pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2600:1901:0:c831::
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URL:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668659/
Submission: On May 07 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Submission: On May 07 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 10 forms found in the DOM
GET /
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1a615b6f-2998-460a-b410-19e16cc12be7/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo">
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label>
<span class="twitter-typeahead ncbi-autocomplete"><input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input tt-input" required="required" id="id_term"
spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top;" aria-owns="id_term_listbox" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-expanded="false"><span role="status" aria-live="polite"
style="position: absolute; padding: 0px; border: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px; margin-bottom: -1px; margin-right: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); white-space: nowrap;"></span>
<pre aria-hidden="true"
style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
<div role="listbox" class="tt-menu" id="id_term_listbox" aria-expanded="false" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none;">
<div role="presentation" class="tt-dataset tt-dataset-0"></div>
</div>
</span><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore=""></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" data-pinger-ignore=""><span
class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /send-email/
<form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 20668659 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 20668659">
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="94ea3b38a03db2a8579a51424c1597ad6760b5d8bcf3eff09f3dc7e5cb52c8e6">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required="">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container" style="display: none;">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel </button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524">
</form><form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label>
<input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore="" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add" disabled=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked="">
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label>
<input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required=""></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked="">
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional" style="display: none;">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected="">5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post"
data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed">
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label>
<input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button type="button" disabled="" class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button>
</div>
</form><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="8wSFYE3ohUDf3qoijcujuaUcPASIzzLxbOaHL2lwiEozAHHUDWztdmqVGpZX4ARh">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label
for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
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Review
PLoS Med
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. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND MORTALITY RISK: A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW
Julianne Holt-Lunstad 1 , Timothy B Smith, J Bradley Layton
Affiliations Expand
AFFILIATION
* 1 Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United
States of America. julianne_holt-lunstad@byu.edu
* PMID: 20668659
* PMCID: PMC2910600
* DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
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Review
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND MORTALITY RISK: A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW
Julianne Holt-Lunstad et al. PLoS Med. 2010.
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. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
AUTHORS
Julianne Holt-Lunstad 1 , Timothy B Smith, J Bradley Layton
AFFILIATION
* 1 Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United
States of America. julianne_holt-lunstad@byu.edu
* PMID: 20668659
* PMCID: PMC2910600
* DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
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ABSTRACT
Background: The quality and quantity of individuals' social relationships has
been linked not only to mental health but also to both morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to
which social relationships influence risk for mortality, which aspects of social
relationships are most highly predictive, and which factors may moderate the
risk.
Data extraction: Data were extracted on several participant characteristics,
including cause of mortality, initial health status, and pre-existing health
conditions, as well as on study characteristics, including length of follow-up
and type of assessment of social relationships.
Results: Across 148 studies (308,849 participants), the random effects weighted
average effect size was OR = 1.50 (95% CI 1.42 to 1.59), indicating a 50%
increased likelihood of survival for participants with stronger social
relationships. This finding remained consistent across age, sex, initial health
status, cause of death, and follow-up period. Significant differences were found
across the type of social measurement evaluated (p<0.001); the association was
strongest for complex measures of social integration (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.63 to
2.23) and lowest for binary indicators of residential status (living alone
versus with others) (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.44).
Conclusions: The influence of social relationships on risk for mortality is
comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality. Please see later in
the article for the Editors' Summary.
PubMed Disclaimer
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
FIGURES
Figure 1. Flow diagram.
Figure 1. Flow diagram.
Figure 1. Flow diagram.
Figure 2. Contour enhanced funnel plot.
Figure 2. Contour enhanced funnel plot.
Figure 2. Contour enhanced funnel plot.
Figure 3. Forest plot of structural measures.
Figure 3. Forest plot of structural measures.
Figure 3. Forest plot of structural measures.
Figure 4. Forest plot of functional measures.
Figure 4. Forest plot of functional measures.
Figure 4. Forest plot of functional measures.
Figure 5. Forest plot of combined measures.
Figure 5. Forest plot of combined measures.
Figure 5. Forest plot of combined measures.
Figure 6. Comparison of odds (lnOR) of…
Figure 6. Comparison of odds (lnOR) of decreased mortality across several
conditions associated with mortality.
Figure 6. Comparison of odds (lnOR) of decreased mortality across several
conditions associated with mortality.
