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S16 Ep4: The Elephants of Africa


LIFE OF AN ELEPHANT

November 16, 1997


LIFE OF AN ELEPHANT

A forest elephant.

Africa. Sprawled across this continent are vast savannahs, seemingly endless
deserts, and impenetrable rain forests. Each region is dotted with a unique
array of wild animals, from elusive leopards to the delicate, gazelle-like
bongo. However, roaming throughout every African ecosystem is one constant: the
elephant, which makes its home in every type of landscape. As filmmaker and
elephant expert Cynthia Moss shows in THE ELEPHANTS OF AFRICA, elephants are all
over the continent. While the celebrated savannah elephants of Kenya and other
parts of East Africa draw thousands of tourists to the local parks, this group
makes up only a portion of Africa’s elephants.



THE ELEPHANTS OF AFRICA reveals some lesser-known, yet equally important
populations that inhabit diverse environments of the continent, from the thick
rain forests of the Congo Basin to the parched deserts of Namibia. Researchers
have determined that the smaller forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis,
are a distinct subspecies from their savannah cousins of East Africa, Loxodonta
africana africana. However, the data suggest that desert elephants are actually
savannah elephants who have adapted to the rugged lifestyle of the barren
desert.

An adult male savannah elephant — the largest land mammal in the world — weighs
about 12,000 pounds and stands roughly 10 feet tall at the shoulder. The smaller
forest elephant weighs 10,000 pounds at most. And unlike savannah elephants’
curved tusks, forest dwellers’ are small and straight, designed for negotiating
routes through dense foliage. Both elephants do possess the same tough hide (the
Latin name for elephant is “pachyderm,” or “thick-skinned”). But while their
skin may be durable, elephants still need protection from insects and the hot
African sun. Wallowing in a mud bath cools down an elephant as well as provides
an extra layer of cover.

Regardless of where elephants live, their social behaviors and social structures
remain largely the same. Cynthia Moss has dedicated her life to understanding
the biology, ecology, and society of the herds that roam the savannahs of
Amboseli National Park in Kenya. Here, in the open landscape, biologists can
spot a group miles away and approach by car to observe. From their vehicles,
Moss and her colleagues in East Africa have unlocked the mysteries of how these
enormous animals learn as youngsters, raise their young, survive as adults, and
communicate with family members.
 


Elephant females guard the young.

An elephant calf is usually born into an extended family, headed by an older
female elephant who serves as matriarch. Families are cohesive groups of females
and their young. Adult males leave the herd at 14 years of age, and either range
alone or join other bull elephants in “bachelor herds,” rejoining females only
at breeding times. The mother is responsible for providing the 250-pound newborn
with milk. But when it comes to caretaking and protecting babies from predators,
the whole herd pitches in.



The mother receives help from aunts, sisters, and cousins who serve as nannies.
Known as “allomothers,” these baby-sitters are young female elephants learning
how to care for babies. Teaching a potential mother how to rear her child is an
important task, since the calves’ survival depends on it. And since elephants
bear young only once every few years, each baby is essential to the herd’s
ultimate survival.

After five years of rearing this young elephant, the mother gives birth to a new
infant, weaning the now adolescent calf at the same time. By then, the young
elephant weighs nearly a ton and has learned how to forage on available
vegetation. Males tend to leave their mothers earlier than females, with young
bulls beginning to wander beyond the protective family circle at the early age
of six.

As a young elephant grows, it learns how to become independent by watching and
mimicking others. A calf will begin to experiment with its trunk, using it to
grasp grass and other solid food, at about four months of age. But it takes a
lot of practice to master the more than 40,000 muscles that give an elephant’s
long snout so much dexterity.

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