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WMATRIX CORPUS ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON TOOL
Wmatrix is a software tool for corpus analysis and comparison. It provides a web
interface to natural language processing tools such as the USAS and CLAWS corpus
annotation tools for English, plus (from Wmatrix6 onwards) the multilingual
semantic tagger PyMUSAS, and standard corpus linguistic methodologies such as
frequency lists and concordances. It extends the keywords method to key
grammatical categories and key semantic domains.
Wmatrix allows the user to run these tools via a web browser such as Chrome or
Firefox, and so will run on any computer (Mac, Windows, Linux) with a web
browser and a network connection. Wmatrix was initially developed by Paul Rayson
in the REVERE project, extended and applied to corpus linguistics during PhD
work and is still being updated regularly. Earlier versions were available for
Unix via terminal-based command line access (tmatrix) and Unix via Xwindows
(Xmatrix), but these only offer retrieval of text pre-annotated with USAS and
CLAWS.
Sections in this introduction to Wmatrix: screenshots, screencasts (short video
introductions), acknowledgements and references for Wmatrix, and example
applications and publications.
Tutorial for Wmatrix5: with step-by-step instructions using a case study on how
to compare Liberal Democrat and Labour Party Manifestos for the 2005 UK General
Election (updated November 2022). Further examples of the application to the
2010 general election manifestos can be seen on Paul's blog. The plain text
versions of the 2010 UK election manifestos can be downloaded for use in your
favourite text analysis software (with thanks to Martin Wynne for editing two of
the files). TEI encoded versions of the 2010 election manifestos are now
available (with thanks to Lou Burnard). Similar application has also been
carried out on the 2015, 2017 and 2019 General Election manifestos with
downloadable versions of the documents from seven main parties.
Tutorial for Wmatrix6: with step-by-step instructions for comparability this
uses the same case study on how to compare Liberal Democrat and Labour Party
Manifestos for the 2005 UK General Election (updated June 2023).
One version of Wmatrix is now currently live for public use:
https://ucrel-wmatrix6.lancaster.ac.uk/
Wmatrix6 is open for invited beta testers
https://ucrel-wmatrix5.lancaster.ac.uk/
Wmatrix5 is expected to be available until April 2025
Wmatrix4 closed on 1st March 2023
Usernames for Wmatrix are free to members and alumni of Lancaster University for
non-commercial research. Please apply on Wmatrix5 using your Lancaster email
address, or if you no longer have access to a Lancaster address as an alumni
then please contact Paul Rayson. Accounts on Wmatrix5 are freely available for
UK government and academic researchers in countries on the OECD DAC list of ODA
recipients (https://www.oecd.org/), and these accounts will stay free beyond the
current one month trial period. Please apply on Wmatrix5 using your
organisational email address.
Usernames for non-commercial research and teaching: (e.g. by non-Lancaster
academics and students). A free one-month trial is available for individual
academic users, please apply on Wmatrix5 using your organisational email address
to set up a username and password. Once the one-month trial has expired,
usernames are available for £50 per username per year from the online secure
order page run by Lancaster University. Multiple usernames (or years) may be
purchased at a reduced cost e.g. for teaching purposes. Please contact Paul for
details. Further development, support, and external availability of Wmatrix
currently depends on licensing its use.
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INTRODUCTION TO WMATRIX
FOLDERS
Wmatrix users can upload their own corpus data to the system, so that it can be
automatically annotated and viewed within the web browser. Each file is stored
in a folder (equivalent to a folder in Windows or directory on Unix).
INPUT FORMAT GUIDELINES
The analysis may be improved with some pre-editing of the input text, although
pre-editing is not normally required. There are guidelines provided for texts to
be tagged by CLAWS. Most important is the replacement of less-than (<) and
greater-than (>) characters by the corresponding SGML entity references (<)
and (>) respectively. The text may contain well-formed HTML, SGML or XML
tags. If the text contains less-than or greater-than symbols in formulae, for
example, then CLAWS may mistake large quantities of the following text for SGML
tags, or fail to POS tag the file. The guidelines mention start and end text
markers, but these are not required since they are inserted for you by Wmatrix.