Note: Effect size of zero indicates no effect. The effect sizes were estimated
from meta analyses: ; A = Shavelle, Paculdo, Strauss, and Kush, 2008 ;
B = Critchley and Capewell, 2003 ; C = Holman, English, Milne, and Winter, 1996
; D = Fine, Smith, Carson, Meffe, Sankey, Weissfeld, Detsky, and Kapoor, 1994 ;
E = Taylor, Brown, Ebrahim, Jollife, Noorani, Rees et al., 2004 ; F,
G = Katzmarzyk, Janssen, and Ardern, 2003 ; H = Insua, Sacks, Lau, Lau, Reitman,
Pagano, and Chalmers, 1994 ; I = Schwartz, 1994 .
See this image and copyright information in PMC
SIMILAR ARTICLES
* A meta-analytic review on social relationships and suicidal ideation among
older adults.
Chang Q, Chan CH, Yip PSF. Chang Q, et al. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Oct;191:65-76.
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.003. Epub 2017 Sep 5. Soc Sci Med. 2017.
PMID: 28910599 Review.
* Association of social relationships with incident cardiovascular events and
all-cause mortality.
Gronewold J, Kropp R, Lehmann N, Schmidt B, Weyers S, Siegrist J, Dragano N,
Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Hermann DM; Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative
Group. Gronewold J, et al. Heart. 2020 Sep;106(17):1317-1323. doi:
10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316250. Epub 2020 Mar 12. Heart. 2020. PMID: 32165451
Free PMC article.
* Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a
meta-analytic review.
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Holt-Lunstad J, et
al. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015 Mar;10(2):227-37. doi:
10.1177/1745691614568352. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015. PMID: 25910392 Review.
* Social Integration, Social Support, and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease and
Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Tan J, Wang Y. Tan J, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Apr
27;16(9):1498. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16091498. Int J Environ Res Public Health.
2019. PMID: 31035622 Free PMC article.
* Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA
study).
Romieu I, Gouveia N, Cifuentes LA, de Leon AP, Junger W, Vera J, Strappa V,
Hurtado-Díaz M, Miranda-Soberanis V, Rojas-Bracho L, Carbajal-Arroyo L,
Tzintzun-Cervantes G; HEI Health Review Committee. Romieu I, et al. Res Rep
Health Eff Inst. 2012 Oct;(171):5-86. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2012. PMID:
23311234
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CITED BY
* Evaluation of an online arts-based platform to support the health and
well-being of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional
survey.
Sutherland J, Herrington I, Makarski J, Tindall J, Hynes M, Kastner M.
Sutherland J, et al. BMC Public Health. 2024 May 4;24(1):1232. doi:
10.1186/s12889-024-18720-6. BMC Public Health. 2024. PMID: 38702646 Free PMC
article.
* Predictors of social risk for post-ischemic stroke reintegration.
Cisek KK, Nguyen TNQ, Garcia-Rudolph A, Saurí J, Becerra Martinez H, Hines A,
Kelleher JD. Cisek KK, et al. Sci Rep. 2024 May 2;14(1):10110. doi:
10.1038/s41598-024-60507-7. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID: 38698076 Free PMC article.
* Stay strong, stay healthy: exploring a predictive model of psychological
adaptation among Macau students studying in Mainland China within the
postcolonial context.
Feng H, Zhang L. Feng H, et al. Front Psychol. 2024 Apr 17;15:1346309. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346309. eCollection 2024. Front Psychol. 2024. PMID:
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* The evaluation of goal-directed activities to promote well-being and health
in heart failure: EUROIA scale.
Nolan RP, Syed F, Stogios N, Maunder R, Sockalingam S, Tai ES, Cobain M,
Peiris RG, Huszti E. Nolan RP, et al. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2024 Apr
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* A controlled evaluation of social prescribing on loneliness for adults in
Queensland: 8-week outcomes.
Dingle GA, Sharman LS, Hayes S, Haslam C, Cruwys T, Jetten J, Haslam SA,
McNamara N, Chua D, Baker JR, Johnson T. Dingle GA, et al. Front Psychol.
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REFERENCES
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3. 1. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L. Social Isolation in America: Changes in core
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4. 1. Putnam RD. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community.
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5. 1. Cohen S, Gottlieb BH, Underwood LG. Social Relationships and Health. In:
Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH, editors. Measuring and intervening in
social support. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 3–25.
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