 2021-12-05
Free Energy: A User's Guide.Stephen Francis Mann, Ross Alexander Pain &
Michael Kirchhoff - details
Over the last fifteen years, an ambitious explanatory framework has been
proposed to unify explanations across biology and cognitive science.
Active inference, whose most famous tenet is the free energy principle,
has inspired excitement and confusion in equal measure. Here, we lay the
ground for proper critical analysis of active inference, in three ways.
First, we give simplified versions of its core mathematical models.
Second, we outline the historical development of active inference and its
relationship to other theoretical approaches. Third, (...) we describe
three different kinds of claim -- labelled mathematical, empirical and
general -- routinely made by proponents of the framework, and suggest
dialectical links between them. Overall, we aim to increase philosophical
understanding of active inference so that it may be more readily
evaluated. -/- This is a manuscript draft of the Introduction to the
Topical Collection "The Free Energy Principle: From Biology to Cognition",
forthcoming in Biology & Philosophy. (shrink)
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26. 2021-12-05
Free YouTube to MP3 Converter.Youtube to Mp3 - Convert Youtube Videos
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27. 2021-12-05
Epistemic Foundations of Salience-Based Coordination.Vojtěch Zachník -
2021 - Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 4
(28):819-844.details
This paper aims to assess current theoretical findings on the origin of
coordination by salience and suggests a way to clarify the existing
framework. The main concern is to reveal how different coordination
mechanisms rely on specific epistemic aspects of reasoning. The paper
highlights the fact that basic epistemic assumptions of theories diverge
in a way that makes them essentially distinctive. Consequently,
recommendations and predictions of the traditional views of coordination
by salience are, in principle, based on the processes related (...) to the
agent’s presumptions regarding the cognitive abilities of a co-player.
This finding implies that we should consider these theories as
complementary, and not competitive, explanations of the same phenomenon.
-/- . (shrink)
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28. 2021-12-05
To Maleappropriate: Coining a Term for a Familiar Pattern of
Behaviour.Susanne Bobzien - unknowndetails
In this 2 1/2 page piece(ling) I introduce the terms 'to maleappropriate',
'maleappropriation', 'maleappropriator', etc., for a familiar phenomenon
and pattern of behaviour, following a couple of autobiographical remarks
and followed but some brief suggestions about how to handle the
phenomenon.
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29. 2021-12-05
Financial Gerontology.Erik Selecky & Andrzej Klimczuk - 2021 - In Danan Gu
& Matthew E. Dupre (eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population
Aging. Springer Verlag. pp. 1861–1864.details
Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between
finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis
W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie affirm that
financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of
finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging
on economies or the financial resilience of older people.
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30. 2021-12-05
Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation in Aging.Jorge Felix &
Andrzej Klimczuk - 2021 - In Danan Gu & Matthew E. Dupre (eds.),
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Cham: Springer Verlag.
pp. 4558–4565.details
Social entrepreneurship is usually understood as an economic activity
which focuses at social values, goals, and investments that generates
surpluses for social entrepreneurs as individuals, groups, and startups
who are working for the benefit of communities, instead of strictly
focusing mainly at the financial profit, economic values, and the benefit
generated for shareholders or owners. Social entrepreneurship combines the
production of goods, services, and knowledge in order to achieve both
social and economic goals and allow for solidarity building. From a (...)
broader perspective, entities that are focused on social entrepreneurship
are identified as parts of the social and solidarity economy. These are,
for example, social enterprises, cooperatives, mutual organizations,
self-help groups, charities, unions, fair trade companies, community
enterprises, and time banks. Social innovation is a key element of social
entrepreneurship. Social innovation is usually understood as new
strategies, concepts, products, services, and organizational forms that
allow for the satisfaction of needs. Such innovations are created in
particular in the contact areas of various sectors of the social system.
For example, these are spaces between the public sector, the private
sector, and civil society. These innovations not only allow the solving of
problems but also extend possibilities for public action. (shrink)
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31. 2021-12-05
There Are Nowadays Professors of Philosophy, but Not Philosophers.Pierre
Hadot, tr Simmons, J. Aaron & ed Marshall, Mason - 2005 - Journal of
Speculative Philosophy 19 (3):229-237.details
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32. 2021-12-04
The Thesis Argument of Kant’s Third Antinomy.Corey W. Dyck - 2021 - In
Camilla Serck-Hanssen & Beatrix Himmelmann (eds.), The Court of Reason:
Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress. De Gruyter. pp.
475-484.details
The Thesis of Kant’s Third Antinomy asserts that, because it is “necessary
to assume another causality through freedom” in order to derive all the
appearances of the world, “causality in accordance with the laws of nature
is not the only one” (A444/B472). The argument Kant supplies in support of
this, however, has been the subject of interpretative disagreement since
at least Schopenhauer, with the most plausible reconstructions being
dismissed as question-begging, resting on a conflation relating to the
principle of sufficient (...) reason, or attacking a straw-man of the
Antithesis position. In this paper, I attempt to provide a novel
interpretation of the argument for the Thesis position, one that offers a
more compelling case against a charitably interpreted Antithesis position.
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33. 2021-12-04
Area Agencies on Aging.Fatima Perkins & Andrzej Klimczuk - 2021 - In Danan
Gu & Matthew E. Dupre (eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population
Aging. Cham: Springer Verlag. pp. 511-515.details
An area agency on aging (AAA) is a public or private nonprofit
organization designated by the state to address the needs and concerns of
all older persons at the regional and local levels in the United States
(Administration for Community Living (ACL) 2019). AAAs have a successful
history of developing, coordinating, and implementing comprehensive
networks of services and programs that enrich communities and the lives of
older adults. AAAs were established through a provision of the Older
Americans Act (OAA 1965), (...) which was signed into law by President
Lyndon B. Johnson. Specifically, AAAs were created with the 1973
reauthorization of the OAA. AAAs create the infrastructure to execute
comprehensive long-term support services that ensure the independence of
older adults. (shrink)
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34. 2021-12-04
"Overcoming Ontological Transcendence: The Hermeneutic Significance of
Heidegger's 'On the Essence of Ground'" (Unpublished 2009).Matthew C.
Halteman - manuscriptdetails
Though commentators have paid little thematic attention to Heidegger’s
1928 treatise “On the Essence of Ground” (OEG), recently available
subsequent writings suggest that Heidegger himself saw OEG as a pivotal
step on the way to “overcoming” his analysis of fundamental ontological
transcendence. Among these writings is a set of rarely discussed lettered
notes originally scribbled into his personal copy of OEG in which
Heidegger offers a point-for-point deconstruction of the treatise’s
fundamental ontological interpretation of transcendence. I argue that
examining the (...) interplay between these two tiers of analysis may
illuminate the murky trail that cuts between the beaten track of Being and
Time and the increasingly well-trodden paths of Contributions to
Philosophy and other later writings. Part one motivates the reading I
propose by situating OEG in the broader contexts of its reception in the
secondary literature, its engagement by Heidegger himself in subsequent
writings, and my own interpretation—in view of Heidegger’s remarks—of its
utility for illuminating the catalyst’s role played by the transcendence
problem in the development of his overall project. Against this backdrop,
part two advances a selective reading of the most important developments
in OEG’s main text and lettered notes, elucidating in the process their
hermeneutic significance for returning to and “turning” from the
progressive elaboration of transcendence that both initiates and
eventually exhausts Heidegger’s fundamental ontological inquiries. The
picture that emerges, I conclude, is that OEG is hermeneutically a
significantly more important work (for Heidegger certainly, but
potentially also for his interpreters) than its marginal status in the
secondary literature might lead one to believe. (shrink)
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35. 2021-12-04
Watch Tiwa Savage Sextape Leaked Full Video Download.Tiwa Savage -
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36. 2021-12-04
Misinformation and the Limits of Individual Responsibility.Boyd Millar -
2021 - Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 10
(12):8-21.details
The issue of how best to combat the negative impacts of misinformation
distributed via social media hangs on the following question: are there
methods that most individuals can reasonably be expected to employ that
would largely protect them from the negative impact that encountering
misinformation on social media would otherwise have on their beliefs? If
the answer is “yes,” then presumably individuals bear significant
responsibility for those negative impacts; and, further, presumably there
are feasible educational remedies for the problem of (...) misinformation.
