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Welcome to the United Nations
* عربي
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* Other:
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* About us
* About us
* Acknowledgements
* Databases
* Case Law Database
* Database of Legislation
* CNA Directory
* Request an Account
* Access CNA Directory
* Download CNA Directory
* Practical Guide for Requesting Electronic Evidence Across Borders
* Update Forms
* Bibliography Database
* Legislative Guide
* Treaties Database
* Strategies Database
* Education for Universities
* Tertiary
* Organized Crime
* Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Defining Organized Crime
* Definition in Convention
* Similarities & Differences
* Activities, Organization, Composition
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 1
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
* Conspiracy
* Criminal Association
* Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
*
* Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
* Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 2
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Drug Trafficking
* Firearms Trafficking
* Wildlife & Forest Crime
* Counterfeit Products Trafficking
* Falsified Medical Products
* Trafficking in Cultural Property
* Trafficking in Persons
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies & Exercises
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
*
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 3
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Extortion
* Extortion Racketeering
* Loansharking
* Links to Corruption
* Bribery versus Extortion
* Money-Laundering
* Liability of Legal Persons
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies & Exercises
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 4
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* How much Organized Crime is there?
* Alternative Ways for Measuring
* Measuring Product Markets
* Risk Assessment
* Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
* Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
* Risk Assessment of Product Markets
* Risk Assessment in Practice
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 5
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Positivism: Environmental Influences
* Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
* Structural Factors
* Ethical Perspective
* Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 6
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Models and Structure
* Hierarchical Model
* Local, Cultural Model
* Enterprise or Business Model
* Groups vs Activities
* Networked Structure
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 7
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Jurisdiction
* Investigators of Organized Crime
* Special Investigative Techniques
* Controlled Deliveries
* Physical & Electronic Surveillance
* Undercover Operations
* Financial Analysis
* Use of Informants
* Rights of Victims & Witnesses
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies & Exercises
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 8
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Role of Prosecutors
* Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
* Mitigating Punishment
* Granting Immunity from Prosecution
* Witness Protection
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 9
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
* Sentencing Options
* Alternatives to Imprisonment
* Death Penalty & Organized Crime
* Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
* Confiscation
* Confiscation in Practice
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies & Exercises
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Role Play
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 10
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 11: International Cooperation
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
* Extradition
* Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
* Transfer of Sentenced Persons
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Thinking Critically Through Fiction
* Excerpts of Legislation
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 11
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
* Introduction and Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Definition of Crime Prevention and Terminology
* Key Crime Prevention Typologies
* Crime Problem-solving approaches
* What works
* Organized Crime Approaches
* Beyond the three non-traditional approaches
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review and Assessment Questions
* Quiz 12
* Research and Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
* Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
* Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
* Cyber Organized Crime Activities
* Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
* Historical Context
* Features of the Convention
* Protocols
* Related international instruments
* UNODC
* Conference of the Parties
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Case Studies & Exercises
* MUN Simulation
* Format
* Roles of Participants
* Structure and Flow
* Recommended Topics
* Background Materials
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review & Assessment Questions
* Quiz 14
* Research & Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
* Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
* Gender and Organized Crime
* Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
* Summary
* References
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Definitions and Terminology
* Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
* International Terrorism-related Conventions
* UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
* Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
* Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and
Terrorism
* Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
* Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
* Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
* Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
* Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
* Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
* Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
* Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
* Summary
* References
* Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Review and Assessment Questions
* Quiz 16
* Research and Independent Study Questions
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
* Teaching Guide
* Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
* UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
* Offences under the Protocol
* Financial & Other Material Benefits
* Aggravating Circumstances
* Criminal Liability
* Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
* Scope of the Protocol
* Humanitarian Exemption
* Jurisdiction
* Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
* Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
* International Human Rights and Refugee Law
* Vulnerable groups
* Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
* Identification of Smuggled Migrants
* Participation in Legal Proceedings
* Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
* Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
* Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
* Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
* Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
* Testimonial Evidence
* Financial Investigations
* Media
* Non-Governmental Organizations
* ‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
* Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
* Admissibility of Evidence
* Sentencing
* International Cooperation
* Exchange of Information
* Training
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant
Smuggling
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
* Administrative Approach
* Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
* Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
* Human Security
* International Aid and Cooperation
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration
and its Drivers
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Migration & Migrant Smuggling
* Mixed Migration Flows
* Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
* Vulnerability
* Profile of Smugglers
* Role of Organized Criminal Groups
* Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
* Exercises
* Additional Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Crime of Trafficking in Persons
