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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY & CULTURE

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THE HISTORICAL LEGACY OF JUNETEENTH


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 * The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth

Emancipation Day celebration, June 19, 1900 held in "East Woods" on East 24th
Street in Austin. Credit: Austin History Center.

On “Freedom’s Eve,” or the eve of January 1, 1863, the first Watch Night
services took place. On that night, enslaved and free African Americans gathered
in churches and private homes all across the country awaiting news that the
Emancipation Proclamation had taken effect. At the stroke of midnight, prayers
were answered as all enslaved people in Confederate States were declared legally
free. Union soldiers, many of whom were black, marched onto plantations and
across cities in the south reading small copies of the Emancipation Proclamation
spreading the news of freedom in Confederate States. Only through the Thirteenth
Amendment did emancipation end slavery throughout the United States.

But not everyone in Confederate territory would immediately be free. Even though
the Emancipation Proclamation was made effective in 1863, it could not be
implemented in places still under Confederate control. As a result, in the
westernmost Confederate state of Texas, enslaved people would not be free until
much later. Freedom finally came on June 19, 1865, when some 2,000 Union troops
arrived in Galveston Bay, Texas. The army announced that the more than 250,000
enslaved black people in the state, were free by executive decree. This day came
to be known as "Juneteenth," by the newly freed people in Texas. 

Publishers throughout the North responded to a demand for copies of Lincoln’s
proclamation and produced numerous decorative versions, including this engraving
by R. A. Dimmick in 1864. 

National Museum of American History, gift of Ralph E. Becker

The post-emancipation period known as Reconstruction (1865-1877) marked an era
of great hope, uncertainty, and struggle for the nation as a whole.
Formerly enslaved people immediately sought to reunify families, establish
schools, run for political office, push radical legislation and even sue
slaveholders for compensation. Given the 200+ years of enslavement, such changes
were nothing short of amazing. Not even a generation out of slavery, African
Americans were inspired and empowered to transform their lives and their
country.

Juneteenth marks our country’s second independence day. Although it has long
celebrated in the African American community, this monumental event remains
largely unknown to most Americans.

The historical legacy of Juneteenth shows the value of never giving up hope in
uncertain times. The National Museum of African American History and Culture is
a community space where this spirit of hope lives on. A place where historical
events like Juneteenth are shared and new stories with equal urgency are told.


VIEW OUR JUNETEENTH DIGITAL TOOLKIT

As you celebrate Juneteenth this year, the museum offers additional resources to
help you embrace the rich history of Freedom Day.

Explore More about View Our Juneteenth Digital Toolkit

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Historic Moments Slavery

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