help.ubuntu.com Open in urlscan Pro
2620:2d:4000:1::2a Public Scan

Go To Rescan
Add Verdict Report

Submitted URL:
http://blackcat.canonical.com/
Effective URL:
https://help.ubuntu.com/
Submission: On November 29 via manual (November 29th 2022, 8:31:14 am UTC) from CA — Scanned from CA

Summary HTTP 9 Redirects Links 13 Behaviour Indicators

Summary

This website contacted 2 IPs in 2 countries across 3 domains to perform 9 HTTP transactions. The main IP is 2620:2d:4000:1::2a, located in United States and belongs to CANONICAL-AS, GB. The main domain is help.ubuntu.com. The Cisco Umbrella rank of the primary domain is 355482.
TLS certificate: Issued by R3 on October 9th 2022. Valid for: 3 months.

This is the only time help.ubuntu.com was scanned on urlscan.io!

urlscan.io Verdict: No classification

Domain & IP information

	IP Address	AS Autonomous System
1 1	2001:67c:1562... 2001:67c:1562::24	41231 (CANONICAL-AS) (CANONICAL-AS)
7	2620:2d:4000:... 2620:2d:4000:1::2a	41231 (CANONICAL-AS) (CANONICAL-AS)
2	2607:f8b0:400... 2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008	15169 (GOOGLE) (GOOGLE)
9	2

1 2001:67c:1562::24 (Dobrichovice, Czech Republic) 1 redirects

ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB)

blackcat.canonical.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

7 2620:2d:4000:1::2a (United States)

ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB)

help.ubuntu.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

2 2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008 (Hudson Falls, United States)

ASN15169 (GOOGLE, US)

ssl.google-analytics.com	Domain lookup VirusTotal SecurityTrails crt.sh Censys Domaintools

	Apex Domain Subdomains	Transfer
7	ubuntu.com help.ubuntu.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 355482	17 KB
2	google-analytics.com ssl.google-analytics.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 412	7 KB
1	canonical.com 1 redirects blackcat.canonical.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 703286	102 B
9	3

	Domain	Requested by
7	help.ubuntu.com	help.ubuntu.com
2	ssl.google-analytics.com	help.ubuntu.com
1	blackcat.canonical.com	1 redirects
9	3

This site contains links to these domains. Also see Links.

Domain
partners.ubuntu.com
www.ubuntu.com
community.ubuntu.com
ubuntu.com
assets.ubuntu.com
discourse.ubuntu.com
wiki.ubuntu.com
docs.ubuntu.com
bugs.launchpad.net

Subject Issuer	Validity	Valid
help.ubuntu.com R3	`2022-10-09` - `2023-01-07`	3 months	crt.sh
*.google-analytics.com GTS CA 1C3	`2022-11-02` - `2023-01-25`	3 months	crt.sh

This page contains 1 frames:

Primary Page: https://help.ubuntu.com/
Frame ID: 5C52575F61DD15F73690276FB2F8319D
Requests: 9 HTTP requests in this frame

Screenshot
Live screenshot

Full Image

Page Title

Official Ubuntu Documentation

Page URL History Show full URLs

http://blackcat.canonical.com/ HTTP 302
https://help.ubuntu.com/ Page URL

Detected technologies

Google Analytics (Analytics) Expand

Overall confidence: 100%
Detected patterns

google-analytics\.com/(?:ga|urchin|analytics)\.js

Page Statistics

9
Requests

100 %
HTTPS

100 %
IPv6

3
Domains

3
Subdomains

2
IPs

2
Countries

24 kB
Transfer

78 kB
Size

4
Cookies

13 Outgoing links

These are links going to different origins than the main page.

URL: https://partners.ubuntu.com/
Title: Partners

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://www.ubuntu.com/support/community-support
Title: Support

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://community.ubuntu.com/
Title: Community

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://www.ubuntu.com/
Title: Ubuntu.com

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://community.ubuntu.com/t/contribute/26
Title: Contribute

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://ubuntu.com/server/docs
Title: HTML

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://assets.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-server-guide
Title: PDF

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/introduction/11322
Title: discourse source code pages

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS
Title: LTS details

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases
Title: release & end-of-life dates

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://docs.ubuntu.com/
Title: More Ubuntu documentation

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam
Title: Ubuntu Documentation Team wiki page

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

URL: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-docs
Title: file a bug

Search URL Search Domain Scan URL

Page URL History

This captures the URL locations of the websites, including HTTP redirects and client-side redirects via JavaScript or Meta fields.

http://blackcat.canonical.com/ HTTP 302
https://help.ubuntu.com/ Page URL

Redirected requests

There were HTTP redirect chains for the following requests:

9 HTTP transactions
0 data transactions

Method
Protocol Status Resource
Path Size
x-fer Time
Latency Type
MIME-Type IP
Location