* International Legal Framework
* The Issue of Consent
* The Purpose of Exploitation
* The abuse of a position of vulnerability
* Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
* Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
* Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Root Causes
* Supply Side Prevention Strategies
* Demand Side Prevention Strategies
* Role of the Media
* Safe Migration Channels
* Crime Prevention Strategies
* Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Trafficked Persons as Victims
* Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
* Broader International Framework
* State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
* Identification of Victims
* Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
* Role of the Criminal Justice System
* Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
* Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
* Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
* Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering
Trafficking in Persons
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* State Cooperation with Civil Society
* Civil Society Actors
* The Private Sector
* The Public
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Comparing SOM and TIP
* Differences and Commonalities
* Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
* When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
* Labour Exploitation
* Forced Marriage
* Other Examples
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Children on the Move
* Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
* Protection in Practice
* Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking
Offences
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling
of Migrants
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
* International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
* Global Overview on TIP and SOM
* Gender and Migration
* Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
* Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
* Responses to TIP and SOM
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and
Smuggling of Migrants
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
* Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
* Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
* Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
* Privacy and Data Concerns
* Emerging Trends
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Other Resources
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Firearms
* Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Framing the Issue of Firearms
* Direct Impact of Firearms
* Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
* International and National Responses
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Typology and Classification of Firearms
* Common Firearms Types
* Other Types of Firearms
* Parts and Components
* Ammunition
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* History of the Legitimate Arms Market
* Need for a Legitimate Market
* Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
* Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
* Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
* Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
* Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
* Sources of Illicit Firearms
* Consequences of Illicit Markets
* Summary
* References
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Public Law & Transnational Law
* International Instruments with Global Outreach
* Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global
Instruments
* Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
* Other United Nations Processes
* The Sustainable Development Goals
* Multilateral & Regional Instruments
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Scope of National Firearms Regulations
* National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
* Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms
Instruments
* Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
* Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
* Criminal Gangs
* Terrorist Groups
* Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist
Groups
* Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
* International Response
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International and National Legal Framework
* Firearms Related Offences
* Role of Law Enforcement
* Firearms as Evidence
* Use of Special Investigative Techniques
* International Cooperation and Information Exchange
* Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
* Summary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Cybercrime
* Teaching Guide
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Basics of Computing
* Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
* Cybercrime in Brief
* Cybercrime Trends
* Cybercrime Prevention
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Offences against computer data and systems
* Computer-related offences
* Content-related offences
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* The Role of Cybercrime Law
* Harmonization of Laws
* International and Regional Instruments
* International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Digital Evidence
* Digital Forensics
* Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Reporting Cybercrime
* Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
* Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
* Knowledge Management
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital
Forensics
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Legal and Ethical Obligations
* Handling of Digital Evidence
* Digital Evidence Admissibility
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
* Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
* Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
* Data Retention, Preservation and Access
* Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
* National Capacity and International Cooperation
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies,
Policies & Programmes
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Internet Governance
* Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
* National Cybersecurity Strategies
* International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
* Cybersecurity Posture
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical
Applications & Measures
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
* Risk
* Vulnerability Disclosure
* Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
* Situational Crime Prevention
* Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
* Privacy and Security
* Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
* Data Protection Legislation
* Data Breach Notification Laws
* Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Intellectual Property: What it is
* Types of Intellectual Property
* Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
* Protection & Prevention Efforts
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
* Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
* Cyberbullying
* Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
* Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
* Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
* Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
* Cyber Organized Crime Activities
* Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns
& Warfare in Cyberspace
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Hacktivism
* Cyberespionage
* Cyberterrorism
* Cyberwarfare
* Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
* Responses to Cyberinterventions
* Conclusion
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Wildlife Crime
* Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Demand and Consumption
* Data
* Supply and Demand
* Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
* Legal and Illegal Markets
* Perpetrators and their Networks
* Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Environmental Protection & Conservation
* CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
* Organized Crime & Corruption
* Animal Welfare
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
* Criminalization of Wildlife Trafficking
* Challenges for Law Enforcement
* Investigation Measures and Detection Methods
* DNA
* Prosecution and Judiciary
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
* Introduction and Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
* Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
* How is it Done and Who is Involved?