However, I argue that the answer is “no.” Accordingly, I maintain that
individuals do not bear significant responsibility for the negative
impacts at issue; and, further, I maintain that the only effective
remedies for the problem of misinformation involve changing the
information environment itself. (shrink)
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37. 2021-12-04
Khalid – Scenic Drive Album Download Zip Mp3. [REVIEW] Khaledalbum -
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Khalid Scenic Drive DOWNLOAD ALBUM ZIP Khalid comes through with a new
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Keys 2. Present 3. Backseat 4. Retrograde Ft. 6LACK & Lucky Daye 5. Brand
New Ft. Quin 6. All I Feel Is Rain Ft. JID 7. Voicemail Ft. Kiana Led 8.
Open Ft. Majid Jordan 9. Scenic Drive Ft. Ari Lennox & Smino.
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38. 2021-12-04
Polo G - Hall Of Fame 2.0 (Deluxe) Album Download Zip Mp3.Polo G. -
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Polo G Hall of Fame 2.0 ALBUM DOWNLOAD. DOWNLOAD Polo G — Hall of Fame 2.0
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39. 2021-12-04
The Mechanism—the Secret—of the Given.Galen Strawson - forthcoming -
Synthese:1-20.details
There is, of course, The Given: what is given in experience. The ‘Myth Of
The Given’ is just a wrong answer to the question ‘What is given?’ This
paper offers a brief sketch of three possible right answers. It examines
an early account by Charles Augustus Strong of why The Myth is a myth. It
maintains that a natural and naturalistic version of empiricism is
compatible with the fact that the Myth is a myth. It gives proper place to
enactivist (...) considerations. It is ) broadly in line with the
Sellarsian view as refined by John McDowell. It meets an important
constraint: acknowledging the reality of something that seems at first to
lend support to The Myth—i.e. the fact that we can engage in
‘non-inferential self-attribution of … sensations’ —without in any way
succumbing to the Myth. (shrink)
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40. 2021-12-04
The Subject of Experience.Galen Strawson - 2017 - Oxford University
Press.details
Does the self exist? If so, what is its nature? How long do selves last?
Galen Strawson draws on literature and psychology as well as philosophy to
discuss various ways we experience having or being a self. He argues that
it is legitimate to say that there is such a thing as the self, distinct
from the human being.
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41. 2021-12-04
The Depth(s) of the Twentieth Century.Galen J. Strawson - 2010 - Analysis
70 (4):607.details
many things were back to front in 20th century analytic philosophy.
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42. 2021-12-04
Against Narrativity.Galen Strawson - unknowndetails
I argue against two popular claims. The first is a descriptive, empiri-
cal thesis about the nature of ordinary human experience: ‘each of us
constructs and lives a “narrative” . . . this narrative is us, our
identities’ (Oliver Sacks); ‘self is a perpetually rewritten story . . .
in the end, we become the autobiographical narratives by which we “tell
about” our lives’ (Jerry Bruner); ‘we are all virtuoso novelists. . . . We
try to make all of our (...) material cohere into a single good story. And
that story is our autobiography. The chief fictional char- acter . . . of
that autobiography is one’s self’ (Dan Dennett). The second is a
normative, ethical claim: we ought to live our lives narratively, or as a
story; a ‘basic condition of making sense of ourselves is that we grasp
our lives in a narrative’ and have an understanding of our lives ‘as an
unfolding story’ (Charles Taylor). A person ‘creates his identity [only]
by forming an autobiograph- ical narrative – a story of his life’, and
must be in possession of a full and ‘explicit narrative [of his life] to
develop fully as a person’ (Marya Schechtman). (shrink)
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43. 2021-12-04
Effect of COVID 19 on Contracts Concluded by Government Entities.Bashar H.
Malkawi - manuscriptdetails
واجهت الدول بعد تفشي جائحة فيروس كوفيد-19 أصعب عام منذ عقود سبقت، فقد
باغتت الأزمة العالم أجمع، بوصفها أمرًا مستجدًا لم يتوقعه أحد، ألقى بظلاله
على مختلف قطاعات الحياة وأنشطتها، وتأثر بتبعاته الواقع العالمي اقتصاديًّا
واجتماعيًّا، فتوقفت حركة السفر،وأغلقت الحدود، وفرض حظر التجول والتنقل،
وأغلقت المنشآت التجارية أبوابها. وجائحة كوفيد-19 كغيرها من الجوائح لها
تأثيرها على الالتزامات التعاقدية؛ حيث إن العقود- من حيث الأصل- تخضع لقاعدة
"العقد شريعة المتعاقدين"، أي أن ما اتفق عليه الأطراف في العقد هو ما يجب
الالتزام (...) به، ولا يجوز لأي طرف الإخلال بمقتضيات هذا الالتزام، أو أن
يطلب تعديله من تلقاء نفسه، وهذا ما نص عليه قانون المعاملات المدنية
الإماراتي في المادة (267): «إذا كان العقد صحيحًا لازمًا فلا يجوز لأحد
المتعاقدين الرجوع فيه، ولا تعديله ولا فسخه إلا بالتراضي أو التقاضي، أو
بمقتضى نص في القانون». غير أنّ الظروف المرافقة لتنفيذ العقد غير مضمونة في
كثير من الأحيان، لا سيما إذا ما كان هذا العقد مستمرًا، وبالتالي فإن العقد
يتأثر بتغير الظروف والمعطيات، تبعًا لتطورات الحياة، ومثال ذلك جائحة كوفيد-
19 التي تطورت إلى تهديد عالمي، حتى أعلنت منظمة الصحة العالمية في شهر مارس
2020 بأنها وباء عالمي. وينقسم هذا الإصدار إلى أربعة مباحث، يتناول الأول
منها القوة القاهرة والآثار المترتبة عليها، بينما يتناول المبحث الثاني
الظروف الطارئة، ويطرح المبحث الثالث تساؤلًا عن تصنيف جائحة كوفيد 19 وموقف
القضاء الإماراتي، واختتمت الدراسة مباحثها بدور القانون رقم (12) لسنة 2020
بشأن العقود وإدارة المخازن في حكومة دبي في تنفيذ الالتزامات التعاقدية
وعلاقة ذلك بالقوة القاهرة والظروف الطارئة وأثرها على العقود التي تبرمها
الجهات الحكومية في الإمارة. (shrink)
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44. 2021-12-04
Corolarios de la pedagogía ignaciana y la educación virtual.Jorge
Balladares - 2021 - PUCE 1 (113):163-179.details
La pedagogía Ignaciana, basada en los Ejercicios Espirituales de San
Ignacio de Loyola, se adapta a los desafíos educativos contemporáneos. La
educación virtual se constituye en el escenario idóneo para una educación
mediada por la tecnología, el internet y las redes sociales. A partir de
modelos y principios tecnoeducativos, el presente artículo plantea
corolarios de los cinco momentos del Paradigma Pedagógico Ignaciano, como
son el contexto, la experiencia, la reflexión, la acción y la evaluación;
y los cinco principios para una (...) enseñanza eficaz, tales como el
problema, la activación, la demostración, la aplicación y la integración.
Estos corolarios, a manera de demostración, proponen puentes y conexiones
para el diseño tecnopedagógico de la pedagogía Ignaciana evidenciados en
la integración de las TIC en los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje.
