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THESE ARE ALL THE TYPES OF SHOULDER-FIRED MISSILES THAT ARE POURING INTO UKRAINE


THOUSANDS OF MAN-PORTABLE ANTI-AIRCRAFT AND ANTI-ARMOR WEAPONS HAVE ALREADY BEEN
DELIVERED TO UKRAINE AND THOUSANDS MORE ARE ON THE WAY.

By Joseph Trevithick March 5, 2022
 * The War Zone

Ukraine Armed Forces
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Joseph Trevithick View Joseph Trevithick's Articles
@FranticGoat

Russia's invasion of Ukraine is only just over a week old, but, by every
indication, Ukrainian forces have already been able to inflict significant
losses on the invaders in terms of personnel and material. Shoulder-fired
surface-to-air missiles, also known as man-portable air defense systems, or
MANPADS, have been a key factor in preventing Russian forces from gaining
critically important air superiority. Infantry anti-armor weapons, both guided
and unguided, have been equally valuable for Ukrainian troops, who are facing a
heavily mechanized foe on the ground. 

Ukrainian forces are now in the process of receiving a massive influx of
additional stocks of MANPADS and infantry anti-armor systems of various types
from more than a dozen different countries. Many of the anti-tank weapons can be
used against unarmored vehicles, structures, personnel, as well as armor. All
told, these new shipments will be added to the thousands of similar weapons
already delivered to the embattled country. While some of these weapons,
particularly the U.S.-made Javelin guided anti-tank missile and Stinger
surface-to-air missile, have practically become household names, many more are
much less well known. 





With all that in mind, The War Zone has compiled brief profiles of the
shoulder-fired missiles, rocket launchers, and recoilless rifles that Ukraine
has received in foreign military aid packages so far and the weapons it is
expected to receive in the future.


MANPADS


FIM-92 STINGER

America's Stinger is arguably the most iconic MANPADS ever produced anywhere in
the world. The first versions of Stinger entered U.S. military service in 1981
and a number of improved variants have been introduced since then. In recent
years, the U.S. Army has begun to field types with even more upgrades that
improve the heat-seeking missile's ability to engage smaller threats with tiny
infrared signatures, such as unmanned aircraft.


Latvia Armed Forces

A member of the Latvia armed forces, at left holding a Stinger training
launcher, stands with a member of the Italian military during a recent training
exercise. Both of these countries are among those planning to send Stingers to
Ukraine.

Stinger is a short-range weapon optimized for point defense, but even early
types still had significant engagement envelopes. This means that these missiles
can be used to target lower and slower-flying threats, like helicopters, as well
as various types of higher-flying and faster-moving fixed-wing aircraft,
including combat jets and transport planes that get close enough. The MANPADS
envelope is generally 15,000-feet and below, although some can even exceed that
ceiling today.

The FIM-92 has additional significance in any conflict involving Russia.
U.S.-supplied Stingers were a key factor in the Soviet Union's ultimate defeat
in Afghanistan in the 1980s. 




Shipments of these missiles had already been heading to Ukraine before the
Kremlin launched its invasion. Five different countries – Germany, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, and the Netherlands – have now sent or are planning on
sending shipments of these portable anti-aircraft weapons. Hundreds of them have
reportedly flowed in Ukraine in just the past week or so. At least some of these
deliveries have included pedestal-mounted twin-launchers for these missiles, in
addition to shoulder-fired ones.




Denmark had planned to send Stingers, but those missiles were past their shelf
life and it was ultimately deemed to be impractical to have them refurbished in
the United States first.


GROM/GROM-M (PIORUN)

Before Russia's invasion kicked off, Poland had announced plans to send either
Grom or Grom-M MAPANDS, the latter of which is also known as Piorun, to Ukraine.
It was subsequently reported that these deliveries would most likely include
Grom-M/Piorun and that they would be sent first to the United States as part of
the transfer process.


Lithuanian Ministry of National Defense

A member of Lithuania's armed forces with a Grom MANPADS.

The Grom family of missiles, the first versions of which entered service in the
1990s, are improved derivatives of the Soviet-designed 9K38 Igla. Like Stinger,
Grom and Piorun are short-range, heat-seeking missiles, but which still have
appreciable engagement envelopes that make them very capable weapons against a
variety of aerial threats. 