* Consequences of Harms to Wild Flora
* Criminal Justice Responses
* References
* Exercises
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
* Introduction and Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Terminology
* Background: Communities and conservation: A history of
disenfranchisement
* Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife
trafficking: the cost of conservation
* Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and
fishing economies
* International and regional responses that fight wildlife
trafficking while supporting IPLCs
* Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing
wildlife trafficking
* Critiques of community engagement
* Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local
populations
* References
* Exercises
* Possible Class Structure
* Additional Teaching Tools
* Counter-Terrorism
* Teaching Guide
* Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Brief History of Terrorism
* 19th Century Terrorism
* League of Nations & Terrorism
* United Nations & Terrorism
* Terrorist Victimization
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Radicalization & Violent Extremism
* Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
* Drivers of Violent Extremism
* International Approaches to PVE &CVE
* Regional & Multilateral Approaches
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Defining Rule of Law
* UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
* International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
* Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
* Regional & National Approaches
* International Legal Frameworks
* International Human Rights Law
* International Humanitarian Law
* International Refugee Law
* Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Defining Terrorism
* Criminal Justice Responses
* Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
* Core International Crimes
* International Courts and Tribunals
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* African Region
* Inter-American Region
* Asian Region
* European Region
* Middle East & Gulf Regions
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Core Principles of IHL
* Categorization of Armed Conflict
* Classification of Persons
* IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
* Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
* Derogation during Public Emergency
* Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 8: Right to Life
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Human Rights Instruments
* Regional Human Rights Instruments
* International Humanitarian Law
* Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
* Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
* Death Penalty
* Enforced Disappearances
* Armed Conflict Context
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
* Convention against Torture et al.
* Regional Human Rights Instruments
* International Humanitarian Law
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 10: Arrest & Detention
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Legal Framework
* International Human Rights Instruments
* Regional Human Rights Instruments
* Key Contemporary Issues
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Legal Framework
* Regional Human Rights Instruments
* Key Contemporary Issues
* Investigative Phase
* Trial & Sentencing Phase
* Armed Conflict
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Exercises
* Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* International Legal Framework
* Regional & National Approaches
* Key Contemporary Issues
* Special Investigative Techniques
* Surveillance & Interception of Communications
* Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
* Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Principle of Non-Discrimination
* Freedom of Religion
* Freedom of Expression
* Freedom of Assembly
* Freedom of Association
* Fundamental Freedoms
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Definition of 'Victim'
* Effects of Terrorism
* Access to Justice
* Recognition of the Victim
* Legal Framework
* Human Rights Instruments
* International Human Rights Law
* Regional Human Rights Instruments
* Criminal Justice Mechanisms
* Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
* National Approaches
* Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
* Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
* Introduction & Learning Outcomes
* Key Issues
* Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive
both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
* Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
* Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist
fighters
* Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and
fundamental freedoms
* Exercises & Case Studies
* Possible Class Structure
* Core Reading
* Advanced Reading
* Student Assessment
* Additional Teaching Tools
* References
* Contributor Access
* Registration
* Log in
* My Documents
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* Related resources
* Electronic evidence resources
* Electronic Evidence Hub
* Newsletter archive
* Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit
* Contribute
* Contribute
* External Contributor Interface
* Contact us
* Contact us
* Feedback survey
* Databases
* Database of Legislation
DATABASE OF LEGISLATION
... OR START BROWSING BY
* COUNTRY
* UNTOC ARTICLES
* CRIME TYPE
* CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
LOADING
A
AFGHANISTAN
97
A
ALBANIA
120
A
ALGERIA
98
A
ANDORRA
79
A
ANGOLA
32
A
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
75
A
ARGENTINA
77
A
ARMENIA
77
A
AUSTRALIA
114
A
AUSTRIA
52
A
AZERBAIJAN
49
B
BAHAMAS
49
B
BAHRAIN
71
B
BANGLADESH
112
B
BARBADOS
55
B
BELARUS
49
B
BELGIUM
111
B
BELIZE
63
B
BENIN
55
B
BHUTAN
44
B
BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)
90
B
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
131
B
BOTSWANA
85
B
BRAZIL
139
B
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
91
B
BULGARIA
121
B
BURKINA FASO
113
B
BURUNDI
33
C
CABO VERDE
66
C
CAMBODIA
86
C
CAMEROON
66
C
CANADA
153
C
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
26
C
CHAD
26
C
CHILE
67
C
CHINA
150
C
COLOMBIA
98
C
COMOROS
12
C
CONGO
13
C
COOK ISLANDS*
44
C
COSTA RICA
94
C
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
64
C
CROATIA
79
C
CUBA
43
C
CYPRUS
72
C
CZECHIA
94
D
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA
15
D
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
23
D
DENMARK
29
D
DJIBOUTI
45
D
DOMINICA
65
D
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
125
E
ECUADOR
80
E
EGYPT
113
E
EL SALVADOR
112
E
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
9
E
ERITREA
19
E
ESTONIA
61
E
ESWATINI
31
E
ETHIOPIA
75
E
EUROPEAN UNION
0
F
FIJI
60
F
FINLAND
80
F
FRANCE
135
G
GABON
20
G
GAMBIA
70
G
GEORGIA
29
G
GERMANY
205
G
GHANA
84
G
GREECE
32
G
GRENADA
53
G
GUATEMALA
105
G
GUINEA
52
G
GUINEA-BISSAU
18
G
GULF OF GUINEA
0
G
GUYANA
34
H
HAITI
31
H
HOLY SEE*
3
H
HONDURAS
48
H
HUNGARY
75
I
ICELAND
41
I
INDIA
74
I
INDIAN OCEAN
0
I
INDONESIA
57
I
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL BODIES
0
I
IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
53
I
IRAQ
32
I
IRELAND
26
I
ISRAEL
68
I
ITALY
67
J
JAMAICA
59
J
JAPAN
70
J
JORDAN
32
K
KAZAKHSTAN
58
K
KENYA
133
K
KIRIBATI
74
K
KUWAIT
5
K
KYRGYZSTAN
59
L
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
35
L
LATVIA
72
L
LEBANON
37
L
LESOTHO
42
L
LIBERIA
49
L
LIBYA
12
L
LIECHTENSTEIN
26
L
LITHUANIA
46
L
LUXEMBOURG
49
M
MADAGASCAR
43
M
MALACCA STRAIT
0
M
MALAWI
57
M
MALAYSIA
94
M
MALDIVES
18
M
MALI
64
M
MALTA
56
M
MARSHALL ISLANDS
42
M
MAURITANIA
33
M
MAURITIUS
50
M
MEXICO
90
M
MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)
14
M
MONACO
124
M
MONGOLIA
25
M
MONTENEGRO
55
M
MOROCCO
50
M
MOZAMBIQUE
38
M
MYANMAR
74
N
NAMIBIA
59
N
NAURU
56
N
NEPAL
36
N
NETHERLANDS (KINGDOM OF THE)
57
N
NEW ZEALAND
66
N
NICARAGUA
60
N
NIGER
40
N
NIGERIA
87
N
NIUE*
24
N
NORTH MACEDONIA
44
N
NORWAY
63
O
OMAN
82
O
OTHER
2
P
PAKISTAN
103
P
PALAU
35
P
PANAMA
51
P
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
60
P
PARAGUAY
46
P
PERU
92
P
PHILIPPINES
79
P
POLAND
57
P
PORTUGAL
84
Q
QATAR
35
R
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
92
R
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
58
R
ROMANIA
78
R
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
89
R
RWANDA
63
S
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS
19
S
SAINT LUCIA
30
S
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
27
S
SAMOA
44
S
SAN MARINO
11
S
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
7
S
SAUDI ARABIA
33
S
SENEGAL
76
S
SERBIA
72
S
SEYCHELLES
32
S
SIERRA LEONE
27
S
SINGAPORE
109
S
SLOVAKIA
78
S
SLOVENIA
39
S
SOLOMON ISLANDS
50
S
SOMALIA
6
S
SOUTH AFRICA
173
S
SOUTH SUDAN
6
S
SPAIN
70
S
SRI LANKA
31
S
STATE OF PALESTINE*
42
S
SUDAN
39
S
SURINAME
4
S
SWEDEN
42
S
SWITZERLAND
56
S
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
17
T
TAJIKISTAN
55
T
THAILAND
63
T
TIMOR-LESTE
55
T
TOGO
69
T
TONGA
52
T
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
38
T
TUNISIA
52
T
TÜRKIYE
34
T
TURKMENISTAN
31
T
TUVALU
50
U
UGANDA
50
U
UKRAINE
28
U
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