(shrink)
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45. 2021-12-04
A desapercebida diferença entre "elemento" e "causa material" na
Metafísica de Aristóteles.Marcos Roberto Santos Pereira - 2021 -
Dissertation, Universidade de Brasíliadetails
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46. 2021-12-04
The Physician as Friend to the Patient.Nir Ben-Moshe - forthcoming - In
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Friendship.details
My question in the chapter is this: could (and should) the role of the
physician be construed as that of a friend to the patient? I begin by
briefly discussing the “friendship model” of the physician-patient
relationship—according to which physicians and patients could, and perhaps
should, be friends—as well as its history and limitations. Given these
limitations, I focus on the more one-sided idea that the physician could,
and perhaps should, be a friend to the patient (a “physician-qua-friend
model” of (...) the physician-patient relationship). I show that given
recent developments in our understanding of the physician-patient
relationship, this idea is far from asinine. I then make the case that the
most plausible conception of the physician-qua-friend model incorporates
the following components: (a) a common goal, that is, one that physician
and patient share; (b) certain forms of equality between physician and
patient; (c) an ideal of a caring physician. Finally, I show how the model
can be instantiated in a certain type of physician-patient interaction,
namely, in physician-assisted dying. (shrink)
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47. 2021-12-03
Theorizing the Normative Significance of Critical Histories for
International Law.Damian Cueni & Matthieu Queloz - forthcoming - Journal
of the History of International Law.details
Though recent years have seen a proliferation of critical histories of
international law, their normative significance remains under-theorized,
especially from the perspective of general readers rather than writers of
such histories. How do critical histories of international law acquire
their normative significance? And how should one react to them? We
distinguish three ways in which critical histories can be normatively
significant: (i) by undermining the overt or covert conceptions of history
embedded within present practices in support of their authority; (ii)
(...) by disappointing the normative expectations that regulate people’s
reactions to critical histories; and (iii) by revealing continuities and
discontinuities in the functions that our practices serve. By giving us a
theoretical grip on the different ways in which history can be normatively
significant and call for different reactions, this account helps us think
about the overall normative significance of critical histories and how one
and the same critical history can pull us in different directions.
(shrink)
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48. 2021-12-03
Aristotle and Linearity in Substance, Measure, and Motion.Paul Taborsky -
forthcoming - Axiomathes:1-25.details
The model of a closed linear measure space, which can be used to model
Aristotle’s treatment of motion (kinesis), can be analogically extended to
the qualitative ‘spaces’ implied by his theory of contraries in Physics I
and in Metaphysics Iota, and to the dimensionless ‘space’ of the unity of
matter and form discussed in book Eta of the Metaphysics. By examining
Aristotle’s remarks on contraries, the subject of change, continuity, and
the unity of matter and form, Aristotle’s thoughts on motion, (...) on
contraries, and on the unity of substance can be brought together under a
single interpretive framework, which can provide an approach to
interpreting his ontology. (shrink)
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49. 2021-12-03
Kosmologie, Evolution und die Rätsel der Großen Zahlen.Alfred Gierer -
manuscriptdetails
Die Beziehung der Entwicklung des Lebens im Weltall - von den einfachsten
Formen bis zu Leben mit Geist und Bewusstsein – zu der Physik, wie wir sie
aus der unbelebten Natur kennen, ist Thema dieses Essays. Ist die
Entstehung des Lebens Zufall, ist es Folge einer physikalischen Logik, die
noch zu entdecken ist, oder ist „Lebensfreundlichkeit“ ein eigenes Prinzip
des Naturgeschehens, das zum Beispiel offene Naturkonstanten der
physikalischen Gesetze festlegt, zu denen die geheimnisvollen Grossen
Zahlen der Kosmologie gehören – „The (...) Lore of Large Numbers…“?
Wissenschaftlich bleibt diese Frage nicht eindeutig zu klären; intuitiv
wird das „Prinzip lebensfreundlich“ der menschlichen Evolution wohl am
ehesten gerecht. Dabei ist „lebensfreundlich“ in diesem Artikel nicht
psychologisch im Sinne menschlicher Beziehungen gemeint, sondern eine Art
Kurzbezeichnung für eine Physik, die im Kosmos irgendwann und irgendwo
Leben, auch menschliches Leben mit Geist und Bewusstsein ermöglicht. Der
Artikel ergänzt auch Texte des Autors über Physik und Bewusstsein, um
physikalische und anthropologische Aspekte der Kosmologie (unter
philpapers im Volltext). (shrink)
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50. 2021-12-03
The Inescapability of Moral Luck.Taylor W. Cyr - forthcoming - Thought: A
Journal of Philosophy.details
I argue that any account attempting to do away with resultant or
circumstantial moral luck is inconsistent with a natural response to the
problem of constitutive moral luck. It is plausible to think that we
sometimes contribute to the formation of our characters in such a way as
to mitigate our constitutive moral luck at later times. But, as I argue
here, whether or not we succeed in bringing about changes to our
characters is itself a matter of resultant and (...) circumstantial moral
luck. I conclude with a dilemma, both of horns of which require accepting
some form of moral luck. (shrink)
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51. 2021-12-03
Numerical Methods for Solving Initial Value Problems on the Infinity
Computer.Yaroslav Sergeyev, Marat Mukhametzhanov, Francesca Mazzia, Felice
Iavernaro & Pierluigi Amodio - 2016 - International Journal of
Unconventional Computing 12 (1):3-23.details
New algorithms for the numerical solution of Ordinary Differential
Equations (ODEs) with initial condition are proposed. They are designed
for work on a new kind of a supercomputer – the Infinity Computer, – that
is able to deal numerically with finite, infinite and infinitesimal
numbers. Due to this fact, the Infinity Computer allows one to calculate
the exact derivatives of functions using infinitesimal values of the
stepsize. As a consequence, the new methods described in this paper are
able to work (...) with the exact values of the derivatives, instead of
their approximations. (shrink)
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52. 2021-12-03
Computation of Higher Order Lie Derivatives on the Infinity
Computer.Felice Iavernaro, Francesca Mazzia, Marat Mukhametzhanov &
Yaroslav Sergeyev - 2021 - Journal of Computational and Applied
Mathematics 383:113135.details
In this paper, we deal with the computation of Lie derivatives, which are
required, for example, in some numerical methods for the solution of
differential equations. One common way for computing them is to use
symbolic computation. Computer algebra software, however, might fail if
the function is complicated, and cannot be even performed if an explicit
formulation of the function is not available, but we have only an
algorithm for its computation. An alternative way to address the problem
is to (...) use automatic differentiation. In this case, we only need the
implementation of the algorithm that evaluates the function in terms of
its analytic expression in a programming language, but we cannot use this
if we have only a compiled version of the function. In this paper, we
present a novel approach for calculating the Lie derivative of a function,
even in the case where its analytical expression is not available, that is
based on the In finity Computer arithmetic. A comparison with symbolic and
automatic differentiation shows the potentiality of the proposed
technique. (shrink)
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53. 2021-12-03
The Noetic Feeling of Confusion.Juliette Vazard & Catherine Audrin -
forthcoming - Philosophical Psychology.details
Feeling confused can sometimes lead us to give up on the task, frustrated.