The Piorun, which only entered service in 2019 and is seen being tested in the
video below, features an improved rocket motor and seeker system. This gives it
improved capabilities against maneuvering aircraft and those equipped with
various types of more modern infrared countermeasures. 





STRELA AND IGLA

There have been reports that Germany is or has at least explored the possibility
of sending 2,700 Soviet-era heat-seeking Strela-series MANPADS to Ukraine from
stocks that had belonged to the now-defunct East German military. It's unclear
whether the weapons in question are 9K32 Strela-2s or 9K34 Strela-3s, which are
also known to NATO as SA-7s and SA-14s respectively. 

These are first and second-generation MANPADS that entered service in the 1960s
and 1970s and there are reports that they may not even be functional at this
point. Matt Schroeder, a Senior Researcher at Small Arms Survey, an independent
organization that investigates the supply and use of small arms and light
weapons in international conflicts, has raised the possibility various reports
may be confusing Strelas with Igla-series types that would be at least somewhat
newer.




Regardless, if these weapons are usable, even if they offer more limited
capabilities compared to newer Stingers and Piourns, they could still give
Ukrainian forces useful additional air defense capacity. In addition, the
Ukrainian military has its own stocks of Strelas and Iglas, which it has already
been putting to good use. With troops already trained to use these weapons, it
would be that much easier to receive and field additional stocks of them.


GUIDED ANTI-TANK MISSILES


FGM-148 JAVELIN

The U.S.-made Javelin, which The War Zone has already covered in detail in the
Ukrainian context, practically needs no introduction at this point. These
advanced anti-tank missiles, which the U.S. and Estonian governments are
continuing to send to Ukraine, are highly capable weapons with an advanced fire
control system that enables them to be used effectively day or night. There are
reports that Ukrainian forces have achieved a more than 90 percent kill rate
when employing these missiles in the conflict so far.





The weapon system, which Ukraine had already begun acquiring stocks of years
ago, has top-attack and direct-fire modes of operation, making it very flexible
when engaging armored vehicles and other targets, especially in dense urban
environments. It has a significant range, with the latest shoulder-fired
versions being able to hit targets up to two and a half miles away. The Command
Launch Unit's (CLU) targeting system, which includes thermal imaging sight, also
has a secondary surveillance capability that can be used in a pinch. These
weapons are even capable of being used against low and slow flying helicopters,
especially during their terminal operations in and out of landing zones.




NEXT-GENERATION LIGHT ANTI-TANK WEAPON (NLAW)

The NLAW, also known as the Main Battle Tank and Light Anti-tank Weapon (MBT
LAW), is a simpler-to-operate weapon than the Javelin, requiring no detachable
targeting unit, but is still a very capable guided anti-tank missile. Originally
developed as a collaborative effort between Swedish and British defense
contractors, the U.K. government had sent around 2,000 of these weapons to
Ukraine before the conflict broke out. Luxembourg, another NATO member, said
last month that it would transfer an additional 100 NLAWs to the Ukrainian armed
forces.




Unlike the reloadable Javelin, NLAW is a single-shot, self-contained system. It
can be fired in top-attack or direct fire modes out to an effective range of
around 2,625 feet, according to the manufacturer Saab. It uses its own onboard
guidance to hit the target it was aimed at, acting in a fire-and-forget mode
after launch. This is done by the system measuring the angular speed of the
target for a number of seconds prior to launch. It is autonomous once it leaves
the launcher and its soft launch system allows for the ability to launch from in
more confined spaces. 

The fact that the system is highly mobile and simpler to employ can be seen as
an advantage in some circumstances compared to Javelin. In fact, some could
argue that it is the perfect mix of high-tech, capability, and mobility for this
conflict, but its range doesn't come close to the Javelin.





UNGUIDED INFANTRY ANTI-TANK WEAPONS


CARL GUSTAF

The Swedish-made Carl Gustaf, which Canada says it plans to send 100 of to
Ukraine, is an 84mm recoilless rifle, variants of which have been in service
around the world since the 1940s. The system has been continuously improved over
that time, especially with regards to weight reduction and improved sighting
systems.

Canadian Forces

Canadian troops fire a Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle during training.