98
U
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
209
U
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
111
U
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
76
U
URUGUAY
38
U
UZBEKISTAN
38
V
VANUATU
67
V
VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)
46
V
VIET NAM
41
Y
YEMEN
19
Z
ZAMBIA
108
Z
ZIMBABWE
57
CORRUPTION
CORRUPTION
COUNTERFEITING
COUNTERFEITING
PARTICIPATION IN AN ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP
PARTICIPATION IN AN ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP
DRUG OFFENCES
DRUG OFFENCES
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY LAUNDERING
OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE
OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE
CYBERCRIME
CYBERCRIME
PIRACY AND MARITIME CRIME
PIRACY AND MARITIME CRIME
SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS
SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL PROPERTY
TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL PROPERTY
CRIMES THAT AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT
CRIMES THAT AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT
FALSIFIED MEDICAL PRODUCTS
FALSIFIED MEDICAL PRODUCTS
TRAFFICKING IN FIREARMS
TRAFFICKING IN FIREARMS
TERRORISM
TERRORISM
ORGANIZED CRIME CONVENTION
* Any Article (63)
* Article 1: Statement of purpose (1)
* Article 2 : Use of terms (17)
* Article 2: Use of terms (30)
* Article 3 : Scope of application (9)
* Article 3: Scope of application (6)
* Article 4 : Protection of sovereignty (11)
* Article 4: Protection of sovereignty (17)
* Article 5 : Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group
(242)
* Article 5: Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group
(148)
* Article 6 : Criminalization of the laundering of proceeds of crime (183)
* Article 6: Criminalization of the laundering of proceeds of crime (131)
* Article 7 : Measures to combat money-laundering (641)
* Article 7: Measures to combat money-laundering (383)
* Article 8 : Criminalization of corruption (8)
* Article 8: Criminalization of corruption (61)
* Article 9 : Measures against corruption (5)
* Article 9: Measures against corruption (30)
* Article 10 : Liability of legal persons (177)
* Article 10: Liability of legal persons (168)
* Article 11 : Prosecution, adjudication and sanctions (1174)
* Article 11: Prosecution, adjudication and sanctions (438)
* Article 12 : Confiscation and seizure (486)
* Article 12: Confiscation and seizure (435)
* Article 13 : International cooperation for purposes of confiscation (77)
* Article 13: International cooperation for purposes of confiscation (84)
* Article 14 : Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property (46)
* Article 14: Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property (58)
* Article 15 : Jurisdiction (153)
* Article 15: Jurisdiction (140)
* Article 16 : Extradition (214)
* Article 16: Extradition (199)
* Article 17 : Transfer of sentenced persons (31)
* Article 17: Transfer of sentenced persons (48)
* Article 18 : Mutual legal assistance (175)
* Article 18: Mutual legal assistance (292)
* Article 19 : Joint investigations (14)
* Article 19: Joint investigations (25)
* Article 20 : Special investigative techniques (94)
* Article 20: Special investigative techniques (111)
* Article 21 : Transfer of criminal proceedings (7)
* Article 21: Transfer of criminal proceedings (34)
* Article 22 : Establishment of criminal record (4)
* Article 22: Establishment of criminal record (6)
* Article 23 : Criminalization of obstruction of justice (229)
* Article 23: Criminalization of obstruction of justice (142)
* Article 24 : Protection of witnesses (105)
* Article 24: Protection of witnesses (110)
* Article 25 : Assistance to and protection of victims (83)
* Article 25: Assistance to and protection of victims (85)
* Article 26 : Measures to enhance cooperation with law enforcement authorities
(57)
* Article 26: Measures to enhance cooperation with law enforcement authorities
(57)
* Article 27 : Law enforcement cooperation (37)
* Article 27: Law enforcement cooperation (42)
* Article 28 : Collection, exchange and analysis of information on the nature
of organized crime (3)
* Article 28: Collection, exchange and analysis of information on the nature of
organized crime (7)
* Article 29 : Training and technical assistance (3)
* Article 29: Training and technical assistance (2)
* Article 31 : Prevention (72)
* Article 31: Prevention (68)
* Article 34 : Implementation of the Convention (5)
* Article 34: Implementation of the Convention (1)