TAG WIZARD
Wmatrix users can upload their file and complete the automatic tagging process
by clicking on the tag wizard. Once the file has been uploaded to the web
server, it is POS tagged by CLAWS and semantically tagged by USAS. This process
can be carried out step by step starting with the 'load file without tagging'
option in the advanced interface. As a shortcut you can simply upload frequency
profiles if you have them. The format for a frequency list is a very simple two
column format with a total line at the head of the file. You can see an example
of this. The column widths are not significant.
MY TAG WIZARD
My Tag Wizard is a variant of the tag wizard which allows you to override or
extend the system dictionaries for your own data. There are two main uses.
First, you can override the current most likely tag for any word or MWE. Second,
you can extend the dictionaries in terms of coverage of vocabulary and tagset.
For example, you can create a new tag by listing the words and MWEs that you
wish to be tagged with it.
VIEWING FOLDERS
By clicking on the folder name, the user can see its contents. Following the
application of the tag wizard, the folder contains the original text, POS and
semantically tagged versions of that text, and a set of frequency profiles.
SIMPLE AND ADVANCED INTERFACES
The user can toggle between simple and advanced interfaces in Wmatrix. The
advanced interface offers more options and more control over the data.
FREQUENCY PROFILES
From the folder view, the user can click on a frequency list to see the most
frequent items in their corpus. Frequency lists are available for words in the
simple interface, and in the advanced interface for POS tags and semantic tags.
The lists can be sorted alphabetically or by frequency.
CONCORDANCES
From the frequency list view, the user can click on 'concordance' and see
standard concordances. These can show the usual word based concordance as well
as all occurrences for words in one POS or semantic category.
KEY WORDS, KEY POS AND KEY DOMAINS: COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY LISTS
From the folder view, the user can click on compare frequency list to perform a
comparison of the frequency list for their corpus against another larger
normative corpus such as the BNC sampler, or against another of their own texts
(once that text has been loaded into Wmatrix). This comparison can be carried
out at the word level to see keywords, or at the POS (in the advanced
interface), or at the semantic level (to see key concepts or domains). The
log-likelihood statistic is employed by Wmatrix. For more details, see the
log-likelihood calculator. In the simple interface, word and tag clouds are
shown which visualise the more significant differences in the larger font sizes.
In the advanced interface more detailed frequency information is also displayed
in table form. Then the key comparison shows the most significant key items
towards the top of the list since the result is sorted on the LL
(log-likelihood) field which shows how significant the difference is. You should
just look at items with a '+' code since this shows overuse in your text as
compared to the standard English corpora. To be statistically significant you
should look at items with a LL value over about 7, since 6.63 is the cut-off for
99% confidence of significance.
N-GRAMS AND C-GRAMS
Recurrent sequences of words are called n-grams in Wmatrix. These are similar to
clusters in WordSmith and lexical bundles in Biber's work. You can calculate
n-grams of length 2 to 5 for each text. Collapsed-grams (or c-grams) are a
merged version of these lists. They show you which 2-grams are subsets of
3-grams, which 3-grams are subsets of 4-grams, and so on. The resulting c-gram
list is a tree structure with the longest n-grams on the left and shortest
n-grams on the right.
COLLOCATIONS
Collocations in Wmatrix are pairs of words that occur together more often than
would be expected due to chance. There are a choice of 11 different statistics
that can be used to calculate the strength of association between the two words.
For further details about these statistics, see the following paper:
Piao, S. (2002) Word alignment in English-Chinese parallel corpora. Literary and
linguistic computing, 17 (2), 207-230. doi:10.1093/llc/17.2.207
The collocation feature was introduced in September 2009 and is currently in
beta testing.