What is less emphasized is that confusion may also promote happy
(epistemic) endings to our inquiries. It has recently been argued that
confusion motivates effortful investigative behaviors which can help us
acquire hard-to-get epistemic goods (DiLeo et al., 2019; D’Mello &
Graesser, 2012). While the motivational power of confusion and its
benefits for learning has been uncovered in recent years, the exact nature
of the phenomenon remains obscure. (...) In this paper we attempt to shed
light on the nature and epistemic value of an experience we are all
familiar with: the experience of being confused at an object, a statement,
etc. We first review the psychological literature on confusion, where it
is most often considered to be an epistemic emotion. We then propose a
refined account of confusion, by drawing on the literature on
metacognitive or noetic feelings, both in psychology and in the philosophy
of mind. In particular, we claim that confusion centrally involves the
experience of the limits of one’s cognitive capacities, because it results
from a monitoring of our cognitive activities as we encounter a cognitive
obstacle while processing a given content. Finally we show how our account
may explain findings about the role of the experience of confusion in
motivating deeper inquiry into complex problems and bringing about
epistemic success in these cases. (shrink)
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54. 2021-12-03
The Authority of the Sacred Victim.Molly Brigid McGrath - 2020 - Social
Philosophy and Policy 37 (2):132-152.details
Suffering can make sacred, so it may partly be nature, and not culture
alone, that leads us to apprehend a sacred aspect in victims of
oppression. Those who recognize this sacredness show piety—a special form
of respect—toward members of oppressed groups. The result is a system of
social constructions often dismissed as “identity politics.” This essay
starts with an analysis of the intentionality of piety and sacredness and
how they relate to suffering, sacrifice, sanctions, pollution, and
purification. It then argues (...) that the sacralization of oppressed
groups is an expression of the perennial human disposition to acknowledge
sacredness and to respond piously. The essay then analyzes this sacred
status as socially constructed. Based on the sacred-making power of
suffering, the sacred status elicits piety, gives its bearers special
authority, surrounds them with sanctions, and calls for symbolic
sacrificial punishments of the impious. By dissecting sacrificial politics
as a system of social constructions, we see that, although the oppressed
groups are made sacred, certain people in the oppressor groups—“the
Pious”—continue to exercise fundamental power. This essay, by displaying
the inner logic of this cultural phenomenon, helps us both to sympathize
with and to critique the system and then to pose questions about what good
or bad the system might be doing. (shrink)
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55. 2021-12-03
“Edmund Husserl: Transcending Ideology.”.Molly Brigid Flynn - 2013 - In
Lee Trepanier John von Heyking (ed.), Teaching in an Age of Ideology.
Lexington Books.details
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56. 2021-12-03
Philosophy and the Integrity of the Person: The Phenomenology of Robert
Sokolowski.Molly McGrath - 2019 - In Michela Ferri (ed.), The Reception of
Husserlian Phenomenology in North America. Springer Verlag. pp.
187-204.details
This chapter offers an overview of the philosophy of Robert S. Sokolowski
with a focus on his account of what philosophy is, how philosophy arises
out of pre-philosophical life, and how it is related back to
pre-philosophical life. It also situates Sokolowsk’s achievements in
articulating the relationship between Husserlian phenomenology and modern
and pre-modern styles of philosophizing.
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57. 2021-12-03
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58. 2021-12-03
Download ZOOM APK Cloud Meetings for Android. [REVIEW]Zoom Apk -
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59. 2021-12-03
2021 WAEC GCE Timetable PDF Download for 2nd Series. [REVIEW]Waec
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WAEC GCE 2021 Timetable: 2021 WAEC West African Examination Council (WAEC)
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60. 2021-12-03
Mimarlar Neden Bachelard Okur?Muhammed Taha Tunç & Sümeyye Yıldız - 2021 -
İstanbul, Türkiye: Ketebe.details
“Gecenin bir yarısı kalktığınızı düşünün; bedeniniz yatağın ayakları
arasında tam olarak ne kadar aralık olduğunu ve ne yapması gerektiğini
bilir. Bir bakıma, etrafınızdaki mekân sizinle konuşur ve incelikle
kurulmuş ritim oyunları arasına yerleştirir sizi. Mekânı hareket, ses ve
doku ritimleriyle özümsediğimiz —etrafımızdakilerle yankılandığımız— her
gün dolu dolu yaşanan bir olaydır bu. Mekân ve zaman bedende birleşir. Bu
derin beden bilinci tam da yerleşmenin tanımıdır. Bachelard mimarinin
Öklidci geometriye dayanarak anlaşılmasından kurtarıp mekânın yaratıcı
poetikasına ulaştırdı bizi.” -/- Gaston Bachelard’ın hayranlık uyandıran
(...) mekân çalışmalarını farklı disiplinlerle birlikte kat etmeyi
amaçlayan bu kitap, okurunu hem Bachelard’la hem de onun felsefi, edebi,
mimari, tasarım yorumlarıyla buluşturuyor. Farklı disiplinlerin “mekân”
fikrinden hareketle aslında sadece mimari için değil ilgili her disiplin
için sorulması gereken soruyu gündeme getiriyor: “Mimarlar neden Bachelard
okur?” Elinizdeki derleme barındırdığı metin ve görsel çeşitliliğiyle
mekânların ritmini bulmaya çalışıyor. Mimari, felsefe ve edebiyat
meraklısı okurların keyifle peşine düşeceği bir serüven sunduğumuzu
düşünüyoruz. (shrink)
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61. 2021-12-03
YouTube to MP3 Converter and Video Downloader. [REVIEW]Youtube to Mp3
Converter - Download Youtube Videos in Mp3 | Ytmp3 | Mp3 Converter |
Youtube Downloader | Youtube Mp3 | Youtube Converter - unknowndetails
Click on ”Download” Button Above to Convert Youtube videos to Mp3. -
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YtMp3, Click on ”Download” Button Above to Convert Youtube videos to Mp3.
-/- youtube to mp3, ytmp3, mp3 converter, youtube downloader, youtube
(...) mp3, youtube converter, mp3, download youtube videos, youtube video
download, youtube to mp3 converter, yt to mp3, youtube download, youtube
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youtube downloader online, yourube to mp3. (shrink)
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62. 2021-12-03
Tiwa Savage Sextape Leaked Full Video. [REVIEW]Tiwa Savage -
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63. 2021-12-03
Numerical Methods for Solving Initial Value Problems on the Infinity
Computer.Yaroslav Sergeyev, Marat Mukhametzhanov, Francesca Mazzia, Felice
Iavernaro & Pierluigi Amodio - 2016 - International Journal of
Unconventional Computing 12 (1):3–23.details
New algorithms for the numerical solution of Ordinary Differential
Equations (ODEs) with initial condition are proposed. They are designed
for work on a new kind of a supercomputer – the Infinity Computer, – that
is able to deal numerically with finite, infinite and infinitesimal
numbers. Due to this fact, the Infinity Computer allows one to calculate
the exact derivatives of functions using infinitesimal values of the
stepsize. As a consequence, the new methods described in this paper are
able to work (...) with the exact values of the derivatives, instead of
their approximations. (shrink)
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64. 2021-12-03
Lexicographic Multi-Objective Linear Programming Using Grossone
Methodology: Theory and Algorithm.Marco Cococcioni, Massimo Pappalardo &
Yaroslav Sergeyev - 2018 - Applied Mathematics and Computation
318:298-311.details
Numerous problems arising in engineering applications can have several
objectives to be satisfied. An important class of problems of this kind is
lexicographic multi-objective problems where the first objective is
incomparably more important than the second one which, in its turn, is
incomparably more important than the third one, etc. In this paper,
Lexicographic Multi-Objective Linear Programming (LMOLP) problems are
considered. To tackle them, traditional approaches either require solution
of a series of linear programming problems or apply a scalarization of
(...) weighted multiple objectives into a single-objective function. The
latter approach requires finding a set of weights that guarantees the
equivalence of the original problem and the single-objective one and the
search of correct weights can be very time consuming. In this work a new
approach for solving LMOLP problems using a recently introduced
computational methodology allowing one to work numerically with infinities