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS PROTOCOL
* Any Article (449)
* Article 3: Use of terms (58)
* Article 4: Scope of application (18)
* Article 5: Criminalization (104)
* Article 6: Assistance to and protection of victims of trafficking in persons
(62)
* Article 7: Status of victims of trafficking in persons in receiving States
(18)
* Article 8: Repatriation of victims of trafficking in persons (20)
* Article 9: Prevention of trafficking in persons (30)
* Article 10: Information exchange and training (5)
* Article 11: Border measures (7)
* Article 12: Security and control of documents (4)
* Article 13: Legitimacy and validity of documents (1)
SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS PROTOCOL
* Any Article (236)
* Article 3 Use of terms (4)
* Article 4 Scope of application (1)
* Article 5 Criminal liability of migrants (3)
* Article 6 Criminalization (21)
* Article 8 Measures against the smuggling of migrants by sea (1)
* Article 9 Safeguard clauses (1)
* Article 11 Border measures (5)
* Article 12 Security and control of documents (4)
* Article 13 Legitimacy and validity of documents (1)
* Article 16 Protection and assistance measures (5)
* Article 17 Agreements and arrangements (1)
* Article 18 Return of smuggled migrants (1)
FIREARMS PROTOCOL
* Any Article (54)
* Article 1 Relation with the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (10)
* Article 2 Statement of purpose (6)
* Article 3 Use of terms (29)
* Article 4 Scope of application (12)
* Article 5 Criminalization (89)
* Article 6 Confiscation, seizure and disposal (48)
* Article 7 Record-keeping (34)
* Article 8 Marking of firearms (18)
* Article 9 Deactivation of firearms (718) (9)
* Article 10 General requirements for export, import and transit licensing or
authorization systems (70)
* Article 11 Security and preventive measures (23)
* Article 12 Information (6)
* Article 13 Cooperation (3)
* Article 14 Training and technical assistance (1)
* Article 15 Brokers and brokering (12)
OFFENDING
* Offending
* * Details
* * involved an organized criminal group (Article 2(a) CTOC)
* occurred across one (or more) international borders (transnationally)
* Juvenile offenders
JURISDICTION
* Jurisdiction
* * Active principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory by
its nationals)
* Passive principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory
against its nationals)
* Effects doctrine (offence committed outside its territory over a conduct
that produces substantial effects within the territory)
* Principle of territoriality (offences committed upon one state’s territory,
even if the offender is a foreign citizen)
* Habitual residence (jurisdiction is established based on the place of
habitual residence of the offender)
* Protective jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established where a criminal act
abroad is derogatory to the security of the state concerned and/or touches
upon its vital interests)
* Universal jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established over any person accused
of committing grave international crimes e.g. piracy, war crimes, grave
breaches of the Geneva Conventions)
* On board a ship/vessel flying its flag
* On board an aircraft registered under its laws
* Legally binding international agreements
LIABILITY
* Liability
* * Liability for
* * completed offence
* attempt
* * Liability based on
* * criminal intention
* no criminal intent
* Recklessness/negligence/strict liability
* Conscious avoidance
* * Liability as involves
* * principal offender(s)
* participant, facilitator, accessory
* organiser/director
* financier
* legal persons
* Service providers/intermediary liability
* * Liability of legal persons
* * Criminal
* Civil
* Administrative
* Sanctions against legal persons
PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION AND SANCTIONS
* Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
* * Details
* * Access to legal aid and legal representation
* * Pre trial issues
* * Prosecutorial discretion
* Pre-trial detention
* Non-custodial measures
* Release pending trial
* * Trial and sentencing issues
* * Defences
* Non-custodial sanctions
* Custodial sanctions
* Death penalty
* Mitigating circumstances
* Aggravating circumstances
* Evidence (rules of)
* Balance between immunities and jurisdictional privileges
* Remotion, suspension or reassignment of public official
* Procedures of disqualification of public official
* Exercise of disciplinary powers of competent authorities
* * Post-trial Issues
* * Non-custodial measures (e.g. early release/parole)
* Post-release support and social reintegration
