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1. nature
2. articles
3. article
* Article
* Published: 24 April 2024
GROWTH OF DIAMOND IN LIQUID METAL AT 1 ATM PRESSURE
* Yan Gong ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-69941,2,
* Da Luo ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-67821,
* Myeonggi Choe1,3,
* Yongchul Kim1,2,
* Babu Ram1,
* Mohammad Zafari1,
* Won Kyung Seong ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0004-8914-86221,
* Pavel Bakharev ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-68231,
* Meihui Wang ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-57091 nAff7,
* In Kee Park2,
* Seulyi Lee4,
* Tae Joo Shin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1438-32985,
* Zonghoon Lee1,3,
* Geunsik Lee ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2477-99902 &
* …
* Rodney S. Ruoff ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-67641,2,3,6
Show authors
Nature volume 629, pages 348–354 (2024)Cite this article
* 13k Accesses
* 496 Altmetric
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ABSTRACT
Natural diamonds were (and are) formed (thousands of million years ago) in the
upper mantle of Earth in metallic melts at temperatures of 900–1,400 °C and at
pressures of 5–6 GPa (refs. 1,2). Diamond is thermodynamically stable under
high-pressure and high-temperature conditions as per the phase diagram of
carbon3. Scientists at General Electric invented and used a high-pressure and
high-temperature apparatus in 1955 to synthesize diamonds by using molten iron
sulfide at about 7 GPa and 1,600 °C (refs. 4,5,6). There is an existing model
that diamond can be grown using liquid metals only at both high pressure and
high temperature7. Here we describe the growth of diamond crystals and
polycrystalline diamond films with no seed particles using liquid metal but at
1 atm pressure and at 1,025 °C, breaking this pattern. Diamond grew in the
subsurface of liquid metal composed of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon, by
catalytic activation of methane and diffusion of carbon atoms into and within
the subsurface regions. We found that the supersaturation of carbon in the
liquid metal subsurface leads to the nucleation and growth of diamonds, with Si
playing an important part in stabilizing tetravalently bonded carbon clusters
that play a part in nucleation. Growth of (metastable) diamond in liquid metal
at moderate temperature and 1 atm pressure opens many possibilities for further
basic science studies and for the scaling of this type of growth.
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Fig. 1: Synthesis of diamond on a liquid metal surface that is at an interface
with graphite.
Fig. 2: Characterization of 13C-labelled as-grown diamond.
Fig. 3: TEM data of cross-sectional samples prepared by SEM-FIB.
SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS
DIAMOND GROWTH FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN HYDROUS FLUIDS DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH
Article Open access 30 October 2019
THE COMPOSITION OF THE FLUID PHASE IN INCLUSIONS IN SYNTHETIC HPHT DIAMONDS
GROWN IN SYSTEM FE–NI–TI–C
Article Open access 24 January 2022
RARE-EARTH METAL CATALYSTS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE SYNTHESIS OF RARE DIAMONDS
Article Open access 19 April 2021
DATA AVAILABILITY
The published data of this study are available on the Zenodo public database at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10803625 (ref. 58). Source data are provided with
this paper.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS-R019-D1). We
thank S. Y. Lee for preliminary XRD measurements at the 9C beamline of Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory to evaluate the crystalline property of the diamond
sample, and B. Cunning for suggesting the EDM-3 Poco Graphite sheet material and
for discussions. The experiments at the PLS-II 6D and 9 C beamline were
supported in part by MSIT, POSTECH and UNIST Central Research Facilities. We
thank K.-S. Lee of the UNIST Center Research Facilities for making the TOF-SIMS
measurements. The DFT calculations were conducted on the IBS supercomputer.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Author notes
1. Meihui Wang
Present address: State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &
Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS
1. Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Yan Gong, Da Luo, Myeonggi Choe, Yongchul Kim, Babu Ram, Mohammad
Zafari, Won Kyung Seong, Pavel Bakharev, Meihui Wang, Zonghoon Lee & Rodney
S. Ruoff
2. Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Yan Gong, Yongchul Kim, In Kee Park, Geunsik Lee & Rodney S. Ruoff
3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Myeonggi Choe, Zonghoon Lee & Rodney S. Ruoff
4. UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National University of
Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Seulyi Lee
5. Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan
National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of
Korea
Tae Joo Shin
6. School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
Rodney S. Ruoff
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CONTRIBUTIONS
R.S.R. supervised the project. R.S.R., D.L. and Y.G. conceived the experiments.
Y.G. did the growth experiments. Y.G. and D.L. characterized the diamond
samples. W.K.S. designed, assembled and built, and tested the cold-wall system
and the thermocouple probe array. M.C. and Z.L. took the TEM, STEM, EELS and EDS
measurements. P.B. took the XPS measurements. T.J.S. and S.L. took the XRD
measurements. Y.K., B.R., M.Z., I.K.P. and G.L. performed the theoretical
calculations. M.W. contributed through discussion. Y.G. wrote a draft manuscript
and R.S.R., D.L. and Y.G. revised it. All co-authors commented on the manuscript
before its submission.
CORRESPONDING AUTHORS
Correspondence to Da Luo, Won Kyung Seong or Rodney S. Ruoff.
ETHICS DECLARATIONS
COMPETING INTERESTS
The Institute for Basic Science has filed a patent application (KR
10-2023-0052752) that lists Y.G., D.L. and R.S.R. as inventors. Other than this,
the authors declare no competing interests.
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Gong, Y., Luo, D., Choe, M. et al. Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm
pressure. Nature 629, 348–354 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7
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* Received: 12 May 2023
* Accepted: 20 March 2024
* Published: 24 April 2024
* Issue Date: 09 May 2024
* DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7
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* Fig. 1: Synthesis of diamond on a liquid metal surface that is at an
interface with graphite.
* Fig. 2: Characterization of 13C-labelled as-grown diamond.
* Fig. 3: TEM data of cross-sectional samples prepared by SEM-FIB.
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