and infinitesimals is proposed. It is shown that a smart application of
infinitesimal weights allows one to construct a single-objective problem
avoiding the necessity to determine finite weights. The equivalence
between the original multi-objective problem and the new single-objective
one is proved. A simplex-based algorithm working with finite and
infinitesimal numbers is proposed, implemented, and discussed. Results of
some numerical experiments are provided. (shrink)
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65. 2021-12-03
Structuralist heroes and points of heresy: recognizing Gilles Deleuze’s
(anti-)structuralism.Iain Campbell - forthcoming - Continental Philosophy
Review:1-20.details
This article is concerned with the status and stakes of Gilles Deleuze’s
“break” with structuralism. With a particular focus on a transitional text
of Deleuze, the 1967/1972 article “How Do We Recognize Structuralism?,” it
asks how Deleuze understood structuralism and why, after his encounter
with Félix Guattari and Guattari’s own transitional text, 1969’s “Machine
and Structure,” Deleuze felt the need to break with structuralism. It
argues that reading these two texts together allows us to see that Deleuze
already perceived tensions (...) within the structuralist project, and
argues that Guattari’s non-structural account of the machine allowed
Deleuze to clarify this perception, and see it as necessitating a
departure from structuralism. To close, however, it turns to recent work
by philosophers such as Étienne Balibar and Patrice Maniglier that
re-examines the structuralist moment and identifies an ongoing legacy that
the “poststructuralism” of Deleuze and Guattari may be part of. By
considering Deleuze and Guattari’s break with structuralism in light of
this work, this article considers how the polemical rejection of
structuralism by Deleuze and Guattari may not fully account for the
ongoing legacy of the structuralist program and the persistence of a
structuralist problematic in their thought. (shrink)
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66. 2021-12-03
Group Cognition, Developmental Psychology and Aesthetics.Matthew Crippen -
2017 - Pragmatism Today 8:185-197.details
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67. 2021-12-03
Africapitalism, Ubuntu, and Sustainability.Matthew Crippen - 2021 -
Environmental Ethics 43 (3):235-259.details
Ubuntu originated in small-scale societies in precolonial Africa. It
stresses metaphysical and moral interconnectedness of humans, and newer
Africapitalist approaches absorb ubuntu ideology, with the aims of
promoting community wellbeing and restoring a love of local place that
global free trade has eroded. Ecological degradation violates these goals,
which ought to translate into care for the nonhuman world, in addition to
which some sub-Saharan thought systems promote environmental concern as a
value in its own right. The foregoing story is reinforced (...) by field
research on African hunting operations that appear—counterintuitively—to
reconcile conservation with business imperatives and local community
interests. Though acknowledging shortcomings, I maintain these hunting
enterprises do, by and large, adopt Africapitalist and ubuntu attitudes to
enhance community wellbeing, environmental sustainability, and long-term
economic viability. I also examine how well-intentioned Western
conservation agendas are neocolonial impositions that impede local control
while exacerbating environmental destruction and socioeconomic hardship.
Ubuntu offers a conciliatory epistemology, which Africapitalism
incorporates, and I conclude by considering how standard moral theories
and political divisions become less antagonistic within these sub-Saharan
frameworks, so even opponents can find common cause. (shrink)
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68. 2021-12-03
Generosity, the Cogito, and the Fourth Meditation.Saja Parvizian - 2016 -
Res Philosophica 93 (1):219-243.details
The standard interpretation of Descartes's ethics maintains that virtue
presupposes knowledge of metaphysics and the sciences. Lisa Shapiro,
however, has argued that the meditator acquires the virtue of generosity
in the Fourth Meditation, and that generosity contributes to her
metaphysical achievements. Descartes's ethics and metaphsyics, then, must
be intertwined. This view has been gaining traction in the recent
literature. Omri Boehm, for example, has argued that generosity is
foundational to the cogito. In this paper, I offer a close reading of
(...) Cartesian generosity, arguing that the meditator cannot acquire
generosity in the Second or Fourth Meditation. (shrink)
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69. 2021-12-03
Al-Ghazālī and Descartes on Defeating Skepticism.Saja Parvizian - 2020 -
Journal of Philosophical Research 45:133-148.details
Commentators have noticed the striking similarities between the skeptical
arguments of al-Ghazālī’s Deliverance from Error and Descartes’ Discourse
on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. However, commentators agree
that their solutions to skepticism are radically different. Al-Ghazālī
does not use rational proofs to defeat skepticism; rather, he relies on a
supernatural light [nūr] sent by God to rescue him from skepticism.
Descartes, on the other hand, relies on the natural light of reason [lumen
naturale] to prove the existence of God, (...) mind, and body. In this
paper, I argue that Descartes’ solution is closer to al-Ghazālī’s than
commentators have allowed. A close reading of the cosmological argument of
the Third Meditation reveals that there is also a type of divine
intervention employed in the Meditations, which helps Descartes defeat
skepticism. This reading may buttress the case made by some that
al-Ghazālī influenced Descartes; but more importantly, it requires us to
rethink key features of Descartes’ epistemology. (shrink)
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70. 2021-12-03
Proclaiming the Divine Logos to the Man of the Future.David Torrijos
Castrillejo - 2021 - Studies of Theological Sciences 16:137–154.details
This paper studies the cooperation of theology in the new evangelization
in societies of ancient Christian tradition which are suffering an
advanced process of secularization. It begins with Spain, where a recent
debate on the influence of Christian intellectuals on social life suggests
the ineffectiveness of ecclesiastical resources in transmitting the rich
Catholic doctrinal heritage. Then the author deals with the idiosyncrasy
of contemporary man, which lies near the one of the immediate future’s
man: an uprooted subject who does not (...) believe that life has any
meaning, is deeply marked by emotivism and attaches little significance to
truth. The theology of tomorrow cannot feed this emotivism but must be
proactive in its own way. The proclamation of the Gospel is not different
from the exposition of the Church’s doctrine. To detach evangelization
from the teaching of Christian doctrine cannot help the encounter with
Christ. In order to succeed in transmitting this doctrine by making it
suggestive, theologians should work together with experts in
communication. (shrink)
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71. 2021-12-03
Leibniz on Intellectual Pleasure, Perception of Perfection, and Power.Saja
Parvizian - 2021 - Theoria 87 (3):600-627.details
Leibniz is unclear about the nature of pleasure. In some texts, he
describes pleasure as a perception of perfection, while in other texts he
describes pleasure as being caused by a perception of perfection. In this
article, I disambiguate two senses of “perception of perfection”, which
clarifies Leibniz’s considered position. I argue that pleasure is a
perception of an increase in a substance’s power which is caused by a
substance’s knowledge of a perfection of the universe or God. This reading
(...) helps clarify the nature of Leibnizian happiness. Happiness is a
cognitive process (akin to a mood), constituted fundamentally out of
pleasure, which is grounded in increases in a substance’s power. A
rational substance will sustain its happiness so long as it is more
powerful than it is weak, and it is engaging in activities that increase
its power. (shrink)
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72. 2021-12-03
Descartes on the Unity of the Virtues.Saja Parvizian - forthcoming -
Journal of Philosophical Research.details
Commentators have neglected a tension in Descartes’ virtue theory. In some
texts, Descartes seems to argue that there are distinct virtues. In other
texts, Descartes seems to argue that there is only a single virtue–the
firm and constant resolution to use the will well. In this paper, I
reconcile this tension. I argue that Descartes endorses a specific version
of the unity of the virtues thesis, namely, the identity of the virtues.