* Establishment of criminal record
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
* Investigation Procedure
* * Involved Agencies
* * Confiscation and seizure of
* * Proceeds of crime derived from offences covered by the Convention
* Property, equipment or other instrumentalities
* Proceeds of crime transformed or converted into other property
* Proceeds of crime intermingled with legitimately obtained property
* Income or other benefits derived from the proceeds
* * Confiscation and Seizure Details
* * Currency
* * Conviction based
* Non-conviction based
* * Measures
* * Identification, tracing, freezing and/or seizure of the proceeds and
instrumentalities of crime
* Shift burden of proof to defendant to show that alleged proceeds of crime
were derived from legitimate sources
* Access by competent authorities to bank, financial or commercial records
* Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime and property
* Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State
party for victims compensation
* Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State
party to return to legitimate owner(s)
* Rights of bona fide third parties
* Administration of frozen, seized or confiscated property
* * Computer specific investigative measures
* * Seizure/Confiscation of hardware and/or software
* Order for release of information from third party service providers
* Collection of data through computer-specific investigation
* Remote forensic tools
* Transnational Assistance Requests to obtain digital data
* * Special investigative techniques
* * Special investigative techniques
* Controlled delivery
* Electronic or other forms of surveillance
* Undercover operation(s)/ Assumed identities/ Infiltration
* Informants
* * Law enforcement measures and cooperation
* * Exchange of information
* Identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected
* Movement of proceeds of crime or of property
* Movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities
* Joint investigations
* Financial investigations
VICTIMS
* Victims
* * Victims of crime
* * Details
* * Victims of crime
* Gender considerations
* Secondary Trauma/Secondary Victimization
* Re-victimization
* * Child victimization
* * Forced recruitment of children and youth
* Child orphans and/or children separated from their parents
* Drug-related vulnerability
* Early childhood victimization (0 to 6 years)
* * Rights
* * Access to Justice
* Assistance and protection
* Access to compensation and restitution for victims
* * Protection Measures
* * Decriminalisation
* Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
* Closed hearings
* Physical protection
* Repatriation of victims
* Domestic or foreign relocation
* Domestic evidentiary rules
* Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on
identity and whereabouts or hearings
* Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
* Cooperation with NGOs
* Provision of shelter/ housing
* Access to compensation and restitution for victims
* Right to due process
WITNESSES
* Witnesses
* * Measures for justice collaborators
* * Sentence mitigation
* Immunity from prosecution
* * Protection Measures
* * Physical protection / protection from retaliation
* Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on
identity and whereabouts or hearings
* Domestic or foreign relocation
* Domestic evidentiary rules
* Closed hearings of sensitive evidence
* Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
* Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
* Right to due process
* Protection of whistleblowers / reporting persons
* * Protection and security
* * Police protection
* Judicial and procedural measures
* Covert protection programmes
* * Other details
* * Protection offered to family/other relevant persons connected to the
witness
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
* International cooperation
* * Involved Countries
* *
* * Legal basis
* * UNTOC
* UNCAC
* legislation
* Multilateral instrument (including regional)
* bilateral treaty or agreement
* Reciprocity/ comity
* * Measures
* * Extradition
* International cooperation for confiscation/asset recovery
* Mutual legal assistance
* Transfer of criminal proceedings
* Transfer of sentenced person(s)
* International law enforcement cooperation (including INTERPOL)
* Preservation of computer Data
* Direct contact with service providers
* Joint Investigation
* * Extradition
* * Legal Basis
* * UNCAC
* Statute
* Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or
bilateral)
* Virtue of reciprocity or comity
* * Dual criminality requirement