GET
H2

200

Primary Request / Show response
help.ubuntu.com/
Redirect Chain

http://blackcat.canonical.com/
https://help.ubuntu.com/

6 KB
2 KB

546ms
97ms

Document
text/html

2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: a580358f234937ed6d695707474c2cb69c74a82a28d8d0c815afb12c626ecc0c

Request headers

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36
accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9

Response headers

accept-ranges: bytes
cache-control: max-age=600
content-encoding: gzip
content-length: 1848
content-type: text/html
date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
etag: "223d82-1747-5eb76111701fc"
last-modified: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 12:00:08 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0

Redirect headers

cache-control: no-cache
content-length: 0
location: https://help.ubuntu.com/

GET
H2 200 C.css
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/ 47 KB
10 KB 105ms
104ms Stylesheet
text/css 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: 5a7787cd5dadeae63f1c6e57f8d9931f4d7fd14a4713fa9b2d0de68987b0630d

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
content-encoding: gzip
last-modified: Mon, 18 Apr 2022 12:00:24 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "22541d-ba59-5dcec815cb8b1"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding
content-type: text/css
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 9820

GET
H2 200 urchin.js Show response
ssl.google-analytics.com/ 22 KB
7 KB 78ms
19ms Script
text/javascript 2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008
GOOGLE

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to

Full URL

https://ssl.google-analytics.com/urchin.js

Requested by

Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/

Protocol

Security

TLS 1.3, , AES_128_GCM

Server

2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008 Hudson Falls, United States, ASN15169 (GOOGLE, US),

Reverse DNS

Software

Golfe2 /

Resource Hash

65b488811bd504ecd9037c0aee94c56a7bcd0870c2ae8818f6cf60cb3ba51621

Security Headers

Name	Value
X-Content-Type-Options	nosniff

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Mon, 28 Nov 2022 17:50:59 GMT
content-encoding: gzip
x-content-type-options: nosniff
last-modified: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 22:01:05 GMT
server: Golfe2
age: 52810
vary: Accept-Encoding
content-type: text/javascript
cache-control: public, max-age=1209600
cross-origin-resource-policy: cross-origin
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443"; ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43"
content-length: 6847
expires: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 17:50:59 GMT

GET
H2 200 bg_dotted.png
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/ 127 B
375 B 96ms
96ms Image
image/png 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/bg_dotted.png
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: d03f75ed7c7cfb9e3ad59a8892e7640a3830af61b083273f4dfcacbd8360e235

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
last-modified: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 12:01:23 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "336f61-7f-5d2c97b565b93"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language
content-type: image/png
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 127

GET
H2 200 __utm.gif
ssl.google-analytics.com/ 35 B
194 B 22ms
19ms Image
image/gif 2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008
GOOGLE

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL

https://ssl.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmwv=1.4&utmn=646244368&utmcs=UTF-8&utmsr=1600x1200&utmsc=24-bit&utmul=en-us&utmje=0&utmfl=-&utmcn=1&utmdt=Official%20Ubuntu%20Documentation&utmhn=help.ubuntu.com&utmhid=2105099036&utmr=-&utmp=/&utmac=UA-1018242-8&utmcc=__utma%3D30955686.646244368.1669710670.1669710670.1669710670.1%3B%2B__utmz%3D30955686.1669710670.1.1.utmccn%3D(direct)%7Cutmcsr%3D(direct)%7Cutmcmd%3D(none)%3B%2B

Requested by

Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/

Protocol

Security

TLS 1.3, , AES_128_GCM

Server

2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008 Hudson Falls, United States, ASN15169 (GOOGLE, US),

Reverse DNS

Software

Golfe2 /

Resource Hash

8337212354871836e6763a41e615916c89bac5b3f1f0adf60ba43c7c806e1015

Security Headers

Name	Value
X-Content-Type-Options	nosniff

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

pragma: no-cache
date: Mon, 28 Nov 2022 16:33:21 GMT
x-content-type-options: nosniff
last-modified: Sun, 17 May 1998 03:00:00 GMT
server: Golfe2
age: 57468
content-type: image/gif
access-control-allow-origin: *
cache-control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
cross-origin-resource-policy: cross-origin
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443"; ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43"
content-length: 35
expires: Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT

GET
H2 200 header_bg.png
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/ 328 B
577 B 106ms
104ms Image
image/png 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/header_bg.png
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: 47e3bf97815a17bbc9105813f5b00bca9e56fc8173f42b87abf2354fe97b0bd2

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
last-modified: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 12:01:23 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "2ebc87-148-5d2c97b565b93"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language
content-type: image/png
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 328

GET
H2 200 header_logo.png
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/ 2 KB
3 KB 102ms
101ms Image
image/png 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/header_logo.png
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: 0a948caeb2fa45a01d0d5621478053c9f6b5e8a92cba292bba2227780443b501

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
last-modified: Tue, 19 Apr 2022 12:00:12 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "224de1-924-5dd009e85451e"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language
content-type: image/png
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 2340