One of the Carl Gustaf's most important features compared to a lot weapons in
this list is that it is a fully reusable system that can fire a wide variety of
ammunition types, including dedicated anti-tank and high-explosive rounds. There
are also a host of more specialized ammunition types, including one optimized
for attacking enemies in structures and behind hard cover. There are is also a
thermobaric round, smoking-making and illumination types, and a projectile
loaded with 1,100 small metal darts, called flechettes, for engaging troops in
the open. There is even work going on now to develop a guided round for this
launcher. 

Joseph Trevithick

Available ammunition types for the Carl Gustaf, on display underneath an inert
cutaway display model of shoulder-fired single-shot AT4 anti-armor launcher.

Canada says it will send 1,000 rounds of ammunition along with the launchers,
but it's unclear what mix of types that might include.


AT4

It has been reported that the 5,000 anti-armor weapons that Sweden is sending to
Ukraine are likely to be AT4s. This Swedish-designed weapon, which the U.S.
military was first to adopt in 1987, is in many ways a single-shot, disposable
derivative of the Carl Gustaf.




AT4s come preloaded with one of a number of 84mm rounds. As such, there are
anti-tank, anti-structure, and high-explosive variants of the AT4 available, as
well as a specialized version that can be fired safely from within a confined
space, such as a room in a building with a window.

The standard sights on the AT4 are very rudimentary and it has an effective
range of just under 985 feet. The launcher can be fitted with an adapter to
allow the mounting of more robust sighting systems, including night vision
optics, but this is a complicated and potentially costly proposition given that
the core weapon is meant to be discarded after use.


US Army

A US military AT4 with an AN/PVS-4 night vision optic fitted.


PANZERFAUST 3

The German-designed Panzerfaust 3 (PzF 3) is categorized as a semi-disposable
single-shot rocket launcher. While it can be reloaded like the Carl Gustaf, it
is typically issued preloaded with a single guided round – either an anti-tank
or an anti-structure "Bunkerfaust" type. 

Multiple anti-tank rounds have been developed for this system since it first
entered service in 1987, each of which has some type of protruding tip meant to
help defeat explosive-reactive armor (ERA). This could be particularly useful
for engaging Russian tanks, many of which make heavy use of ERA, in Ukraine. PzF
3's effective range is between around 1,300 and 1,970 feet, depending on the
exact type of ammunition and whether it is equipped with one of the more
advanced sighting systems that have been developed for it over the years.




Ukrainian forces may also end up making good use of the reusability of the
launcher simply based on what certain countries plan to provide. The Netherlands
has said it is sending 50 PzF 3 launchers, along with 400 rounds of ammunition.
The 1,000 anti-tank weapons that Germany is planning to deliver will most likely
be PzF 3s, too, but it's unclear whether the stated figure reflects launchers or
ammunition, or both. Janes has reported that Italy's expected shipment of
unspecified anti-tank weapons might also consist of PzF 3s.


M141 BUNKER DEFEAT MUNITION (BDM)

The M141 BDM, also known as the Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault
Weapon-Disposable (SMAW-D), is a relatively obscure weapon that had seen almost
exclusive service with the U.S. military until deliveries began arriving in
Ukraine earlier this year. The War Zone has already profiled this weapon
specifically, as you read more about here.


Ukrainian MoD

A member of the US military instructs Ukrainian troops on the use of the M141
BDM in January 2022.

Despite its obtuse name is a multi-purpose single-shot weapon that can be
employed against light armored vehicles, as well as bunkers and other targets.
As with many launchers in this general category, it has very simplistic sights
to go with its effective range of up to 820 feet.


M72 LIGHT ANTI-ARMOR WEAPON (LAW)

The first versions of the M72 LAW, which is a single-shot disposable rocket
launcher, were developed in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Well before the end of the Cold War, it had become clear they had limited
effectiveness against even contemporary tanks and had started to be gradually
withdrawn from service with the U.S. military and other armed forces around the
world.


USAF

A member of the Norwegian military prepared to fire an M72 LAW variant while
training with members of the US Air Force.

However, the M72 family has seen something of a renaissance over the past two
decades with the introduction of more modern variants with more advanced
rockets, which you can read more about here. This includes types with improved
capabilities against light and unarmored vehicles and structures, as well as
general high-explosive and airburst types. Versions that can be safely fired
from inside buildings and other confined spaces have also been developed. The
core launcher has been improved, as well, including the addition of an accessory
rail for the rapid addition of more robust sights. The effective range of the
weapon depends on the type of rocket and the sights, but is generally around 720
feet for more recent models.



