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STEEL SOLUTIONS FOR E-MOBILITY

By ArcelorMittal11 July 2023

   
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ArcelorMittal is engaged in the development of the future mobility through the
Steel E-Motive project lead by WorldAutoSteel and creating new solutions to
simplify the car manufacturing operations

The automotive industry is currently facing a major transformation towards
sustainability, firstly by deploying affordable Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV),
and now by decarbonising car production and associated operations. ArcelorMittal
is developing steel solutions to support the car manufacturers towards this
journey by unlocking new values all along the process chain.

The transformation of the automotive industry is continuing and in the next
decade we expect to see the deployment of autonomous mobility as a service
(MaaS). This fascinating technology is becoming a reality thanks to huge
progress in IT development and the increasing affordability of the electronic
components. It is now time to make this concept concrete.

Creating a mass optimised MaaS concept
ArcelorMittal is proud to be part of the WorldAutoSteel consortium, which
developed the Steel E-Motive concept with the engineering office at Ricardo.
This autonomous MaaS concept was designed from scratch and its structure was
optimised to meet all global high-speed crash requirements. After two years of
intensive collaboration with the consortium and Ricardo, ArcelorMittal and
WorldAutoSteel are today proud to propose a mass efficient design that maximises
the space available for occupants and their travel experience, offered by a MaaS
concept. The Steel E-Motive may be the first design fulfilling all the
high-speed crash requirements with a highly engineered passive safety structure.

Ricardo, ArcelorMittal and WorldAutoSteel have developed a mass efficient design
for a MaaS concept

ArcelorMittal participated with the consortium providing technical guidance and
support in the implementations of some key materials, such as the second
generation of Press Hardening Steels or the third generation of Cold Stamping
grades. Additionally, Ricardo intensively introduced Advanced High Strength
Steels into the design to meet an ambitious mass target of 33% of Press
Hardening Steels, 11% of third generation Cold Stamping grades and 16% of
Martensitic grades. The mechanical properties of PHS 2000MPa grades, such as
Usibor 2000 were key to managing the challenging front crash requirements by
maximising the ratio between the passenger cell dimensions and the car
footprint. The front rail dimensions were reduced to the minimum possible thanks
to these best-in-class PHS grades for anti-intrusion. Another key application
proposed is the Laser Welded Blanks Door Ring, mixing PHS 1500 (Usibor 1500),
PHS 1000 (Ductibor 1000) and PHS 2000 (Usibor 2000), which effectively supports
the crash management by ensuring the structural integrity and the ability to
open the doors after a crash. The Steel e-Motive design was validated in terms
of crash performance, and manufacturability.

The design had to meet an ambitious mass target of 33% of Press Hardening
Steels, 11% of third generation Cold Stamping grades and 16% of Martensitic
grades

The Steel e-Motive project is currently being presented at conferences and
events to demonstrate the performance of the design, and how steel addresses all
the technical challenges and positions itself as the material for future
sustainable mobility. Next events are C.A.R. Management Briefing Seminars in the
US in August and the EuroCarBody conference in Europe in October.

Simplifying the BIW with a Multi Part Integration approach
As with the Door Ring for the Steel E-Motive projects, ArcelorMittal believes in
Multi Part Integration (MPI) concepts, which can feature in large Laser Welded
Blanks. These solutions offer tailored properties and thicknesses along the part
to ensure a finely mastered crash scenario with an optimised mass distribution.
Beside crash performance, these MPI concepts offer some key advantages in
production thanks to the part integration approach and the simplification of
operations.

ArcelorMittal Global R&D teams identified six applications that were integrated
into one Body in White (BIW) model, and the crash performance was validated. A
deeper technical analysis with partners with expertise in automotive processes
and operations confirmed that the integration of these six MPI concepts in the
BIW lead to a part count reduction of 46 parts, a reduction of 567 spot welds,
the need for 51 fewer robots and a reduction of 30% in the hours needed per
vehicle in the assembly shop. A reduction of the CAPEX for an assembly plant, in
the case for a Greenfield approach, was also confirmed.

These concepts are already being studied in partnership with several OEMs, and
the ArcelorMittal Global R&D team continues to develop new MPI solutions to
simplify the manufacturing operations and maintain a best-in-class technical
performance for the BIW.

Multi Part Integration concepts offer some key advantages in production thanks
to the part integration approach and the simplification of operations

High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) of aluminium is an alternative solution for
reducing part integration, especially with the Megacasting concept. However,
while this process may offer a higher potential for reducing part integration
than the steel based MPI concept, if we draw a full comparison, we note that a
flat steel-based design offers a higher lightweighting potential compared to
Megacastings. A benchmarking analysis of similar cars having both aluminium HPDC
based design and steel-based design revealed that the steel sheet-based design
was 13% lighter than the aluminium HPDC-based design for the front module, and
9% lighter for the rear module at a function level. A fixed minimum wall
thickness for the casting process of large parts seems to constrain the part
design.

Materials choices for sustainable production
Cost pressures continue to slow the wider market acceptance for BEVs, as there
is still a substantial cost gap between BEVs and ICE vehicles. According to our
analysis, which was confirmed by external sources, the cost of a fully assembled
module with flat steel remains less expensive than just the raw material cost
needed for aluminium HPDC Megacasting.

It is also important to keep sustainability in mind as the pressure to
decarbonise the BIW will become more important, as the use phase emissions for
BEVs strongly decrease. Today, on average, a steel module is 70% less CO2eq
intensive than an equivalent design based on aluminium Megacasting in Europe
(cut off approach). This calculation was done by considering both solutions at
the same net weight, which is conservative for steel, and considering the
remelting of aluminium casting process scrap.

The evaluation of CO2eq emissions linked to the manufacturing processes is based
on the German energy supply mix of electricity and natural gas. If we consider
that a low carbon aluminium reaching 4TCO2eq/T is used, combined with a green
electricity mix for the process, the steel module emits still 38% less CO2eq. If
we now consider a decarbonised scenario for a car currently being designed, the
relative difference between a short-term low carbon aluminium HPDC module and a
short-term low carbon steel-based module remains high, the steel module being
63% less CO2 intensive (cut off approach). For this scenario we have considered
aluminium at 4.0TCO2eq/T and for steel, a mix between XCarb recycled and
renewably produced, and XCarb steels using a DRI-EAF route (gas powered).
Aluminium may progress in recycling, but according to our calculation, a minimum
of 80% of secondary aluminium would be needed to challenge steel, which is today
technically questioned and highly reliant on scrap availability.

As circularity becomes a hot topic, we can also recall that steel used in the
BIW is already fully and easily recycled at a very competitive cost. Steel is
indeed the most recyclable material, reaching 99.3 % efficiency in mass.
‘Circular steel’, maximising the use of scrap material, is one driver of
decarbonisation that we do consider, but we are limited by scrap availability
and metallurgies, and this is why ArcelorMittal is promoting technologies such
as Innovative DRI, Smart Carbon or Direct electrolysis to significantly reduce
the carbon emissions.

Click here for more information on Steel E-Motive and ArcelorMittal





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