GET
H2 200 topnav_divider.png
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/ 268 B
517 B 104ms
103ms Image
image/png 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/topnav_divider.png
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: decc6ae69e8dadb8f498c868d9c7d473031a01c6580b1b7d9b1ff19fce678e98

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
last-modified: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 12:01:23 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "3336f2-10c-5d2c97b565b93"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language
content-type: image/png
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 268

GET
H2 200 topnav_active_bg.png
help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/ 414 B
663 B 103ms
102ms Image
image/png 2620:2d:4000:1::2a
CANONICAL-AS

General

Check archive.org

Show headers Download Go to Show image

Full URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/img/topnav_active_bg.png
Requested by: Host: help.ubuntu.com
URL: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
Protocol: H2
Security: TLS 1.3, , AES_256_GCM
Server: 2620:2d:4000:1::2a , United States, ASN41231 (CANONICAL-AS, GB),
Reverse DNS
Software: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu) /
Resource Hash: 6c9ceaac8b0214bac1f495de835ec61f07662ba76545c04e21ea79b7376c04bc

Request headers

accept-language: en-CA,en;q=0.9
Referer: https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/C.css
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.5304.121 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 08:31:09 GMT
last-modified: Fri, 10 Dec 2021 12:01:23 GMT
server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
etag: "337a7d-19e-5d2c97b565b93"
x-cache-status: MISS from content-cache-il3/0
vary: Cookie,User-Agent,Accept-Language
content-type: image/png
cache-control: max-age=600
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 414

Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment

77 JavaScript Global Variables

These are the non-standard "global" variables defined on the window object. These can be helpful in identifying possible client-side frameworks and code.

4 Cookies

Cookies are little pieces of information stored in the browser of a user. Whenever a user visits the site again, he will also send his cookie values, thus allowing the website to re-identify him even if he changed locations. This is how permanent logins work.

Domain/Path	Expires	Name / Value
.help.ubuntu.com/	1970-01-20 17:24:30	Name: __utma Value: 30955686.646244368.1669710670.1669710670.1669710670.1
.help.ubuntu.com/	1970-01-20 07:48:32	Name: __utmb Value: 30955686
.help.ubuntu.com/	1969-12-31 23:59:59	Name: __utmc Value: 30955686
.help.ubuntu.com/	1970-01-20 12:11:18	Name: __utmz Value: 30955686.1669710670.1.1.utmccn=(direct)\|utmcsr=(direct)\|utmcmd=(none)

Indicators

This is a term in the security industry to describe indicators such as IPs, Domains, Hashes, etc. This does not imply that any of these indicate malicious activity.

blackcat.canonical.com
help.ubuntu.com
ssl.google-analytics.com
2001:67c:1562::24
2607:f8b0:4006:816::2008
2620:2d:4000:1::2a
0a948caeb2fa45a01d0d5621478053c9f6b5e8a92cba292bba2227780443b501
47e3bf97815a17bbc9105813f5b00bca9e56fc8173f42b87abf2354fe97b0bd2
5a7787cd5dadeae63f1c6e57f8d9931f4d7fd14a4713fa9b2d0de68987b0630d
65b488811bd504ecd9037c0aee94c56a7bcd0870c2ae8818f6cf60cb3ba51621
6c9ceaac8b0214bac1f495de835ec61f07662ba76545c04e21ea79b7376c04bc
8337212354871836e6763a41e615916c89bac5b3f1f0adf60ba43c7c806e1015
a580358f234937ed6d695707474c2cb69c74a82a28d8d0c815afb12c626ecc0c
d03f75ed7c7cfb9e3ad59a8892e7640a3830af61b083273f4dfcacbd8360e235
decc6ae69e8dadb8f498c868d9c7d473031a01c6580b1b7d9b1ff19fce678e98

help.ubuntu.com Open in urlscan Pro 2620:2d:4000:1::2a Public Scan

Summary

urlscan.io Verdict: No classification

Domain & IP information

Screenshot Live screenshot Full Image

Page Title

Page URL History Show full URLs

Detected technologies

Page Statistics

9 Requests

100 %HTTPS

100 %IPv6

3 Domains

3 Subdomains

2 IPs

2 Countries

24 kBTransfer

78 kBSize

4 Cookies

13 Outgoing links

Page URL History

Redirected requests

9 HTTP transactions Everything HTML Script AJAX CSS Image Expand all 0 data transactions

Request headers

Response headers

Redirect headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Request headers

Response headers

Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment

77 JavaScript Global Variables

4 Cookies

Indicators

help.ubuntu.com Open in urlscan Pro
2620:2d:4000:1::2a Public Scan

Screenshot
Live screenshot

Full Image

9
Requests

100 %
HTTPS

100 %
IPv6

3
Domains

3
Subdomains

2
IPs

2
Countries

24 kB
Transfer

78 kB
Size

4
Cookies

9 HTTP transactions
0 data transactions