Nonetheless, Descartes has the resources to draw conceptual distinctions
(...) between various virtues. Distinct virtues are conceptually generated
when we regard the firm and constant resolution to use the will well in
different ways, that is, based on the different ways this resolution
manifests in moral situations. (shrink)
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73. 2021-12-03
El cristianismo pacífico de Vives.Leopoldo José Prieto López - 2021 -
Anales Del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía 3 (38):515-524.details
El libro se abre con unas palabras de Javier Gomá, director de la
Fundación Juan March, promotora de la colección en la que se ha publicado
este trabajo. Gomá observa que el género biográfico no ha alcanzado en
Es-paña la maestría que es notoria en otros países. Por ello, para
contribuir al desarrollo patrio de este género, “el proyecto Españoles
eminentes aspira a ser una contribu-ción a una historia de la cultura
española a la luz de la ejemplaridad de determinados (...) nombres, acerca
de cuya excelencia moral hay amplio consenso”3. Gomá pone en práctica así,
en un sentido histórico, la idea de ejem-plaridad sobre la que ha llamado
la atención en algunos de sus libros. Se trata, según Gomá, de “la
aplicación de una razón histórico-ejemplar” capaz de “reescribir la
historia de España en una forma mucho más integradora de lo que hasta la
fecha ha sido posible”4. Creemos, sin embargo, a la luz de lo manifestado
por Villacañas en el prólogo del libro, que la ejemplaridad indagada y
pues-ta de manifiesto a propósito de Vives no es tanto ética, sino, diría,
metafísica. El libro, como nos confiesa su autor, contiene “el perfil de
un alma” que, situada “en la más crucial divisoria de la historia europea”
(la que se da entre Carlos V, Erasmo, Lutero y Moro), se halla perpleja en
un presente incierto y sin rumbo, pero que “lucha por reconocer sus
antecedentes y construir una tradición moral en ese proceso”5. De esta
alma perpleja interesa no tanto darla a conocer como exemplum a emu-lar,
siendo, como todos los grandes hombres, inimitable. El caso de Vives es
más bien el de quien en una coyun-tura de crisis y de dolor descubre en su
interior el exem-plar que debe reproducir vitalmente: la imagen de Cristo
repristinada bajo el impulso de las grandes virtudes del republicanismo
romano y del platonismo agustiniano. He aquí vocación y destino, llamada y
cumplimiento de un valenciano inmortal, un español eminente sin duda.
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74. 2021-12-03
Meaning and Value of Work: A Marxist Perspective.Ferdinand Tablan - 2013 -
Filosofia 14 (2):169-185.details
The thesis that there is a reciprocal relationship between human beings
and work—i.e., although man controls work, he may find in it either
fulfillment or degradation—has its roots in the Marxist theory of
alienation. This paper, therefore, tackles this problem from a Marxist
perspective. It examines Marx and Engels’s analysis of the history and
causes of human alienation by presenting their views on human nature and
how work is related to the individual’s search for meaning and
fulfillment. The two—man and (...) work—cannot be separated, for doing so
leads to alienated work (production alienation) and alienated worker
(self-alienation). Hence, the problem of employee satisfaction has to be
dealt with from the perspective of how employees experience their relation
to their work. (shrink)
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75. 2021-12-03
Challenges to Private Sector Unionism in the United States and Catholic
Social Teaching.Ferdinand Tablan - 2015 - Journal of Religion and Society
17:1-26.details
This paper tackles the current challenges to private sector unionism in
the United States in light of Catholic social teaching (CST). The focus of
the study is unionism in the private sector where the fall-off in
membership is observed. CST is contained in a wide variety of official
documents of the Catholic Church, in particular papal encyclicals, which
present ethical norms for economic life in response to the changing
realities of the modern world. The study begins with an analysis of (...)
the concrete situation: the causes of decline in union membership. It is
followed by an ethical reflection on CST’s perspectives and exploration of
practices, strategies, and policies that can help reverse the ongoing
trend of union decline and revitalize the labor movement in the country.
The paper argues that unions are good in themselves as an expression of
the workers’ right to associate and instrumentally good as they invoke
such values as the dignity of work, solidarity, subsidiarity, common good,
and economic equality. While it has been proven that workers and society
as a whole gain material benefits from effective unionization, focus on
intangible benefits and moral principles offered by CST may give labor
organizing a new impetus and inspiration. (shrink)
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76. 2021-12-03
Comparative Hindu and Presocratic Philosophy.Ferdinand Tablan - 2002 -
Filosophia 31 (1):16-31.details
This paper aims to synthesize two equally impressive systems of thought:
Indian philosophy in the East and Presocratic philosophy in the West,
which are separated not only by space and time but by our prejudices. It
attempts to show the universality of philosophy by exploring the
parallelisms and similarities, clarifying contrasts, and highlighting the
common themes that are emphasized and de-emphasized in them. The study
does not intend to give a complete account of the early Greek and Hindu
thoughts. The (...) discussion of Hindu philosophy focuses on the
Upanishads, the main source of Hinduism. We will use for our primary
source the following texts which majority of Indologists consider as the
most authoritative: Aiteriya, Kaushitaki, Taittiriya, Chandogya,
Brihadharanyaka, Katha, Mandukya, Maitriyani, Svetasvatara, Isa, and Kena.
On the side of Presocratic philosophy are included such major thinkers as
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides,
Anaxagoras, and Empidocles. (shrink)
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77. 2021-12-03
A Catholic-Personalist Critique of Personalized Customer Service.Ferdinand
Tablan - 2016 - Journal of Markets and Morality 19 (1):99-119.details
This article presents an ethical analysis and critique of personalized
service in the tradition of Catholic social teaching (CST) that is both
Catholic and Personalist. It tackles the ethical issues involved when
service delivery is personalized, issues that affect both the consumers
and the service providers. It focuses on nonprofessional services that are
offered by low-skilled blue-collar workers through corporations that are
organized to produce efficient service to a high volume of consumers.
Customer service involves intersubjectivity, that is, interaction between
(...) two persons as subjects. Ethics in the service context is not only
about treating consumers in a just manner; the threats to the personhood
of the service providers are also significant, for their work cannot be
separated from their very being. By focusing on the ethical issues of
emotional labor and consumerism of human service, the study will argue
that the human interaction in personalized service runs the risk of
alienating us from our authentic selves and from each other. If the
objective of personalized service is to create authentic human
relationship in the service encounter, the latter can arise even in a
nonpersonalized service. We do not have to personalize our actions in
order to create genuine human interaction. Instead, what we must do is to
treat each other as persons. (shrink)
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78. 2021-12-02
YouTube to Mp3 - Convert Youtube to MP3/MP4 in 320kbps.Youtube to Mp3 -
Convert Youtube to Mp3/Mp4 | Ytmp3 | Mp3 Converter | Youtube Downloader |
Youtube Converter - manuscriptdetails
Just Click on the ”Download” Button (Given Above) to Convert Youtube to
MP3/MP4. -/- youtube to mp3, ytmp3, mp3 converter, youtube downloader,
youtube mp3, youtube converter, mp3, download youtube videos, youtube
video download, youtube to mp3 converter, yt to mp3, youtube download,
youtube mp3 converter, download youtube video, video to mp3, convert
youtube to mp3, youtubetomp3, yt mp3, convertidor mp3, mp3 downloader, mp3
youtube, youtube download mp4, yt to mp4, download youtube mp3, yt1s,
youtube mp3 download, youtube 2 mp3, descargar (...) videos de youtube,
download video from youtube, youtube mp3 downloader, save youtube video,
youtube-mp3, youtube convert, youtube downloader mp3, youtube download
mp3, download mp3, mp3 convert, youtube to mo3, save youtube videos, music
converter, download youtube to mp3, mp3 youtube converter, convert mp3,
youtube converter into mp3, you tube to mp3, yt downloader, download
youtube video mp3, youtube to mp3 download, youtube downloader online.
Just Click on the ”Download” Button (Given Above) to Convert Youtube to
MP3/MP4. (shrink)
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79. 2021-12-02
On Knowing and Seeing: Groundwork for a New Empiricism. [REVIEW]Mira
Magdalena Sickinger - 2021 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 98
(4):495–502.details
This is a discussion note on Michael Ayers’ Knowing and Seeing. Groundwork
for a New Empiricism.