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SCREENCASTS:
This section shows short video introductions to the Wmatrix software. Further
videos will be appearing soon.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES:
Wmatrix was initially developed within the REVERE project (REVerse Engineering
of Requirements) funded by the EPSRC, project number GR/MO4846.
Lancaster University Proof of concept funding in July 2006 provided support for
a new server and continued software development. In December 2006, further
interface design using XHTML/CSS was carried out by Andrew Foote (InfoLab21
Knowledge Business Centre) funded under support from the European Regional
Development Fund. Through a Lancaster University small grant (Towards an Online
Conceptual Database of the Latin Vulgate Bible) a 'reader' interface is being
developed for pre-tagged corpora.
Why the name, Wmatrix? Originally, I wrote a piece of software called Matrix
which presented tables of frequency information from corpora, hence the named is
partially derived from mathematical 'matrices'. This was Unix terminal based
using 'curses'. I then wrote an X-windows version with a graphical user
interface and named it Xmatrix. The web based version came next, hence Wmatrix.
I also have a Java API to the website called Jmatrix. There's a note in my PhD
saying that it has nothing to do with any films featuring Keanu Reeves, but if
you're a Doctor Who fan like me, you may recognise another meaning of the
Matrix.
The collocation feature in Wmatrix uses software derived from MLCT developed by
Scott Piao.
The C-grams feature uses software developed by Andrew Stone.
Thanks are due to Steve Wattam who ported the semantic tagger, frequency
profiling and concordance software to Linux from Solaris.
Please reference Wmatrix as one of the following:
Rayson, P. (2008). From key words to key semantic domains. International Journal
of Corpus Linguistics. 13:4 pp. 519-549. DOI: 10.1075/ijcl.13.4.06ray
Rayson, P. (2009) Wmatrix: a web-based corpus processing environment, Computing
Department, Lancaster University. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix/
Rayson, P. (2003). Matrix: A statistical method and software tool for linguistic
analysis through corpus comparison. Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University.
(abstract or full text )
All icons and emojis designed by OpenMoji - the open-source emoji and icon
project. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 SQLite icon provided by Wikimedia Commons.
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PUBLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS USING WMATRIX:
Wmatrix has been applied to numerous issues including: systems engineering,
Aspect oriented requirements engineering, impact analysis of academic research,
Ontology learning, Frequency profile comparison of written and spoken English,
Political science research, Corpus stylistics, Training chatbots: comparison of
human-human and human-machine dialogues, Key word analysis, Key word-class
analysis for EAP, Key domain analysis, Phraseology, Comparison of political
party manifestos, Metaphors in political discourse, Analysis of online language,
Discourse analysis, e-learning materials development, modality, Computer content
analysis: analysis of interview transcripts and Entrepreneurship studies and
knowledge transfer.
Abu Shawar, Bayan; Atwell, Eric. Using dialogue corpora to train a
chatbot. In Archer, D, Rayson, P, Wilson, A & McEnery, T (editors)
Proceedings of CL2003: International Conference on Corpus Linguistics, pp.
681-690 Lancaster University. 2003.
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ICERD Ratification in English Language Newspapers. In: Rajandran, K., Lee,
C. (eds) Discursive Approaches to Politics in Malaysia. Asia in
Transition, vol 18. Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5334-7_9
3. Archer, D., Culpeper, J. and Rayson, P. (2005) Love - a familiar or a
devil? An exploration of key domains in Shakespeare's Comedies and
Tragedies. Presented at the AHRC ICT Methods Network Expert Seminar on
Linguistics. Lancaster University, 8 September 2005.
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semi-automated methods. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,
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Language and Characterization Virginia Woolf's The Waves. Benjamins.
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10.6092/issn.2532-8816/10542
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annotation of semantic fields for political science research. Journal of
Language Technology and Politics 5(1):95-120.
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