It's not clear what variants Ukraine may now be in line to receive. Canada and
Norway have said they are sending M72s, but have not specified what versions.
Reports indicate that shipments of anti-armor weapons from Denmark and Finland
might include different models of M72, possibly very modern Enhanced Capability
(EC) types in the case of the Danish aid package.



The compact size, lightweight, and low cost of these weapons make them well
suited for anything but the most heavily armored vehicles.


ARMOR-PIERCING INFANTRY LIGHT ARM SYSTEM (APILAS)

There have been reports that Finland's shipments of anti-armor weapons to
Ukraine could include the French-made APILAS. This is a single-shot disposable
weapon that is only available preloaded with a 112mm high-explosive anti-tank
rocket. It has a maximum effective range of just over 1,640 feet against static
targets and just under 985 feet against moving ones.

MKFI via wikimedia

A Finnish APILAS launcher on display.

The APILAS is understood to be pretty punishing on the user to fire in terms of
both the shock of firing and the noise produced when the rocket is launched. At
least in the past, the French military has categorized it as a "traumatic
weapon" and prohibited personnel from firing more than two or three of them in
peacetime across their entire service careers.


ALCOTÁN-100

Spain has said it will send a total of 1,370 anti-tank launchers to Ukraine,
which reports have indicated might include examples of the country's
Alcotán-100. Introduced in 1998, this is another single-shot, disposable rocket
launcher. 

Marcomogollon via Wikimedia

A cutaway model of the Alcotán-100 on display.

There are versions of the Alcotán-100 preloaded with high-explosive anti-tank
rockets, as well as general high-explosive and high-explosive dual-purpose
types, the latter of which is meant to provide a mixture of anti-armor and
anti-personnel effects. All three types have a maximum effective range of around
2,000 feet against a static point target.

Interestingly, despite being a single-use system, the latest versions of this
weapon are equipped with a computerized sighting system with day and night
vision modes that can be used by itself for surveillance and reconnaissance
purposes.


C90

Spanish aid to Ukraine could include the older C90, which entered service in
1990 and that the Alcotán-100 has been slowly replacing. The C90 is a
single-shot rocket-propelled grenade launcher that is available loaded with
high-explosive anti-tank and anti-structure rounds, as well as one filled with a
red phosphorus smoke mixture that has a secondary incendiary effect. All of the
versions have effective firing ranges of around 1,150 feet.

Instalaza

A soldier aims a C90 rocket launcher.

This list may well be incomplete. The Greek, Polish, and Slovakian governments
have, among other things, sent or are planning to send anti-tank rocket
launchers, but it remains unclear what those weapons might be in either case.
French Minister of the Armed Forces, Florence Parly, has said her country will
deliver unspecified "missiles," which could be anti-aircraft or anti-tank types.
A number of NATO members, including Poland and Slovakia, still have stocks of
Soviet-era weapons that Ukrainian forces might already use, which could make it
easier to transfer them and to get them issued out to combat units.

At the same time, many of these systems, especially the single-shot disposable
types, share many general similarities in terms of design and capability.
Perhaps most important, the unguided anti-armor weapons are all relatively
simple designs that do not require operators to go through extensive specialized
training beforehand, unlike Javelin or Stinger for instance. A senior U.S.
defense official told reporters yesterday that American authorities are working
specifically to make sure that military aid going to Ukraine includes systems
that the country's forces are already trained on.



Ease of use means that many of the weapons, especially guided systems, can be
fielded faster and on a wider basis. That latter point is very important,
regardless of the system in question, since more units having more of these
weapons, even ones with short effective ranges, simply increases their capacity
to engage enemy targets in the air and ground as they come across them.

"They are able to distribute the equipment very quickly... [and] they are able
to make use of it," a senior U.S. defense said yesterday of U.S. military
assistance, in general.



All told, in the coming days and weeks, the Ukrainian military's arsenal of
shoulder-fired anti-aircraft and anti-armor weapons looks set to swell both in
terms of size and diversity of systems. Having these weapons in significant
quantities is very likely to be a key factor for Ukrainian units holding the
line against invading Russian forces.

Contact the author: joe@thedrive.com


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