* * Yes
* No
* Based on the conduct underlying the offence
* * Details
* * Extension to accessory offences
* Offences not complying with the minimum penalty requirement
* Extradition for the purpose of enforcement of foreign sentence
* International cooperation involving civil and administrative measures
related to corruption
* * Extradition of nationals
* * Yes
* No
* Aut dedere aut judicare principle (extradite or prosecute)
* Conditional surrender
* Provisional arrest and detention pending extradition proceedings
* * Ground of refusal
* * Political offences, military offences, crimes against security, public
order or other essential interest
* Amnesty, statute of limitation or other immunity from prosecution
* Discrimination clause
* Humanitarian considerations
* Death penalty, anticipated torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment, political asylum, lack of fair trial assurances
* Fiscal offences
* Jurisdiction and extraterritoriality
* Other grounds for refusal
* * Mutual legal assistance
* * Legal Basis
* * UNCAC
* Statute
* Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or
bilateral)
* Virtue of reciprocity or comity
* * Dual criminality requirement
* * Yes
* No
* * Mutual legal assistance types
* * Taking evidence or statements from persons
* Effecting service of judicial documents
* Executing searches and seizures, and freezing
* Examining objects and sites
* Providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations
* Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and
records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business
records
* Identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities
or other things of evidentiary purposes
* Cooperation for the purposes of confiscation and disposal of
confiscated proceeds of crime or property
* Facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting
State party
* Spontaneous transmission of information
* On asset recovery cases
* Assistance that does not involve coercive measures, in absence of dual
criminality
* * Other Measures
* * International cooperation in the collection, preservation and exchange
of electronic evidence (including preservation of Computer Data and
Direct contact with service providers)
* International cooperation for the protection of victims and witnesses
(i.e. repatriation, status of victims, etc.)
* International cooperation for the prevention of organized crime
* Expedited assistance for electronic evidence
* Preservation of computer Data
* Network point of contact 24-7
* Direct contact with service providers
* * International law enforcement and police to police cooperation
* * National competent authorities
* INTERPOL
* Personnel posted abroad (Liaison officials, etc.)
* Agreements or arrangements for purposes of cooperation
* Exchange of personnel
* Cooperation on offences committed through ID related crime / use of
modern technology
* Legal basis on law enforcement cooperation
* Joint investigative bodies
* Investigations on an ad hoc basis
PREVENTION
* Prevention
* * Policies
* Legislative measures
* Institutions
* Urban crime prevention
* Youth crime/ youth gangs prevention
* Groups at risk for crime
* Risk factors
* Protective factors
* Resilience to crime
* Local safety audits
* Community policing
* Crime prevention strategies and policies
* Community-centred/community-based prevention
* Recidivism prevention
* Prevention of re-offending
* Awareness raising
* Role of civil society and private sector
ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
* Electronic Evidence
* *
* * Electronic Evidence/Digital Evidence
* Data
* Data processing (lawfulness)
* Data protection (transparency, purpose limitation, accuracy, data
minimisation)
* Data retention
* data security
* Rights of data subjects (data privacy)
* Material and/or territorial scope
* Competent supervisory authorities
* Sanctions and remedies
* Admissibility of Evidence (General)
* Authentication
* Application of best evidence rule
* Presumption of integrity
* Admissibility standards
* Proof by affidavit
* Cross examination
* Agreement on admissibility of electronic documents/signature
GENDER CONSIDERATIONS
* Gender considerations
* * Details
* * Gender considerations
* Toxic/hyper masculinity
* Female principal offender
* LGBTQI
* Gender disparities
* Gender equality and women's empowerment
* Gender-based violence and sextortion
* Gender in public governance and policy
COORDINATION
* Coordination
* * National coordination bodies
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
*
*
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