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80. 2021-12-02
On Knowing and Seeing: Groundwork for a New Empiricism. [REVIEW]Mira
Magdalena Sickinger - 2021 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 98
(4):495–502.details
This is a discussion note on Michael Ayers’ Knowing and Seeing. Groundwork
for a New Empiricism.
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81. 2021-12-02
Selectionism and Diaphaneity.Paweł Jakub Zięba - forthcoming -
Axiomathes:1-31.details
Brain activity determines which relations between objects in the
environment are perceived as differences and similarities in colour,
smell, sound, etc. According to selectionism, brain activity does not
create those relations; it only selects which of them are perceptually
available to the subject on a given occasion. In effect, selectionism
entails that perceptual experience is diaphanous, i.e. that sameness and
difference in the phenomenal character of experience is exhausted by
sameness and difference in the perceived items. It has been argued (...)
that diaphaneity is undermined by phenomenological considerations and
empirical evidence. This paper considers five prominent arguments of this
sort and shows that none of them succeeds. (shrink)
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82. 2021-12-02
Disagreement and Authority: Comparing Ecclesial and Scientific
Practices.Louis Caruana - 2015 - In A. J. Carroll, M. Kerkwijk, M. Kirwan
& J. Sweeney (eds.), Towards a Kenotic Vision of Authority in the Catholic
Church. Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp.
91-102.details
In recent years, disagreement as a philosophical topic has started to
attract considerable attention, giving rise to rich debates not only on
the logical nature of disagreement but also on specifically political and
religious forms of it. Moreover, in some recent documents of the Catholic
Church, we see corresponding attempts at understanding religious
pluralism, dialogue among religions, and doctrinal tensions that sometimes
arise within various parts of the Church itself. In such debates, many
assume that the realm of the humanities (...) is clearly distinct from
that of the natural sciences and, as a consequence, the dynamics of
disagreement within the two realms is distinct as well. This paper
challenges this assumption. Sociological studies of science are
undermining the idea of a strict dichotomy between the dynamics of
disagreement within the sciences and that within other areas of inquiry.
Engaging in comparative methodology, this paper critically evaluates the
dynamics of ecclesial disagreement and the associated idea of doctrinal
authority by comparing them with what happens in the sciences. (shrink)
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83. 2021-12-02
Life, Universe and Everything.Tetsuaki Iwamoto - manuscriptdetails
The iroha song of human concepts (2021) -/- The iroha is a Japanese poem
of a perfect pangram and isogram, containing each character of the
Japanese syllabary exactly once. It also mimics an ultimate conceptual
engineering, in that there is more and more restricted scope for
meaningful expressions, given more and more condensed means of
description. This culminates in crystallizations of human values by
auto-condensations of meaningful concepts. Instead of distilling Japanese
values of 11th century, I try for those of (...) human concepts, given our
merging mind, language and culture. (shrink)
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84. 2021-12-02
The First Workers’ Government in History: Karl Marx’s Addenda to
Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871.Daniel Gaido - 2021 -
Historical Materialism 29 (1):49-112.details
In Marxist circles it is common to refer to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in
France for a theoretical analysis of the historical significance of the
Paris Commune, and to Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray’s History of the Commune
of 1871 for a description of the facts surrounding the insurrection of the
Paris workers and its repression by the National Assembly led by Adolphe
Thiers. What is less well-known is that Marx himself oversaw the German
translation of Lissagaray’s book and made numerous additions (...) to it.
In this article we describe Marx’s addenda to Lissagaray’s work, showing
how they contribute to concretising his analysis of the Paris Commune and
how they relate to the split in the International Working Men’s
Association between Marxists and anarchists that took place after the
Commune’s defeat. We also show how Marx’s additions to the German version
of Lissagaray’s book were linked to his involvement with the recently
created Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany and to his criticism of the
programme it had adopted at the congress celebrated in the city of Gotha.
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85. 2021-12-02
Serendipity: The Myth of Delayed Lightning Strikes.Minh Hoang Nguyen -
manuscriptdetails
The serendipity-based creativity process in their conceptual development
papers has been particularly appealing for me due to its power to harness
unexpectedly useful information as a strategic advantage in business
operations, technological innovations, and scientific discoveries. Their
metaphor for the serendipity process resembles the radar technology for
detecting fast-flying objects. Nonetheless, others refer to it as
"lightning strikes". So I call it a serendipity strike.
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86. 2021-12-02
Consensus Gentium: Reflections on the 'Common Consent' Argument for the
Existence of God.Thomas Kelly - 2011 - In Kelly James Clark & Raymond J.
VanArragon (eds.), Evidence and Religious Belief. Oxford University
Press.details
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87. 2021-12-02
Feminism and Psychedelic Therapy: How Scientific Values Can Help or Hinder
Potentially Fruitful Avenues of Research.Flo McCarthy-Doig - 2020 -
Dissertation, details
This dissertation is an investigation into how scientific values may
influence the kinds of theories which are investigated, and in turn which
theories become ‘mainstream’. I have focussed on psychedelic therapy as a
family of theories, and I identified three main reasons as to why
psychedelic therapy is somewhat incompatible with the current psychiatric
paradigm: (1) the inability to conduct double-blind trials, (2) The
inability to isolate one explanatory variable, and (3) The mystical and
spiritual dimensions of the mechanisms of (...) action of psychedelic
drugs. Because double-blind randomised controlled trials, isolating one
explanatory variable, and neurobiological- style explanations of
mechanisms of action are seen as an integral part of good psychiatric
research, this means that psychedelic therapy is inherently disadvantaged
as a research avenue in the current paradigm. These three things also
arguably embody scientific values proposed by Kuhn (1977), such as
accuracy, simplicity, and consistency. Helen Longino (1995) argues that
Kuhn’s values do not simply increase the likelihood of a theory being
true, but in some instances serve to perpetuate discriminatory ideologies.
She proposes her own list of values as a route to a more equitable
science, and by extension, a more equitable society. Interestingly,
psychedelic therapy as a theory embodies many, if not all of the values
proposed by Longino. This led me to my conclusion that if the psychiatric
paradigm were more feminist according to Longino’s criteria, then
psychedelic therapy would be considered a “better” theory. It would
therefore be easier to conduct research in this area, and psychedelic
therapy would have a better chance at becoming a mainstream treatment.
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88. 2021-12-02
Plato's Republic - Irfan Ajvazi.Irfan Ajvazi - 2021 - Idea Books.details
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89. 2021-12-02
What Are Definitions of Life Good For? Transdisciplinary and Other
Definitions in Astrobiology.Tarja Knuuttila & Andrea Loettgers - 2017 -
Biology and Philosophy 32 (6):1185-1203.details
The attempt to define life has gained new momentum in the wake of novel
fields such as synthetic biology, astrobiology, and artificial life. In a
series of articles, Cleland, Chyba, and Machery claim that definitions of
life seek to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for applying the
concept of life—something that such definitions cannot, and should not do.
We argue that this criticism is largely unwarranted. Cleland, Chyba, and
Machery approach definitions of life as classifying devices, thereby
neglecting their other (...) epistemic roles. We identify within the
discussions of the nature and origin of life three other types of
definitions: theoretical, transdisciplinary, and diagnostic definitions.
The primary aim of these definitions is not to distinguish life from
nonlife, although they can also be used for classificatory purposes. We
focus on the definitions of life within the budding field of astrobiology,
paying particular attention to transdisciplinary definitions, and
diagnostic definitions in the search for biosignatures from other planets.
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90. 2021-12-02
Haidt Et Al.'s Case for Moral Pluralism Revisited.Tanya De Villiers-Botha
- 2020 - Philosophical Psychology 33 (2):244-261.details
Recent work in moral psychology that claims to show that human beings make
moral judgements on the basis of multiple, divergent moral foundations has
been influential in both moral psychology and moral philosophy. Primarily,
such work has been taken to undermine monistic moral theories, especially
those pertaining to the prevention of harm. Here, I call one of the most
prominent and influential empirical cases for moral pluralism into
question, namely that of Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues. I argue that
Haidt (...) et al.’s argument is not as strong as it is often made out to
be, given significant problems with the design of one of the key
experiments used to ground the claim that there are divergent moral
foundations across cultures. The flaws that I point out pose a significant
challenge to Haidt et al.’s findings and have a detrimental impact on
subsequent work based on this immensely influential experiment.
Accordingly, I argue that both empirical and normative claims made on the
basis of Haidt et al.’s findings should be treated with caution. I
conclude by making some suggestions as to how some of the problems that I
point out might be addressed. (shrink)
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91. 2021-12-02
Harm as Negative Prudential Value: A Non-Comparative Account of Harm.Tanya
de Villiers-Botha - 2020 - SATS 21 (1):21-38.details
In recent attempts to define ‘harm’, the most promising approach has often
been thought to be the counterfactual comparative account of harm.
Nevertheless, this account faces serious difficulties. Moreover, it has
been argued that ‘harm’ cannot be defined without reference to a
substantive theory of well-being, which is itself a fraught issue. This
has led to the call for the concept to simply be dropped from the moral
lexicon altogether. I reject this call, arguing that the non-comparative
approach to defining (...) harm has not been sufficiently explored. I then
develop such an account that avoids the difficulties faced by comparative
accounts whilst not presupposing a substantive theory of well-being. I
conclude that this definition renders a concept of harm that can be
meaningfully employed in our moral discourse. (shrink)
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92. 2021-12-02
Hey, Google, leave those kids alone: Against hypernudging children in the
age of big data.James Smith & Tanya de Villiers-Botha - forthcoming - AI
and Society:1-11.details
Children continue to be overlooked as a topic of concern in discussions
around the ethical use of people’s data and information. Where children
are the subject of such discussions, the focus is often primarily on
privacy concerns and consent relating to the use of their data. This paper
highlights the unique challenges children face when it comes to online
interferences with their decision-making, primarily due to their
vulnerability, impressionability, the increased likelihood of disclosing
personal information online, and their developmental capacities. (...)
These traits allow for practices such as hypernudging to be executed on
them more accurately and with more serious consequences, specifically by
potentially undermining their autonomy. We argue that children are
autonomous agents in the making and thus require additional special
protections to ensure that the development of their autonomy is
safeguarded. This means that measures should be taken to prohibit most
forms of hypernudging children and thus ensure that they are protected
from this powerful technique of digital manipulation. (shrink)
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93. 2021-12-02
The Arrival of the Smartest: In Favour of a Pluralistic Account of the
Evolution of Cognition.Giorgio Airoldi - 2021 - Aufklärung 8.details
The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in
evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary
hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most
theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe
that the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account
can greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it
evolved.
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94. 2021-12-02
Reading Todorov’s The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre
- Irfan Ajvazi.Irfan Ajvazi - 2021 - Idea Books.details
Reading Todorov’s The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre
- Irfan Ajvazi.
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95. 2021-12-02
Discharging the Moral Responsibility for Collective Unjust Enrichment in
the Global Economy.Fausto Corvino & Alberto Pirni - 2021 - Theoria:
Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 36
(1):139-158.details
In this article we wonder how a person can discharge the political
responsibility for supporting and benefiting from unjust social
structures. Firstly, we introduce the concept of structural injustice and
defend it against three possible objections: ‘explanatory nationalism’, a
diachronic interpretation of the benefits of industry-led growth, being
part of a social structure does not automatically mean being responsible
for its negative consequences. Then, we hold that both Iris Marion Young’s
‘social connection model’ and Robin Zheng’s ‘role-ideal model’ provide
clear (...) indications on how to unload responsibility for
supporting/participating in unjust social structures, but fail to explain
how to get rid of responsibility for unjust enrichment. We maintain that
both models should be complemented with a global redistributive scheme
that allows to disgorge the benefits that are unfairly obtained in the
global economic system, besides undertaking collective transformative
actions and assuming ideal-role responsibilities. (shrink)
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96. 2021-12-02
Watch The Tiwa Savage Sextape Leaked Video.Tiwa Savage - unknowndetails
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97. 2021-12-02
Disintegrating the Linear: Time in Simon Finn’s Instability.Marilyn
Stendera - 2018 - In Exhibition Catalogue - Simon Finn's
Instability.details
The art of Simon Finn has always had a markedly temporal dynamic. Vast
structures built and annihilated again and again across different media,
their fragmentation across space and time simultaneously methodical and
darkly chaotic. Roiling waters and eldritch surfaces held captive in their
unrest. Finn’s works render cycles of construction and disintegration, of
stasis and motion, in ways that shed light upon the underlying structures
of our experience of time while shattering simplistic notions of
linearity. This is nowhere more apparent (...) than in Instability,
through which Finn allows us to explore the intertwining of personal and
historical time, ancestral memory and radical futurity, artefactual form
and temporal function. (shrink)
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98. 2021-12-02
Out of Time: Modernity, Historicity, and Temporality in Ernst Jünger’s War
Journals.Marilyn Stendera - 2021 - In Justin Clemens & Nicolas Hausdorf
(eds.), Ernst Jünger - Philosophy Under Occupation. Melbourne: Index
Journal/Memo Review. pp. 89-117.details
The diaries that detail Ernst Jünger’s time in occupied Paris can be as
frustrating as they are captivating. Their tone is often both elegiac and
detached, at once keenly aware of and distant from the suffering occurring
all around their author. This ambiguity becomes particularly apparent in
the contrast between the remarkable everyday encounters the diaries
describe and their broader cosmic and world-historical ruminations. In
this paper, I want to suggest that this tension can be read as a response
to (...) the imperatives through which totalising thought shapes how
subjects operating under its confines relate to time itself. This dynamic,
which can already be found in Jünger’s own earlier work, is dramatized in
the way that the diaries construct the alternative temporal perspective of
the witness. The witness here is one who survives outside of, and yet also
remains caught between, two temporal imaginaries characteristic of
modernity: Totalising historicization – the sweeping narrative of progress
that demands the sacrifice of the present individual and individual
present – and mechanised temporality, that is, instrumentalised clock
time. (shrink)
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99. 2021-12-02
The Rights of Foreign Intelligence Targets.Michael Skerker - 2021 - In
Seumas Miller, Mitt Regan & Patrick Walsh (eds.), National Security
Intelligence and Ethics. London: Routledge. pp. 89-106.details
I develop a contractualist theory of just intelligence collection based on
the collective moral responsibility to deliver security to a community and
use the theory to justify certain kinds of signals interception. I also
consider the rights of various intelligence targets like intelligence
officers, service personnel, government employees, militants, and family
members of all of these groups in order to consider how targets' waivers
or forfeitures might create the moral space for just surveillance. Even
people who are not doing anything (...) prejudicial to other states'
security can be modeled as ceding rights against diagnostic
collection--light touch collection limited to ascertaining if someone is
likely an intelligence threat--as part of their duty to support just
foreign institutions. Foreign intelligence officers could not perform the
same job potential targets can reasonably demand their intelligence
agencies perform on their behalf without this ceding of rights. More
invasive forms of collection can only be justified if officers can
reasonably model their citizens consenting to being the target of the same
sort of collection by adversary states. (shrink)
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100. 2021-12-02
YouTube Downloader Apk.YouTube Downloader - unknowndetails
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